地球内部各圈层介质的地震各向异性与地球动力学
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摘要
地球内部各圈层的结构和构造在本质上是不均匀的和各向异性的 .各向异性的研究不论是对深化地球本体的认识 ,还是在资源、能源、灾害和环境以及全球变化的研究中均具有重要作用 .本文基于这一科学问题的本质性和重要性着重讨论了以下 5个问题 :1 )各向异性介质中地震波场效应与判据 ;2 )复杂介质地震各向异性———S波分裂的成因分析 ;3)当今S波分裂监测技术的进展与探索 ;4)地震各向异性在不同科学问题研究中的效能 ;5)地震各向异性在地球科学发展中的作用与今后的任务 .
The structure and tectonic of Earth's interior media are intrinsically inhomogeneous and anisotropy. Anisotropic research of media have very important action for deep understand of Earth's itself,Resource,Energy source,Natural calamity,Environment and Global change. In view of these,we are discussed following five problems. 1 The effect of Seismic wave field and criterion in anisotropic media. 2 Anisotropy of complex media——analysis for cause of splitting of S wave. 3 The progress and explore for detecting techniques of splitting of S wave. 4 The application effect of seismic anisotropy in different science fields. 5 The function and from now on tasts of seismic anisotropy in development of Earth's Science.
The structure and tectonic of Earth's interior media are intrinsically inhomogeneous and anisotropy. Anisotropic research of media have very important action for deep understand of Earth's itself,Resource,Energy source,Natural calamity,Environment and Global change. In view of these,we are discussed following five problems. 1 The effect of Seismic wave field and criterion in anisotropic media. 2 Anisotropy of complex media——analysis for cause of splitting of S wave. 3 The progress and explore for detecting techniques of splitting of S wave. 4 The application effect of seismic anisotropy in different science fields. 5 The function and from now on tasts of seismic anisotropy in development of Earth's Science.
引文
〔1〕HessHP .Seismicanisotropyoftheuppermostmantleunderoceans.Natune,2 4 0 62 9～631 ,1 964
〔2〕CrampinS,LovelJH .AdecadeofShear-wavesplittingintheEarth′sCrust;whatdoesitmean?Whatusecanwemakeofit?andwhatshouldwedonext?Geophy.J.Int.,1 0 7 387～ 40 7,1 991
〔3〕CrampinS .Areviewofwavemotioninanisotropicandcrackedelastic-media.WAVEMotion,3 343～391 ,1 981
〔4〕王维传编译 .各向异性与多分量地震勘探 ,石油物探译丝 ,No. 4 1～ 6 1 991
〔5〕张中杰 ,滕吉文 ,张霖斌等 .各向异性介质中地震波射线满足的改进型斯涅尔定律 .科学通报 ,40(9) ,82 2～ 82 5 ,1 995
〔6〕张中杰 ,滕吉文 ,万志超 .二维各向异性介质中地震波前面参数方程的建立 .科学通报 ,39(1 5) ,1 399,1 4 0 2 ,1 994
〔7〕何樵登 ,张中杰 .横向各向同性介质中地震波及其数值模拟 .长春 ,吉林大学出版社 ,1 996
〔8〕牛滨华 .裂隙各向同性介质中地震波传播规律研究及其波场数值模拟 .长春地质学院博士学位论文 ,1 992
〔9〕刘洋 ,牟和光 ,李承楚 .裂缝性油气藏多波多分量地震勘探方法研究 .石油大学工学博士论文 ,1 998,4
〔1 0〕全淑燕 .大陆岩石圈各向异性和动力学意义 ,岩石圈研究的现代方法 ,北京 :原子能出版社 ,79～88,1 997
