重复地震研究综述
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摘要
重复地震是指发生在断层同一位置上的一组地震,一般具有相似的震源机制解和相近的震级,在同一地震台记录上具有高度相似的波形。本文总结了重复地震研究的现状,着重介绍了重复地震的识别方法以及重复地震在估算断层深部滑移速率以及测量波速变化等方面的应用,并对重复地震的发生机理进行了讨论分析。
Repeating earthquakes(RES) are a series of earthquakes regularly occurring at the same patch of a fault plane,which usually have approximately same magnitude and focal mechanism,thus produce nearly identical waveforms recorded at same seismic station.In this paper,the studies on RES are introduced and some aspects as the identification methods of RES,the applications of RES on estimating fault slip rate at depth and detecting velocity variation are given more attentions.The possible mechanisms for different types of RES are also discussed.
Repeating earthquakes(RES) are a series of earthquakes regularly occurring at the same patch of a fault plane,which usually have approximately same magnitude and focal mechanism,thus produce nearly identical waveforms recorded at same seismic station.In this paper,the studies on RES are introduced and some aspects as the identification methods of RES,the applications of RES on estimating fault slip rate at depth and detecting velocity variation are given more attentions.The possible mechanisms for different types of RES are also discussed.
引文
[1]Poupinet G,Ellsworth W,Frechet J.Monitoring velocity var-iations in the crust using earthquake doublets:An applicationto the Calaveras fault,California[J].J.Geophys.Res.1984,89:5719-5731.
[2]Nadeau R M,Foxall W,McEvilly T V.Clustering and period-ic recurrence of microearthquakes on the San Andreas fault atParkfield,California[J].Science,1995,267:503-507.
[3]Nadeau R M,L R Johnson.Seismological studies at ParkfieldVI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parametersfor small repeating earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):790-814.
[4]Okada H,Watanabe H,Yamashita H,et al.Seismologicalsignificance of the 1977-78eruptions and magma intrusionprocess of Usu volcano[J].J.Volcanol.Geotherm.Res.,1981,9:311-334.
[5]Ellsworth W L.Characteristic earthquakes and long-termearthquake forecasts:implications of central California Seis-micity[A]∥Cheng F Y,Sheu M S eds.Urban Disaster Miti-gation:the Role of Science and Technology[G].[s.l.]:Elsevier Science Ltd.,1995:1-14.
[6]Templeton D,R M Nadeau,R Burgmann.Behavior of repeat-ing earthquake sequences in central California and the implica-tions for subsurface fault creep[J]..Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2008,98(1):52-65.
[7]Burgmann R,D Schmidt,R M Nadeau,et al.Earthquake po-tential along the northern Hayward Fault,California[J].Sci-ence,2000,289:1178-1182.
[8]Peng Z,Y Ben-Zion.Spatio-temporal variations of crustalanisotropy from similar events in aftershocks of the 1999M7.4Yizmit and M7.1Duzce,Turkey,earthquake sequences[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160,1027-1043.
[9]Matsuzawa T,T Igarashi,A Hasegawa.Characteristic smallearthquake sequence off Sanriku northeastern Honshu Japan[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(11).
[10]Matsubara M,Y Yagi,K Obara.Plate boundary slip associ-ated with the 2003Off-Tokachi earthquake based on smallrepeating earthquake data[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32:L08316.
[11]Uchida N,T Matsuzawa,T Igarashi,et al.Interplate quasi-static slip off Sanriku NE Japan estimated from repeatingearthquakes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(15):1801.
[12]Chen K H,R J Rau,J C Hu.Variability of repeating earth-quake behavior along the Longitudinal Valley fault zone ofeastern Taiwan[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:B05306.
[13]Schaff D P,Richards P G.Repeating seismic events in China[J].Science,2004,303:1176-1178.
[14]Li L,Q F Chen,Xin Cheng,et al.Spatial clustering and re-peating of seismic events observed along the 1976Tangshanfault,North China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34(23):L23309.
[15]Li L,Q F Chen,F L Niu,et al.Slip rate in the Lijiang-Ninglang fault zone estimated from repeating microearth-quakes[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(3):447-455.
[16]李乐,陈棋福.利用重复地震估算北京平原区隐伏断裂深部活动速率[J].地震地质,2010,32(3):508-519.
[17]Anooshehpoor A,Brune J N.Quasi-static slip-rate shieldingby locked and creeping zones as an explanation for repeatingearthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2001,91(2):401-403.
[18]Beeler N M,Lockner D L,Hickman S H.A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its im-plication for microearthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull.Seis-mol.Soc.Am.,2001,91(6):1797-1804.
[19]Sammis C G,Rice J R.Repeating earthquakes as low-stress-drop events at a border between locked and creeping fault pat-ches[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2001,91(3):532-537.
