西南地区1900—1970年历史地震震源参数推断及结果的不确定性分析
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摘要
西南地区处于青藏高原东缘川滇、巴颜喀拉和华南三大活动块体的交接部位,是我国地震活动最强烈的地区之一.然而该区大多数历史地震震源参数均存在缺失或者不准确的问题.本文主要通过以下三点工作:(1)基于西南地区地震地质及区域构造应力场研究结果,推断了西南地区M≥6.0的部分历史地震(1900年至1970年)断层面参数,并对结果的不确定性进行了分析,发现该推断断层面参数的方法在西南地区复杂的构造应力场条件下的适用程度有限;(2)使用1900年至1970年之间Shide Circulars(British Association for the Advancement ofScience,Seismological Committee(BAASSC),1900—1912),《国际地震资料汇编》(ISS)和EHB Bulletin的P波和S波到时,对该时间范围内41个地震事件重新定位,得到了其中32个地震事件的可靠定位结果;(3)使用1933年(ISS从1933年开始收录P波初动记录)至1970年之间ISS的P波初动,对该时间范围内的29个地震事件求解震源机制解,得到了其中14个地震事件的震源机制解的可靠结果,从而丰富了西南地区1900年来历史强震目录震源参数资料.
Southwestern China,located in the conjoined areas of the Chuandian,Bayankala and Huanan active blocks on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,is one of the regions with highest seismicity in China.The source parameters of historical major earthquakes in this region are missing or inaccurate.This work focuses on the following three aspects.(1) Based on the geological data and tectonic stress field,we infer focal mechanisms of historical major earthquakes(M≥6.0) from 1900 to 1970 in southwestern China,and analyze uncertainties of the results to conclude that this indirectly method might not be applicable in all areas of southwestern China.(2) We relocate 41 events by using the Shide Circulars,International Seismological Summary and EHB Bulletin instrumental records within the time span and obtain 32 reliable results.(3) We calculate the focal mechanisms of 29 events by first motion records of P waveforms of ISS and obtain 14 reliable results.Consequently we enrich source parameter information of historical major earthquakes in southwestern China from 1900 to 1970.
Southwestern China,located in the conjoined areas of the Chuandian,Bayankala and Huanan active blocks on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,is one of the regions with highest seismicity in China.The source parameters of historical major earthquakes in this region are missing or inaccurate.This work focuses on the following three aspects.(1) Based on the geological data and tectonic stress field,we infer focal mechanisms of historical major earthquakes(M≥6.0) from 1900 to 1970 in southwestern China,and analyze uncertainties of the results to conclude that this indirectly method might not be applicable in all areas of southwestern China.(2) We relocate 41 events by using the Shide Circulars,International Seismological Summary and EHB Bulletin instrumental records within the time span and obtain 32 reliable results.(3) We calculate the focal mechanisms of 29 events by first motion records of P waveforms of ISS and obtain 14 reliable results.Consequently we enrich source parameter information of historical major earthquakes in southwestern China from 1900 to 1970.
引文
1)ISS:storing.ingv.it/ISS/
2)http://www.globalcmt.org/CMTfiles.html
3)http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/fm/
4)International Seismological Centre,EHB Bulletin,http://www.isc.ac.uk,Internatl.Seis.Cent.,Thatcham,United Kingdom,2009.ftp://www.isc.ac.uk/pub/ehb/
5)ISS.CAT(earthquake catalog,1918-1963):http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/data/iss_summ.php
[1]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录.北京:地震出版社,1995.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Earthquake Administration.The Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995.
[2]中国地震局震害防御司.中国近代地震目录.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Earthquake Administration.The Catalogue of Chinese Modern Earthquakes(in Chinese).Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1999.
[3]丁国瑜主编.中国岩石圈动力学概论.北京:地震出版社,1991.Ding G Y(Chief Editor).Explanatory Notes for the Atlas of Lithospheric Dynamics of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1991.
[4]British Association for the Advancement of Science,Seismological Committee(BAASSC)(1900—1912).Circular Nos.1-27.These circulars are generally known as the“Shide Circulars.”.
[5]British Association for the Advancement of Science,Seismological Committee(BAASSC)(1913—1917).[Monthly]Bulletin,3-month issues between January1913and December1917.
[6]Engdahl E R,Villase^nor A.Global Seismicity:1900—1999.//Lee W H K,Kanamori H,Jennings P C eds.International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology.Part A,Chapter 41.Boston:Academic Press,2002:665-690.