〔1 1〕ChristersonN . 1 landguist,PyroxeneOrientationwithintheoppermantle,Bull.Geol.Soc.Am 93 2 74～ 2 88,1 982
〔1 2〕FountainDM .Eclogite -faciesshearzonesdeepcrustalreflections?Thectonophysics,2 32 ,41 1～ 42 4 ,1 994
〔1 3〕李白基 .昆明地区上地幔地震方位异性 .中国固体地球物理学进展 ,330～ 338,北京 :地震出版社 ,1 994
〔1 4〕CrampinS.ChesnokovEM .&HipkinRG .Seismicanisotropy-theStateoftheArtⅡ .GeophysJ.R .astr,Soc,76 1～ 1 6,1 984
〔1 5〕CrampinS.Geologicalandindustrialimplicationsofextensivedilatancyanisotropy,Natare,32 8,491～496 ,1 987
〔1 6〕KendalJ.M .Teleseismicarrivalsatamid -oceanridge:Effectmeltandanisotropy.Geophys.ResLet,2 1 (4) . 30 1～30 4 ,1 994
〔1 7〕KaneshimaS ,ItoH&Sugihara,M .Shear-wavepolarizationanistoropyobservedinarifezoneonJapan,Tectonophysics,1 57,2 81～30 0 ,1 989
〔1 8〕WillisH .A .Rothoford&Bielandski,E ,Azimuttalanisotropy.Occurrenceandeffectonshear-waveda tagualityexpandedAbstracts,56thAnmIntSEG .Meeting.Houston,479,481 ,1 986
〔1 9〕RobertsG .&CrampinS ,ShearwavepolarizationsinaHot-Dry-Rockgeothormalreservoir:anisoctropiceffectsoffracture,IntJ.Rock,Mech,MinSic.2 3 ,2 91～ 30 2 ,1 986
〔2 0〕PeacockS,CrampinS,BoothDC .&Fletcher,JB.Sheal -wavesplittingintheAnzaseismicgap,SouthernCalifonia:Temporalvariationsaspossible precursors,J.Gecphyo.Res,93 ,3339～ 3386 ,1 988
〔2 1〕CrampinS.EffectiveelastcConstantsforwavepropagationincrackedsolids,Geophys.JRastr,Soc.76 ,1 35～1 4 5 1 984
〔2 2〕MullerM .C.Predictionoflateralvariabilityinfractureintensityusingmulticomponentshearwavesurfaceseismicasapreculsootohorizontaldrilling,Geophys.J.Int,1 0 7,1 991
〔2 3〕Kewis,BrodovL .UTikithonow ,AA .Chesnokov,E .M .etal,Estimatingphysicalperametesofcrackedporousreservoirsbyinvertingshear-wavesplitting,Geophys.JInt 1 0 7,1 991
〔2 4〕ClletC.Brodov,L .Tikhonow .A .Aetal,AnisotropySurveyforreservoirdescription,Geophys.J.Int,1 0 7,1 991
〔2 5〕CrampinS.Suggestionsforaconsistentterminologyforsiesmicanisotropy,Geophys,Prosp. 37,753～770 ,1 989
〔2 6〕Crampin ,S.Alignmentofnear-surfaceinclusionsandappropriatecrack.Geometriesforgeothermalhot-dry-rockexperiment,Geophys.Prosp 38,62 1～ 631 1 990
〔2 7〕CrampinS.TheScattingofshearwavesinthecrust,Pure,AppleGeophys1 32 67～ 91 ,1 990
〔2 8〕BoothD .C .CrampinS.Looell.J.Hetal.TemporalchangesinshearwavesplittingduringanearthquakeswarminArkansas,J.Geophys,Res.95 1 1 1 51～ 1 1 1 64,1 990
〔2 9〕BlenkinsopT .G .CorrelationofpaleotectonicfractureandmicrofractureorientationsincrosswithseismicanisotropyofDajenpassdrillhole,SouthernCalifoniaJ,GeophysRes.95 ,1 1 1 4 3～ 1 1 1 50 ,1 990
