1995年日本神户地震建筑物倒塌与S波和盆地边缘次生面波干涉的研究
摘要
用地震波在不均匀介质传播中的波动方程的数值模拟方法,分析了两维剖面SH以及P-SV地震波传播过程中波的叠加干涉与1995年日本神户地震中建筑物倒塌率分布之间的关系.模拟中使用了错格实数Fourier变换的快速、高精度的微分算子.利用地震波在不均匀地下介质传播的瞬间分布图分析了地震波在空间叠加干涉的过程.结果表明,模拟所得加速度波形的峰值很可能是由基岩表面传入沉积层的次生面波和沉积层中体波在地面表层中的干涉所致.模拟所得地面加速度振幅的分布与建筑物倒塌率的分布极为一致.远离地震断层的建筑物峰值倒塌率也和加速度的峰值吻合.干涉过程的分析表示了建筑物倒塌率的分布与地质构造和地震波速度结构密切相关.地震体波与盆地边缘次生面波的干涉很可能是形成倒塌极大值的原因.由此可见用数值模拟方法研究地震波动传播过程以及其干涉过程对于地震灾害研究是十分必要的.
引文
1 Frankel A. Mapping seismic hazard in the central and eastern United states. Seism Res Let, 1995, 66: 8-21
2 Somerville P G, Smith N F, Graves R W, et al. Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity. Seismol-ogical Research Litters, 1997,68: 199-222
3 Fukushima Y, Tanaka T. A new attenuation relation for peak horizontal acceleration of strong earthquake ground motion in Japan. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1990, 80: 757-783
4 Kawase H. The cause of the damage belt in Kobe: "The basin-edge effect," Constructive interference of the direct S-wave with the basin-induced diffracted/ Rayleigh waves. Seismological Research Letters, 1996, 67: 25-34
5 Hao X, Seo K, Samano T. Low damage anomaly of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake: An analysis based on the explosion ground motions. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1994． 84: 1081-1027
6 吉川澄夫,伊藤秀美.1995、 1995年兵库果南部地震の概要.月刊地球、号外,1995,13:30-38
7 入仓孝次郎.兵库果南部地震の震源断层、强震动と被害特徵.物理探查,1995,48:463-489
8 Sekiguchi H, Irikura K, Iwata T, et al. Minute locating of faulting beneath Kobe and the waveform inversion of the source process during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake using strong ground motion records. J Phys Earth, 1996． 44: 473-387
9 Graves R W. Three dimensional finite difference modeling of the San Andreas fault: Source parameterization and ground motion levels. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1998, 88: 881-897
10 Furumura T, Koketsu K. Specific distribution of ground motion during the 1995 Kobe earthquake and its generation mechanism. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25: 785-788
11 Fujiwara H, Takenaka H. Calculation of surface waves for a thin basin structure using a direct boundary element method with normal modes Geophys. J Int, 1994, 117: 69-91
12 Pitraka A, Irikura K, Iwata T, et al. Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1998, 88: 428-440
13 川瀬博,松岛信一,Graves R W,等.1998效果着目单纯二次元盆地构造の三次元波动埸解析-兵库果南部地震の际の震炎带の成因-.地震,1998,50(2) :1-449
14 Kosloff R, Baysal E. Forward modeling by a Fourier method. Geophysics, 1982． 42: 1402-1412
15 石川浩次,溝口昭二,大鹿明文.兵库果南部地震の神户の地盤と被害状况调查.応用地质,1995,36(1) :62-80
16 赵志新,徐纪人,堀内茂木.错格实数Fourier微分算子及其在非均匀介质波动传播研究中的应用.地球物理学报,2003,46:234-240
17 Wang Y, Takenaka H, Furumura T. Modelling seismic wave propagation in a 2-D cylindrical whole earth model using the pseudospectral method. Geophys J Int, 2001, 145: 689-708
18 Zhao Z X, Xu I R, Horiuchi S. Staggered grid real value FFT differentiation operator and its application for wave propagation simulation in heterogeneous medium. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2003, 46: 324-333
19 Zhao Z X, Xu J R, Horiuchi H. Differentiation operation in the wave equation for the pseudospectral method with a staggered mesh. Earth Planets Space, 2001, 53: 327-332
20 Zhao Z X, Kubota R. The empirical Green'function method by using simulated waveforms. In: Irikura K, Kudo K, Okada H, et al, eds. The Effect of Surface Geology on Siesmic Motion-Recent Progress and New Horizon on ESG Study-Special Volume on Simultaneous Simulation for Kobe Earthquake. Balkema Rotterdam BrookFleld, The Netherlands, 1998． 127-134
21 Cerjan C, Kosloff D, Koskoff R, et al. A nonreflecting boundary condition for discrete acoustic and elastic wave equations. Geophysics, 1985,50:705-708
22 古村孝志,竹中博士.端不连续持のFourier微分法--对称法.物理探查,1992,45:303-309
23 小林啓美,翠川三郎,丹沉広行,等.建筑物の振动性状の简便测定方法の开灯.日本建筑学会构造系论文报告集,1987,378:48-56
24 Kubo T. Earthquake-resisting technologies for building structures,Evaluation of seismic resisting capacity of existing buildings--Brick-wall buildings in Shanghai, China. In: WG-1 Earthquake-resisting Technologies for Building Structures, 3rd EQTAP Workshop, Nov 28-30, 2000． Organization Committee for the 3rd EQTAP Workshop.