[7]Engdahl E R,van der Hilst R,Buland R.Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):722-743.
[8]Villaseor A,Engdahl E R.A digital hypocenter catalog for the International Seismological Summary.Seism.Res.Lett.,2005,76(5):554-559.
[9]许力生,陈运泰.用数字化宽频带波形资料反演共和地震的震源参数.地震学报,1997,19(2):113-128.Xu L S,Chen Y T.Invert source parameters of Gonghe earthquake by digital broadband waveform data.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1997,19(2):113-128.
[10]许忠淮,汪素云,高阿甲等.我国部分早期震源机制解答的重新测定.地震地磁观测与研究,1994,15(5):1-9.Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Gao A J,et al.Redetermination of some early focal mechanism solutions of Chinese earthquakes.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),1994,15(5):1-9.
[11]张诚,曹新玲,曲克信等.中国地震震源机制.北京:学术书刊出版社,1990.Zhang C,Cao X L,Qu K X,et al.Focal Mechanisms of Chinese Earthquakes(in Chinese).Beijing:Academic Publishing House,1990.
[12]阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐等.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨.地球物理学报,1977,20(2):96-109.Kan R J,Zhang S C,Yan F T,et al.Present tectonic stress field and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonic activity in Southwestern China.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),1977,20(2):96-109.
[13]阚荣举,王绍晋,黄崐等.中国西南地区现代构造应力场与板内断块相对运动.地震地质,1983,5(2):79-90.Kan R J,Wang S J,Huang K,et al.Modern tectonic stress field and relative motion of intraplate block in Southwestern China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1983,5(2):79-90.
[14]成尔林.四川及其邻区现代构造应力场和现代构造运动特征.地震学报,1981,3(3):231-241.Cheng E L.Recent tectonic stress field and tectonic movement of the Sichuan province and its vicinity.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1981,3(3):231-241.
[15]周青云,周仕勇,陈棋福等.正演推算1730年北京西郊地震的发震断层和滑动角.地震研究,2008,31(4):369-376.Zhou Q Y,Zhou S Y,Chen Q F,et al.Forward inference of the causative fault and the slip angles of the faults of the 1730 Western Beijing earthquake.Journal of SeismologicalResearch(in Chinese),2008,31(4):369-376.
[16]Fitzko F,Suhadolc P,Aoudia A,et al.Constraints on the location and mechanism of the1511Western-Slovenia earthquake from active tectonics and modeling of macroseismic data.Tectonophysics,2005,404(1-2):77-90.
[17]俞春泉,陶开,崔效锋等.用格点尝试法求解P波初动震源机制解及解的质量评价.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1402-1411.Yu C Q,Tao K,Cui X F,et al.P-wave first-motion focal mechanism solutions and their quality evaluation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1402-1411.
[18]沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.华北地区700年来地壳应力场演化与地震的关系研究.中国地震,2004,20(3):211-228.Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.Crustal stress evolution of the last700years in North China and earthquake occurrence.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2004,20(3):211-228.
[19]李铁明,沈正康,徐杰等.华北地区M S≥6.5级地震震源断层参数的研究.地球物理学进展,2007,22(1):95-103.Li T M,Shen Z K,Xu J,et al.Analysis on the parameters of seismogenic fault of the earthquake more than6.5in North China.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(1):95-103.
[20]Jiang M M,Zhou S Y,Sandvol E,et al.Lithosphere structure and azimuthal anisotropy beneath southern Tibet from Rayleigh wave tomography with a2-D seismic array.Geophys.J.Int.,2011:185,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.04979.
[21]徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27(3):446-461.Xu X W,Zhang P Z,Wen X Z,et al.Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the Western Sichuan province and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(3):446-461.
[22]Schweitzer J.How can the ISC location procedures be improved?Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2006,158(1):19-26.
[23]Schweitzer J.HYPOSAT-an enhanced routine to locate seismic events.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2001,158(1-2):277-289,doi:10.1007/PL00001160.
[24]唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993.Tang R C,Han W B.Active Faults and Earthquakes in Sichuan Province(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993.
[25]刘祖荫,苏有锦,秦嘉政等.20世纪云南地震活动.北京:地震出版社,2002.Liu Z Y,Su Y J,Qin J Z,et al.Seismicity in Yunnan on 20th century(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2002.