〔30〕BashI,Crampin .S.ParisBasinVSPs:Casehistory,establishingcombinationsoffine-lay(orlithologic) ,anisotropyandcrackanisotropyfrommiodellingshearwavefieldsnearpointsingulabities.Geophs.J.lnt.1 0 7 433～ 447,1 991
〔31〕Carter.N .L ,BakerD .W ,GeogeJ,R .P .Seismicanisotropy,flowandconstitutionoftheUppermantle,In:Heard,H .C .etal (ed) ,FlowandFractureofrocks,GeophysicalMonograph 1 6 ,1 67～1 90 ,Amer,Geophys,Union,Washington,D .C . 1 972
〔32〕Mainprice,D .Nicolas,A .DevelopmentofShapeandlatticePreferredorientaions:applicationtotheSeis micanisotropyofthelowercrust,J.Struct.Geol. 1 1 1 75～ 1 89,1 989
〔33〕Varma.R .K .Elasticityofsomehighdensitycrystals,J.Geophys,Res74 5973～5980 ,1 970
〔34〕唐建候 ,邓富求 .四川碳酸盐岩区地震横波分裂与各向异性 .石油物探 ,33 (4) ,1 994
〔35〕YardleyG .andCrampinS ,根据LostHillsVSP的横波分裂自动测定各向异性参数 ,ExpandedAb stractsoftheTechnicalProgranwithAuthorsBiographies.592～ 595SEG . 1 990 〔36〕WinterlteinD .E .andMeadows,MA .LostHills油田上的横波偏振和地下压力方向 ,ExpandedAb stracts,oftheTechnicalProgramwithAuthousBiojraphies.599～60 4 SEG . 1 990
〔37〕Winterstein .DF .andMeaclows,MA .横波偏振方位随深度的变化 ;Cymic和RailroadGap油田 ,ExpandedAbstractsoftheTechnicalprogramwithAuthousBiogrephies,60 4～ 60 9SEG 1 990
〔38〕于文辉 ,刘清林 .裂隙产油砂岩层中幔P波的发现 .科学通报 (待发表 ) ,1 999
〔39〕KelderOandSmeulderD .M .J.ObservationoftheBiotslowwaveinwaterSaturatedNivelsteinersand stone;Geophysics,62 ,1 794～1 796 ,1 997
〔40〕高原 ,郑斯华 ,孙勇 .唐山地区地震裂隙各向异性 .地震学报 ,97(3) 2 83～2 93,1 995
〔41〕高原 ,冯德益 .S波分裂在地震预报中应用讨论 .地震 ,3,2 4～ 31 ,1 993
〔42〕毛桐恩 ,王铁城 ,姚家榴等 .唐山地震地电阻率各向异性变化特征研究 .地震学报 ,1 7(4) ,50 5～51 0 ,1 996
〔43〕高原 ,郑斯华 ,王培德 .海南省东方地区 1 992年小震群剪切波分裂研究 .地球物理学报 ,39(2 ) ,2 2 1～2 2 2 ,1 996
〔44〕Hudson .JA .WaveSpeadsandattenuationofelasticwavesinmaterialcontainingcracks,Geophys.J.R .astronSoc 64,1 33～ 1 50 ,1 981
〔45〕王恩福 ,陈学波 ,祝水平 .利用地壳测深资料研究剪切波分裂与偏振异常 .地震学报 ,1 5 (1 ) ,1～8,1 993
〔46〕CarbonellRandSimthson,S.B .CrustalanisotropyandthestructureoftheMohoroviciediscontinuityinwesternNovadaoftheBasinrangeprovince,Continentallithosphere;DeepSeismicReflections,Geodynam ics2 2 ,31～38,AGU ,1 991
〔47〕BabuskaV .CaraM ,ScismicAnisotropyintheEarth .KluwerAcademicPuhlishers1 991
〔48〕BabuskaVandPlomarova,J,ModelofSeismicAnisotropyindeeplithosphereofcentralEuropesubmittedtophys.Earth.Plant.Int1 991
〔49〕GuggisberyB .FinezweidmensionalerefraktionsseismischeinterpretationderGeschwindigkeits,Tiefen -StrukturdesoberenErdmantelsunterdemfennoskandischenSchild (ProjektFennolora) ,Diss,ETH ,7945 ,Zurich,1 99,1 986
〔50〕ZhangYushenandLayThorne,EvolutionofOceanicUpperMantlestructure.(SubmittedtophysicsoftheEarthandPlanetaryInterion) ,1 997