[20]Isacks B L,L R Sykes,J Oliver.Spatial and temporal cluste-ring of deep and shallow earthquakes in the Fiji-Tonga-Kermadec region[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1967,57:935-958.
[21]Li A,P G Richards.Using earthquake doublets to study in-ner core rotation and seismicity catalog precision[J].Geo-chem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2003,4(9):1072.
[22]Wiens D A,N Snider.Repeating deep earthquakes:Evidencefor fault reactivation at great depth[J].Science,2001,293:1463-1466.
[23]Waldhauser F,W L Ellsworth.A double-difference earth-quake location algorithm:Method and application to thenorthern Hayward fault[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2000,90:1353-1368.
[24]Waldhauser F.Hypo D D:A computer program to computedouble-difference earthquake locations[R].[s.l.]:USGSOpen File Rep.,2001,01-113.
[25]Cheng X,F L Niu,P G Silver,et al.Similar microearth-quakes observed in western Nagano,Japan,and implicationsfor rupture mechanics[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112:1-13.
[26]Rowe C,Aster R,Borchers B,et al.An automatic,adaptivealgorithm for refining phase picks in large seismic data sets[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2002,92(5):1660-1674.
[27]Myhill R,D McKenzie,K Priestley.The distribution ofearthquake multiplets beneath the southwest Pacific[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,301:87-97.
[28]闻学泽.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估[M].北京:地震出版社,1995.
[29]张培震,王敏,甘卫军,等.GPS观测的活动断裂滑动速率及其对现今大陆动力作用的制约[J].地学前缘,2003,10:81-92.
[30]孙建宝,徐锡伟,石耀霖,等.东昆仑断裂玛尼段震间形变场的INSAR观测及断层滑动率初步估计[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(1):1361-1370.
[31]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Fault slip rates at depth fromrecurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes[J].Sci-ence,1999,285:718-721.
[32]Hanks T C,Kanamori H.A moment magnitude scale[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84:2348-2350.
[33]Kanamori H,Anderson D L.Theoretical basis for some em-pirical relations in seismology[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1975,65:1073-1095.
[34]Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Hasegawa A.Repeating earth-quakes and interplate aseismic slip in the northeastern Japansubduction zone[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108:2249.
[35]蒋长胜,吴忠良.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计[J].中国地震,2005,21(2):147-154.
[36]蒋长胜,吴忠良,李宇彤,等.首都圈地区“重复地震事件”及其在区域地震台网定位精度评价中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2008,5l(3):817-827.
[37]秦建增,李德庆,谢汝一,等.2008年河南封丘4级震群前后重力场时空演化特征[J].西北地震学报,2010,32(3):300-306.
[38]陆明勇,范雪芳,周伟,等.华北强震前地下流体长趋势变化特征及其产生机理的研究[J].西北地震学报,2010,32(2):129-138.
[39]王宝善,王伟涛,葛洪魁,等.人工震源地下介质变化动态监测[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(3):249-256.
[40]Zhang J,X Song,Y Li,et al.Inner core differential motionconfirmed by earthquake waveform doublets[J].Science,2005,309:1357-1360.
[41]Wang B,Zhu P,Chen Y,et al.Continuous subsurface ve-locity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J].J.Geophys.Res.2008,113:B12313.
[42]Baisch S,G R Bokelmann.Seismic waveform attributes be-fore and after the Loma Prieta earthquake:scattering changenear the earthquake and temporal recovery[J].J.Geophys.Res.2001,106:16323-16337.
[43]Ratdomopurbo A,Poupinet G.Monitoring a temporal changeof seismic velocity in a volcano:application to the 1992erup-tion of Mt.Merapi(Indonesia)[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(7):775-778.
[44]Schaff D P,G C Beroza.Coseismic and postseismic velocitychanges measured by repeating earthquakes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109:B10302.
[45]Li Y G,P Chen,E S Cochran,et al.Seismic evidence forrock damage and healing on the san andreas fault associatedwith the 2004M6.0parkfield earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am,2006,96(4B):349-363.
[46]Li Y G,P Chen,E S Cochran,et al.Seismic velocity varia-tions on the San Andreas fault caused by the 2004 M6parkfield earthquake and their implications[J].Earth,Planetsand Space,2007,69:21-31.
[47]Rubin A M.Aftershocks of microearthquakes as probes ofthe mechanics of rupture[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B7):2142.
[48]李宇彤,吴忠良,蒋长胜,等.利用辽宁区域地震台网记录分析“重复地震”[J].地震学报,2008,4:1-10.
[49]Geller R J,C S Mueller.Four similar earthquakes in centralCalifornia[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1980,7(10):821-824.