[26]马杏垣.中国岩石圈动力学地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989.Ma X Y.Lithospherical Dynamics Atlas of China(in Chinese).Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1989.
[27]国家地震局地质研究所,云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1990.Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province.Active Faults in Northwest Yunnan Region(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1990.
[28]杨国华,韩月萍,王敏等.中国大陆几个主要地震活动区的水平形变.大地测量与地球动力学,2003,23(3):42-49.Yang G H,Han Y P,Wang M,et al.Horizontal deformation in several major seismically active areas in Chinese mainland.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2003,23(3):42-49.
[29]周玖,黄修武.我国西南地区现代重力构造运动与震源深度及震中展布的关系.地震研究,1986,9(1):63-71.Zhou J,Huang X W.Recent gravitational tectonic movement in Southwest China and its relation to focal depths and epicentral distribution.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),1986,9(1):63-71.
[30]崔效锋,谢富仁,张红艳.川滇地区现代构造应力场分区及动力学意义.地震学报,2006,28(5):451-461.Cui X F,Xie F R,Zhang H Y.Recent tectonic stress field zoning in Sichuan-Yunnan region and its dynamic interest.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2006,28(5):451461.
[31]万永革,周公威,吴忠良等.中国地震震源机制测定结果的比较.地震地磁观测与研究,2001,22(5):1-15.Wan Y G,Zhou G W,Wu Z L,et al.China seismic mechanisms comparison for different determination.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2001,22(5):1-15.
2)http://www.globalcmt.org/CMTfiles.html
3)http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/fm/
4)International Seismological Centre,EHB Bulletin,http://www.isc.ac.uk,Internatl.Seis.Cent.,Thatcham,United Kingdom,2009.ftp://www.isc.ac.uk/pub/ehb/
5)ISS.CAT(earthquake catalog,1918-1963):http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/data/iss_summ.php
[1]国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录.北京:地震出版社,1995.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Earthquake Administration.The Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1995.
[2]中国地震局震害防御司.中国近代地震目录.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,China Earthquake Administration.The Catalogue of Chinese Modern Earthquakes(in Chinese).Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1999.
[3]丁国瑜主编.中国岩石圈动力学概论.北京:地震出版社,1991.Ding G Y(Chief Editor).Explanatory Notes for the Atlas of Lithospheric Dynamics of China(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1991.
[4]British Association for the Advancement of Science,Seismological Committee(BAASSC)(1900—1912).Circular Nos.1-27.These circulars are generally known as the“Shide Circulars.”.
[5]British Association for the Advancement of Science,Seismological Committee(BAASSC)(1913—1917).[Monthly]Bulletin,3-month issues between January1913and December1917.
[6]Engdahl E R,Villase^nor A.Global Seismicity:1900—1999.//Lee W H K,Kanamori H,Jennings P C eds.International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology.Part A,Chapter 41.Boston:Academic Press,2002:665-690.
[7]Engdahl E R,van der Hilst R,Buland R.Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):722-743.
[8]Villaseor A,Engdahl E R.A digital hypocenter catalog for the International Seismological Summary.Seism.Res.Lett.,2005,76(5):554-559.
[9]许力生,陈运泰.用数字化宽频带波形资料反演共和地震的震源参数.地震学报,1997,19(2):113-128.Xu L S,Chen Y T.Invert source parameters of Gonghe earthquake by digital broadband waveform data.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1997,19(2):113-128.
[10]许忠淮,汪素云,高阿甲等.我国部分早期震源机制解答的重新测定.地震地磁观测与研究,1994,15(5):1-9.Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Gao A J,et al.Redetermination of some early focal mechanism solutions of Chinese earthquakes.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),1994,15(5):1-9.
[11]张诚,曹新玲,曲克信等.中国地震震源机制.北京:学术书刊出版社,1990.Zhang C,Cao X L,Qu K X,et al.Focal Mechanisms of Chinese Earthquakes(in Chinese).Beijing:Academic Publishing House,1990.
[12]阚荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐等.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨.地球物理学报,1977,20(2):96-109.Kan R J,Zhang S C,Yan F T,et al.Present tectonic stress field and its relation to the characteristics of recent tectonic activity in Southwestern China.Chinese J.Geophys.(Acta Geophysica Sinica)(in Chinese),1977,20(2):96-109.