〔51〕The 2 9thGeneralAssemblyofthelnternationalAssociationofSeismologyandPhysicsoftheEarth’sInteri on. (Abstracts) ,Thessaloniki,GreeceAuguit1 8～ 2 8,1 997
〔52〕MorrisG .B.RaittRWandShorGG .VelocityanisotropyanddelaytimemapeofthemantlenearHawaii.J.Goophys,Res,74430 0～ 431 6,1 969
〔53〕MinsterJB ,JordanTH .Molnar,PetalNumericalmodellingofinstaneousPlatetectoniosGeophys.J.R .Astr.Soc.36 541～ 576 ,1 974
〔54〕HirnA .JiangM ,SapinMetal.SeismicanisotropyasandindicatiorofmantleflowbeneaththeHimalayasandTihet,Nature.375 571～ 574 1 995
〔55〕姜枚 ,吕庆田 ,史大年等 .用天然地震探测青藏高原中部地壳、上地幔结构 ,地球物理学报 ,39(4) ,470～ 481 ,1 996
〔56〕丁志峰 ,曾融生 .青藏高原横波分裂的观测研究 ,地球物理学报 ,39(2 ) ,2 1 1～ 2 2 1 ,1 996
〔57〕SilverPG .KaneshimaMC .Whyinthelowermantlesoisotropic?EOS.TransAGU 74,1 993
〔58〕吕庆田 ,马开义 ,姜枚 .青藏高原南部下的横波各向异性 .地震学报 1 8(2 ) ,2 1 5～ 2 2 3 ,1 996
〔59〕McNamaraDE .SheasWaveanisotropybeneaththeTibetanPlateauJ.Geophys,Res. 99(8) ,1 3655～1 3665 ,1 994
〔60〕Keninett.B.L .N .SeismicStructureandHeterogeneityintheUpperMantle.RelatingGeophysicalStruc tureandProcesses,TheJeffreysVolume,Keiiti,Aki.RenataDmowska (Editors) ,53～ 66 ,AGU ,AUGG . 1 993
〔2〕CrampinS,LovelJH .AdecadeofShear-wavesplittingintheEarth′sCrust;whatdoesitmean?Whatusecanwemakeofit?andwhatshouldwedonext?Geophy.J.Int.,1 0 7 387～ 40 7,1 991
〔3〕CrampinS .Areviewofwavemotioninanisotropicandcrackedelastic-media.WAVEMotion,3 343～391 ,1 981
〔4〕王维传编译 .各向异性与多分量地震勘探 ,石油物探译丝 ,No. 4 1～ 6 1 991
〔5〕张中杰 ,滕吉文 ,张霖斌等 .各向异性介质中地震波射线满足的改进型斯涅尔定律 .科学通报 ,40(9) ,82 2～ 82 5 ,1 995
〔6〕张中杰 ,滕吉文 ,万志超 .二维各向异性介质中地震波前面参数方程的建立 .科学通报 ,39(1 5) ,1 399,1 4 0 2 ,1 994
〔7〕何樵登 ,张中杰 .横向各向同性介质中地震波及其数值模拟 .长春 ,吉林大学出版社 ,1 996
〔8〕牛滨华 .裂隙各向同性介质中地震波传播规律研究及其波场数值模拟 .长春地质学院博士学位论文 ,1 992
〔9〕刘洋 ,牟和光 ,李承楚 .裂缝性油气藏多波多分量地震勘探方法研究 .石油大学工学博士论文 ,1 998,4
〔1 0〕全淑燕 .大陆岩石圈各向异性和动力学意义 ,岩石圈研究的现代方法 ,北京 :原子能出版社 ,79～88,1 997
〔1 1〕ChristersonN . 1 landguist,PyroxeneOrientationwithintheoppermantle,Bull.Geol.Soc.Am 93 2 74～ 2 88,1 982
〔1 2〕FountainDM .Eclogite -faciesshearzonesdeepcrustalreflections?Thectonophysics,2 32 ,41 1～ 42 4 ,1 994
〔1 3〕李白基 .昆明地区上地幔地震方位异性 .中国固体地球物理学进展 ,330～ 338,北京 :地震出版社 ,1 994
〔1 4〕CrampinS.ChesnokovEM .&HipkinRG .Seismicanisotropy-theStateoftheArtⅡ .GeophysJ.R .astr,Soc,76 1～ 1 6,1 984
〔1 5〕CrampinS.Geologicalandindustrialimplicationsofextensivedilatancyanisotropy,Natare,32 8,491～496 ,1 987
〔1 6〕KendalJ.M .Teleseismicarrivalsatamid -oceanridge:Effectmeltandanisotropy.Geophys.ResLet,2 1 (4) . 30 1～30 4 ,1 994
〔1 7〕KaneshimaS ,ItoH&Sugihara,M .Shear-wavepolarizationanistoropyobservedinarifezoneonJapan,Tectonophysics,1 57,2 81～30 0 ,1 989