2 Somerville P G, Smith N F, Graves R W, et al. Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity. Seismol-ogical Research Litters, 1997,68: 199-222
3 Fukushima Y, Tanaka T. A new attenuation relation for peak horizontal acceleration of strong earthquake ground motion in Japan. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1990, 80: 757-783
4 Kawase H. The cause of the damage belt in Kobe: "The basin-edge effect," Constructive interference of the direct S-wave with the basin-induced diffracted/ Rayleigh waves. Seismological Research Letters, 1996, 67: 25-34
5 Hao X, Seo K, Samano T. Low damage anomaly of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake: An analysis based on the explosion ground motions. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1994． 84: 1081-1027
6 吉川澄夫,伊藤秀美.1995、 1995年兵库果南部地震の概要.月刊地球、号外,1995,13:30-38
7 入仓孝次郎.兵库果南部地震の震源断层、强震动と被害特徵.物理探查,1995,48:463-489
8 Sekiguchi H, Irikura K, Iwata T, et al. Minute locating of faulting beneath Kobe and the waveform inversion of the source process during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake using strong ground motion records. J Phys Earth, 1996． 44: 473-387
9 Graves R W. Three dimensional finite difference modeling of the San Andreas fault: Source parameterization and ground motion levels. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1998, 88: 881-897
10 Furumura T, Koketsu K. Specific distribution of ground motion during the 1995 Kobe earthquake and its generation mechanism. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998, 25: 785-788
11 Fujiwara H, Takenaka H. Calculation of surface waves for a thin basin structure using a direct boundary element method with normal modes Geophys. J Int, 1994, 117: 69-91
12 Pitraka A, Irikura K, Iwata T, et al. Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake. Bull Seism Soc Am, 1998, 88: 428-440
13 川瀬博,松岛信一,Graves R W,等.1998效果着目单纯二次元盆地构造の三次元波动埸解析-兵库果南部地震の际の震炎带の成因-.地震,1998,50(2) :1-449
14 Kosloff R, Baysal E. Forward modeling by a Fourier method. Geophysics, 1982． 42: 1402-1412
15 石川浩次,溝口昭二,大鹿明文.兵库果南部地震の神户の地盤と被害状况调查.応用地质,1995,36(1) :62-80
16 赵志新,徐纪人,堀内茂木.错格实数Fourier微分算子及其在非均匀介质波动传播研究中的应用.地球物理学报,2003,46:234-240
17 Wang Y, Takenaka H, Furumura T. Modelling seismic wave propagation in a 2-D cylindrical whole earth model using the pseudospectral method. Geophys J Int, 2001, 145: 689-708
18 Zhao Z X, Xu I R, Horiuchi S. Staggered grid real value FFT differentiation operator and its application for wave propagation simulation in heterogeneous medium. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2003, 46: 324-333
19 Zhao Z X, Xu J R, Horiuchi H. Differentiation operation in the wave equation for the pseudospectral method with a staggered mesh. Earth Planets Space, 2001, 53: 327-332
20 Zhao Z X, Kubota R. The empirical Green'function method by using simulated waveforms. In: Irikura K, Kudo K, Okada H, et al, eds. The Effect of Surface Geology on Siesmic Motion-Recent Progress and New Horizon on ESG Study-Special Volume on Simultaneous Simulation for Kobe Earthquake. Balkema Rotterdam BrookFleld, The Netherlands, 1998． 127-134
21 Cerjan C, Kosloff D, Koskoff R, et al. A nonreflecting boundary condition for discrete acoustic and elastic wave equations. Geophysics, 1985,50:705-708
22 古村孝志,竹中博士.端不连续持のFourier微分法--对称法.物理探查,1992,45:303-309
23 小林啓美,翠川三郎,丹沉広行,等.建筑物の振动性状の简便测定方法の开灯.日本建筑学会构造系论文报告集,1987,378:48-56
24 Kubo T. Earthquake-resisting technologies for building structures,Evaluation of seismic resisting capacity of existing buildings--Brick-wall buildings in Shanghai, China. In: WG-1 Earthquake-resisting Technologies for Building Structures, 3rd EQTAP Workshop, Nov 28-30, 2000． Organization Committee for the 3rd EQTAP Workshop.
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