[13]阚荣举,王绍晋,黄崐等.中国西南地区现代构造应力场与板内断块相对运动.地震地质,1983,5(2):79-90.Kan R J,Wang S J,Huang K,et al.Modern tectonic stress field and relative motion of intraplate block in Southwestern China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1983,5(2):79-90.
[14]成尔林.四川及其邻区现代构造应力场和现代构造运动特征.地震学报,1981,3(3):231-241.Cheng E L.Recent tectonic stress field and tectonic movement of the Sichuan province and its vicinity.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1981,3(3):231-241.
[15]周青云,周仕勇,陈棋福等.正演推算1730年北京西郊地震的发震断层和滑动角.地震研究,2008,31(4):369-376.Zhou Q Y,Zhou S Y,Chen Q F,et al.Forward inference of the causative fault and the slip angles of the faults of the 1730 Western Beijing earthquake.Journal of SeismologicalResearch(in Chinese),2008,31(4):369-376.
[16]Fitzko F,Suhadolc P,Aoudia A,et al.Constraints on the location and mechanism of the1511Western-Slovenia earthquake from active tectonics and modeling of macroseismic data.Tectonophysics,2005,404(1-2):77-90.
[17]俞春泉,陶开,崔效锋等.用格点尝试法求解P波初动震源机制解及解的质量评价.地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1402-1411.Yu C Q,Tao K,Cui X F,et al.P-wave first-motion focal mechanism solutions and their quality evaluation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5):1402-1411.
[18]沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.华北地区700年来地壳应力场演化与地震的关系研究.中国地震,2004,20(3):211-228.Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.Crustal stress evolution of the last700years in North China and earthquake occurrence.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2004,20(3):211-228.
[19]李铁明,沈正康,徐杰等.华北地区M S≥6.5级地震震源断层参数的研究.地球物理学进展,2007,22(1):95-103.Li T M,Shen Z K,Xu J,et al.Analysis on the parameters of seismogenic fault of the earthquake more than6.5in North China.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(1):95-103.
[20]Jiang M M,Zhou S Y,Sandvol E,et al.Lithosphere structure and azimuthal anisotropy beneath southern Tibet from Rayleigh wave tomography with a2-D seismic array.Geophys.J.Int.,2011:185,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.04979.
[21]徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27(3):446-461.Xu X W,Zhang P Z,Wen X Z,et al.Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the Western Sichuan province and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(3):446-461.
[22]Schweitzer J.How can the ISC location procedures be improved?Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2006,158(1):19-26.
[23]Schweitzer J.HYPOSAT-an enhanced routine to locate seismic events.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2001,158(1-2):277-289,doi:10.1007/PL00001160.
[24]唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993.Tang R C,Han W B.Active Faults and Earthquakes in Sichuan Province(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993.
[25]刘祖荫,苏有锦,秦嘉政等.20世纪云南地震活动.北京:地震出版社,2002.Liu Z Y,Su Y J,Qin J Z,et al.Seismicity in Yunnan on 20th century(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2002.
[26]马杏垣.中国岩石圈动力学地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989.Ma X Y.Lithospherical Dynamics Atlas of China(in Chinese).Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1989.
[27]国家地震局地质研究所,云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1990.Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province.Active Faults in Northwest Yunnan Region(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1990.
[28]杨国华,韩月萍,王敏等.中国大陆几个主要地震活动区的水平形变.大地测量与地球动力学,2003,23(3):42-49.Yang G H,Han Y P,Wang M,et al.Horizontal deformation in several major seismically active areas in Chinese mainland.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2003,23(3):42-49.
[29]周玖,黄修武.我国西南地区现代重力构造运动与震源深度及震中展布的关系.地震研究,1986,9(1):63-71.Zhou J,Huang X W.Recent gravitational tectonic movement in Southwest China and its relation to focal depths and epicentral distribution.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),1986,9(1):63-71.
[30]崔效锋,谢富仁,张红艳.川滇地区现代构造应力场分区及动力学意义.地震学报,2006,28(5):451-461.Cui X F,Xie F R,Zhang H Y.Recent tectonic stress field zoning in Sichuan-Yunnan region and its dynamic interest.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2006,28(5):451461.
[31]万永革,周公威,吴忠良等.中国地震震源机制测定结果的比较.地震地磁观测与研究,2001,22(5):1-15.Wan Y G,Zhou G W,Wu Z L,et al.China seismic mechanisms comparison for different determination.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2001,22(5):1-15.
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