〔1 8〕WillisH .A .Rothoford&Bielandski,E ,Azimuttalanisotropy.Occurrenceandeffectonshear-waveda tagualityexpandedAbstracts,56thAnmIntSEG .Meeting.Houston,479,481 ,1 986
〔1 9〕RobertsG .&CrampinS ,ShearwavepolarizationsinaHot-Dry-Rockgeothormalreservoir:anisoctropiceffectsoffracture,IntJ.Rock,Mech,MinSic.2 3 ,2 91～ 30 2 ,1 986
〔2 0〕PeacockS,CrampinS,BoothDC .&Fletcher,JB.Sheal -wavesplittingintheAnzaseismicgap,SouthernCalifonia:Temporalvariationsaspossible precursors,J.Gecphyo.Res,93 ,3339～ 3386 ,1 988
〔2 1〕CrampinS.EffectiveelastcConstantsforwavepropagationincrackedsolids,Geophys.JRastr,Soc.76 ,1 35～1 4 5 1 984
〔2 2〕MullerM .C.Predictionoflateralvariabilityinfractureintensityusingmulticomponentshearwavesurfaceseismicasapreculsootohorizontaldrilling,Geophys.J.Int,1 0 7,1 991
〔2 3〕Kewis,BrodovL .UTikithonow ,AA .Chesnokov,E .M .etal,Estimatingphysicalperametesofcrackedporousreservoirsbyinvertingshear-wavesplitting,Geophys.JInt 1 0 7,1 991
〔2 4〕ClletC.Brodov,L .Tikhonow .A .Aetal,AnisotropySurveyforreservoirdescription,Geophys.J.Int,1 0 7,1 991
〔2 5〕CrampinS.Suggestionsforaconsistentterminologyforsiesmicanisotropy,Geophys,Prosp. 37,753～770 ,1 989
〔2 6〕Crampin ,S.Alignmentofnear-surfaceinclusionsandappropriatecrack.Geometriesforgeothermalhot-dry-rockexperiment,Geophys.Prosp 38,62 1～ 631 1 990
〔2 7〕CrampinS.TheScattingofshearwavesinthecrust,Pure,AppleGeophys1 32 67～ 91 ,1 990
〔2 8〕BoothD .C .CrampinS.Looell.J.Hetal.TemporalchangesinshearwavesplittingduringanearthquakeswarminArkansas,J.Geophys,Res.95 1 1 1 51～ 1 1 1 64,1 990
〔2 9〕BlenkinsopT .G .CorrelationofpaleotectonicfractureandmicrofractureorientationsincrosswithseismicanisotropyofDajenpassdrillhole,SouthernCalifoniaJ,GeophysRes.95 ,1 1 1 4 3～ 1 1 1 50 ,1 990
〔30〕BashI,Crampin .S.ParisBasinVSPs:Casehistory,establishingcombinationsoffine-lay(orlithologic) ,anisotropyandcrackanisotropyfrommiodellingshearwavefieldsnearpointsingulabities.Geophs.J.lnt.1 0 7 433～ 447,1 991
〔31〕Carter.N .L ,BakerD .W ,GeogeJ,R .P .Seismicanisotropy,flowandconstitutionoftheUppermantle,In:Heard,H .C .etal (ed) ,FlowandFractureofrocks,GeophysicalMonograph 1 6 ,1 67～1 90 ,Amer,Geophys,Union,Washington,D .C . 1 972
〔32〕Mainprice,D .Nicolas,A .DevelopmentofShapeandlatticePreferredorientaions:applicationtotheSeis micanisotropyofthelowercrust,J.Struct.Geol. 1 1 1 75～ 1 89,1 989
〔33〕Varma.R .K .Elasticityofsomehighdensitycrystals,J.Geophys,Res74 5973～5980 ,1 970
〔34〕唐建候 ,邓富求 .四川碳酸盐岩区地震横波分裂与各向异性 .石油物探 ,33 (4) ,1 994