[50]Baisch S,Ceranna L,Harjes H P.Earthquake cluster:whatcan we learn from waveform similarity?[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.2008,98(6):2806-2814.
[51]Evans K F,H Moriya,H Niitsuma,et al.Microseismicityand permeability enhancement of hydrogeologic structuresduring massive fluid injections into granite at 3km depth atthe Soultz HDR site[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160:388-412.
[52]Baisch S,R Weidler,R.Vrs,et al.Induced seismicityduring the stimulation of a geothermal HFR reservoir in theCooper Basin(Australia)[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.2006,96(6):2242-2256.
[2]Nadeau R M,Foxall W,McEvilly T V.Clustering and period-ic recurrence of microearthquakes on the San Andreas fault atParkfield,California[J].Science,1995,267:503-507.
[3]Nadeau R M,L R Johnson.Seismological studies at ParkfieldVI:Moment release rates and estimates of source parametersfor small repeating earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):790-814.
[4]Okada H,Watanabe H,Yamashita H,et al.Seismologicalsignificance of the 1977-78eruptions and magma intrusionprocess of Usu volcano[J].J.Volcanol.Geotherm.Res.,1981,9:311-334.
[5]Ellsworth W L.Characteristic earthquakes and long-termearthquake forecasts:implications of central California Seis-micity[A]∥Cheng F Y,Sheu M S eds.Urban Disaster Miti-gation:the Role of Science and Technology[G].[s.l.]:Elsevier Science Ltd.,1995:1-14.
[6]Templeton D,R M Nadeau,R Burgmann.Behavior of repeat-ing earthquake sequences in central California and the implica-tions for subsurface fault creep[J]..Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2008,98(1):52-65.
[7]Burgmann R,D Schmidt,R M Nadeau,et al.Earthquake po-tential along the northern Hayward Fault,California[J].Sci-ence,2000,289:1178-1182.
[8]Peng Z,Y Ben-Zion.Spatio-temporal variations of crustalanisotropy from similar events in aftershocks of the 1999M7.4Yizmit and M7.1Duzce,Turkey,earthquake sequences[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160,1027-1043.
[9]Matsuzawa T,T Igarashi,A Hasegawa.Characteristic smallearthquake sequence off Sanriku northeastern Honshu Japan[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(11).
[10]Matsubara M,Y Yagi,K Obara.Plate boundary slip associ-ated with the 2003Off-Tokachi earthquake based on smallrepeating earthquake data[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32:L08316.
[11]Uchida N,T Matsuzawa,T Igarashi,et al.Interplate quasi-static slip off Sanriku NE Japan estimated from repeatingearthquakes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2003,30(15):1801.
[12]Chen K H,R J Rau,J C Hu.Variability of repeating earth-quake behavior along the Longitudinal Valley fault zone ofeastern Taiwan[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:B05306.
[13]Schaff D P,Richards P G.Repeating seismic events in China[J].Science,2004,303:1176-1178.
[14]Li L,Q F Chen,Xin Cheng,et al.Spatial clustering and re-peating of seismic events observed along the 1976Tangshanfault,North China[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2007,34(23):L23309.
[15]Li L,Q F Chen,F L Niu,et al.Slip rate in the Lijiang-Ninglang fault zone estimated from repeating microearth-quakes[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(3):447-455.
[16]李乐,陈棋福.利用重复地震估算北京平原区隐伏断裂深部活动速率[J].地震地质,2010,32(3):508-519.
[17]Anooshehpoor A,Brune J N.Quasi-static slip-rate shieldingby locked and creeping zones as an explanation for repeatingearthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2001,91(2):401-403.
[18]Beeler N M,Lockner D L,Hickman S H.A simple stick-slip and creep-slip model for repeating earthquakes and its im-plication for microearthquakes at Parkfield[J].Bull.Seis-mol.Soc.Am.,2001,91(6):1797-1804.
[19]Sammis C G,Rice J R.Repeating earthquakes as low-stress-drop events at a border between locked and creeping fault pat-ches[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2001,91(3):532-537.
[20]Isacks B L,L R Sykes,J Oliver.Spatial and temporal cluste-ring of deep and shallow earthquakes in the Fiji-Tonga-Kermadec region[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1967,57:935-958.
[21]Li A,P G Richards.Using earthquake doublets to study in-ner core rotation and seismicity catalog precision[J].Geo-chem.Geophys.Geosyst.,2003,4(9):1072.
[22]Wiens D A,N Snider.Repeating deep earthquakes:Evidencefor fault reactivation at great depth[J].Science,2001,293:1463-1466.
[23]Waldhauser F,W L Ellsworth.A double-difference earth-quake location algorithm:Method and application to thenorthern Hayward fault[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2000,90:1353-1368.