〔35〕YardleyG .andCrampinS ,根据LostHillsVSP的横波分裂自动测定各向异性参数 ,ExpandedAb stractsoftheTechnicalProgranwithAuthorsBiographies.592～ 595SEG . 1 990 〔36〕WinterlteinD .E .andMeadows,MA .LostHills油田上的横波偏振和地下压力方向 ,ExpandedAb stracts,oftheTechnicalProgramwithAuthousBiojraphies.599～60 4 SEG . 1 990
〔37〕Winterstein .DF .andMeaclows,MA .横波偏振方位随深度的变化 ;Cymic和RailroadGap油田 ,ExpandedAbstractsoftheTechnicalprogramwithAuthousBiogrephies,60 4～ 60 9SEG 1 990
〔38〕于文辉 ,刘清林 .裂隙产油砂岩层中幔P波的发现 .科学通报 (待发表 ) ,1 999
〔39〕KelderOandSmeulderD .M .J.ObservationoftheBiotslowwaveinwaterSaturatedNivelsteinersand stone;Geophysics,62 ,1 794～1 796 ,1 997
〔40〕高原 ,郑斯华 ,孙勇 .唐山地区地震裂隙各向异性 .地震学报 ,97(3) 2 83～2 93,1 995
〔41〕高原 ,冯德益 .S波分裂在地震预报中应用讨论 .地震 ,3,2 4～ 31 ,1 993
〔42〕毛桐恩 ,王铁城 ,姚家榴等 .唐山地震地电阻率各向异性变化特征研究 .地震学报 ,1 7(4) ,50 5～51 0 ,1 996
〔43〕高原 ,郑斯华 ,王培德 .海南省东方地区 1 992年小震群剪切波分裂研究 .地球物理学报 ,39(2 ) ,2 2 1～2 2 2 ,1 996
〔44〕Hudson .JA .WaveSpeadsandattenuationofelasticwavesinmaterialcontainingcracks,Geophys.J.R .astronSoc 64,1 33～ 1 50 ,1 981
〔45〕王恩福 ,陈学波 ,祝水平 .利用地壳测深资料研究剪切波分裂与偏振异常 .地震学报 ,1 5 (1 ) ,1～8,1 993
〔46〕CarbonellRandSimthson,S.B .CrustalanisotropyandthestructureoftheMohoroviciediscontinuityinwesternNovadaoftheBasinrangeprovince,Continentallithosphere;DeepSeismicReflections,Geodynam ics2 2 ,31～38,AGU ,1 991
〔47〕BabuskaV .CaraM ,ScismicAnisotropyintheEarth .KluwerAcademicPuhlishers1 991
〔48〕BabuskaVandPlomarova,J,ModelofSeismicAnisotropyindeeplithosphereofcentralEuropesubmittedtophys.Earth.Plant.Int1 991
〔49〕GuggisberyB .FinezweidmensionalerefraktionsseismischeinterpretationderGeschwindigkeits,Tiefen -StrukturdesoberenErdmantelsunterdemfennoskandischenSchild (ProjektFennolora) ,Diss,ETH ,7945 ,Zurich,1 99,1 986
〔50〕ZhangYushenandLayThorne,EvolutionofOceanicUpperMantlestructure.(SubmittedtophysicsoftheEarthandPlanetaryInterion) ,1 997
〔51〕The 2 9thGeneralAssemblyofthelnternationalAssociationofSeismologyandPhysicsoftheEarth’sInteri on. (Abstracts) ,Thessaloniki,GreeceAuguit1 8～ 2 8,1 997
〔52〕MorrisG .B.RaittRWandShorGG .VelocityanisotropyanddelaytimemapeofthemantlenearHawaii.J.Goophys,Res,74430 0～ 431 6,1 969
〔53〕MinsterJB ,JordanTH .Molnar,PetalNumericalmodellingofinstaneousPlatetectoniosGeophys.J.R .Astr.Soc.36 541～ 576 ,1 974
〔54〕HirnA .JiangM ,SapinMetal.SeismicanisotropyasandindicatiorofmantleflowbeneaththeHimalayasandTihet,Nature.375 571～ 574 1 995
〔55〕姜枚 ,吕庆田 ,史大年等 .用天然地震探测青藏高原中部地壳、上地幔结构 ,地球物理学报 ,39(4) ,470～ 481 ,1 996
〔56〕丁志峰 ,曾融生 .青藏高原横波分裂的观测研究 ,地球物理学报 ,39(2 ) ,2 1 1～ 2 2 1 ,1 996
〔57〕SilverPG .KaneshimaMC .Whyinthelowermantlesoisotropic?EOS.TransAGU 74,1 993
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