[24]Waldhauser F.Hypo D D:A computer program to computedouble-difference earthquake locations[R].[s.l.]:USGSOpen File Rep.,2001,01-113.
[25]Cheng X,F L Niu,P G Silver,et al.Similar microearth-quakes observed in western Nagano,Japan,and implicationsfor rupture mechanics[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112:1-13.
[26]Rowe C,Aster R,Borchers B,et al.An automatic,adaptivealgorithm for refining phase picks in large seismic data sets[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2002,92(5):1660-1674.
[27]Myhill R,D McKenzie,K Priestley.The distribution ofearthquake multiplets beneath the southwest Pacific[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,301:87-97.
[28]闻学泽.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估[M].北京:地震出版社,1995.
[29]张培震,王敏,甘卫军,等.GPS观测的活动断裂滑动速率及其对现今大陆动力作用的制约[J].地学前缘,2003,10:81-92.
[30]孙建宝,徐锡伟,石耀霖,等.东昆仑断裂玛尼段震间形变场的INSAR观测及断层滑动率初步估计[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(1):1361-1370.
[31]Nadeau R M,McEvilly T V.Fault slip rates at depth fromrecurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes[J].Sci-ence,1999,285:718-721.
[32]Hanks T C,Kanamori H.A moment magnitude scale[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84:2348-2350.
[33]Kanamori H,Anderson D L.Theoretical basis for some em-pirical relations in seismology[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1975,65:1073-1095.
[34]Igarashi T,Matsuzawa T,Hasegawa A.Repeating earth-quakes and interplate aseismic slip in the northeastern Japansubduction zone[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108:2249.
[35]蒋长胜,吴忠良.由“重复地震”给出的中国地震台网的定位精度估计[J].中国地震,2005,21(2):147-154.
[36]蒋长胜,吴忠良,李宇彤,等.首都圈地区“重复地震事件”及其在区域地震台网定位精度评价中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2008,5l(3):817-827.
[37]秦建增,李德庆,谢汝一,等.2008年河南封丘4级震群前后重力场时空演化特征[J].西北地震学报,2010,32(3):300-306.
[38]陆明勇,范雪芳,周伟,等.华北强震前地下流体长趋势变化特征及其产生机理的研究[J].西北地震学报,2010,32(2):129-138.
[39]王宝善,王伟涛,葛洪魁,等.人工震源地下介质变化动态监测[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(3):249-256.
[40]Zhang J,X Song,Y Li,et al.Inner core differential motionconfirmed by earthquake waveform doublets[J].Science,2005,309:1357-1360.
[41]Wang B,Zhu P,Chen Y,et al.Continuous subsurface ve-locity measurement with coda wave interferometry[J].J.Geophys.Res.2008,113:B12313.
[42]Baisch S,G R Bokelmann.Seismic waveform attributes be-fore and after the Loma Prieta earthquake:scattering changenear the earthquake and temporal recovery[J].J.Geophys.Res.2001,106:16323-16337.
[43]Ratdomopurbo A,Poupinet G.Monitoring a temporal changeof seismic velocity in a volcano:application to the 1992erup-tion of Mt.Merapi(Indonesia)[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(7):775-778.
[44]Schaff D P,G C Beroza.Coseismic and postseismic velocitychanges measured by repeating earthquakes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109:B10302.
[45]Li Y G,P Chen,E S Cochran,et al.Seismic evidence forrock damage and healing on the san andreas fault associatedwith the 2004M6.0parkfield earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am,2006,96(4B):349-363.
[46]Li Y G,P Chen,E S Cochran,et al.Seismic velocity varia-tions on the San Andreas fault caused by the 2004 M6parkfield earthquake and their implications[J].Earth,Planetsand Space,2007,69:21-31.
[47]Rubin A M.Aftershocks of microearthquakes as probes ofthe mechanics of rupture[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107(B7):2142.
[48]李宇彤,吴忠良,蒋长胜,等.利用辽宁区域地震台网记录分析“重复地震”[J].地震学报,2008,4:1-10.
[49]Geller R J,C S Mueller.Four similar earthquakes in centralCalifornia[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1980,7(10):821-824.
[50]Baisch S,Ceranna L,Harjes H P.Earthquake cluster:whatcan we learn from waveform similarity?[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.2008,98(6):2806-2814.
[51]Evans K F,H Moriya,H Niitsuma,et al.Microseismicityand permeability enhancement of hydrogeologic structuresduring massive fluid injections into granite at 3km depth atthe Soultz HDR site[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2005,160:388-412.
[52]Baisch S,R Weidler,R.Vrs,et al.Induced seismicityduring the stimulation of a geothermal HFR reservoir in theCooper Basin(Australia)[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.2006,96(6):2242-2256.
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