叠后地震数据的谱反演处理技术及其应用浅析
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摘要
受限于现有三维地震资料的分辨能力,薄储层、小断裂等小尺度地质目标识别难题始终影响着岩性油气藏勘探开发的精度.基于高分辨地震分频技术的谱反演处理技术为提高薄层识别与预测精度提供了一条新的思路和方法.在原始叠后地震数据基础上开展谱反演处理,可获得全频带地震反射系数序列数据.该数据具有很高的分辨率,完全可以用于微小级别地质体及地质体内部细节的描述与形态刻画.本文对谱反演处理技术的基本原理和实现方法进行了简要阐述,并将其应用到实际生产资料中.实例应用表明,谱反演处理获得的反射系数数据成果分辨率非常高,可清晰识别目标薄储层反射特征及各类层序变化边界,有较强的实用和应用价值.
Along with the exploration process of stratigraphic reservoir,the geologic problem of thin-bed has become more and more prominent,and also urgent to get solved.Since most of the technique solutions rely on the seismic data,the final results are always affected by its resolution limitation.The small-scale geological targets including thin-bed and micro-faults are hard to be exactly resolvable using current seismic data.It is necessary to find out some way.The seismic decomposition technique has been considered as an effective way to improve the thin-bed resolvablity on the basis of tuning effects.With the improvement of decomposition processing algorithms,the spectral inversion technique has been introduced into the field by Portniaguine and Castagna,et al.The process differs from other inversions in that it needs no preset geological model and well data,and it is driven by geological rather than mathematical assumptions.The original bandwidth-limited seismic data is set as input,and the output is seismic sparse reflectivity series data,while the wavelet has been removed within the process.The output reflectivity series data has superior resolution.It has been highly recommended to be used in interpretation and prediction of small-scale geological targets.In the paper,the theory and method of spectral inversion technique is briefly introduced,and several field examples have been discussed.Results show that the output reflectivity series data has very high resolution and contains much more geological information than the original input seismic data,so that more reflection detail can be picked up and interpreted geologically.In the examples,the target thin reservoir has been clearly identified,and stratigraphic sequences have exact inter-relationships and obvious changing styles in the reflectivity series data.We suggest apply this technique in characterizing various small-scale targets and looking into the details,such as thin reservoir,small/micro faults,shale gas reservoir,etc.
Along with the exploration process of stratigraphic reservoir,the geologic problem of thin-bed has become more and more prominent,and also urgent to get solved.Since most of the technique solutions rely on the seismic data,the final results are always affected by its resolution limitation.The small-scale geological targets including thin-bed and micro-faults are hard to be exactly resolvable using current seismic data.It is necessary to find out some way.The seismic decomposition technique has been considered as an effective way to improve the thin-bed resolvablity on the basis of tuning effects.With the improvement of decomposition processing algorithms,the spectral inversion technique has been introduced into the field by Portniaguine and Castagna,et al.The process differs from other inversions in that it needs no preset geological model and well data,and it is driven by geological rather than mathematical assumptions.The original bandwidth-limited seismic data is set as input,and the output is seismic sparse reflectivity series data,while the wavelet has been removed within the process.The output reflectivity series data has superior resolution.It has been highly recommended to be used in interpretation and prediction of small-scale geological targets.In the paper,the theory and method of spectral inversion technique is briefly introduced,and several field examples have been discussed.Results show that the output reflectivity series data has very high resolution and contains much more geological information than the original input seismic data,so that more reflection detail can be picked up and interpreted geologically.In the examples,the target thin reservoir has been clearly identified,and stratigraphic sequences have exact inter-relationships and obvious changing styles in the reflectivity series data.We suggest apply this technique in characterizing various small-scale targets and looking into the details,such as thin reservoir,small/micro faults,shale gas reservoir,etc.
引文
[1]张向林,陶果,刘新茹.油气地球物理勘探技术进展[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1):143-151.Zhang X L,Tao G,Liu X R.Progress in oil geophysicalexploration[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(1):143-151.
[2]柏冠军,吴汉宁,赵希刚,等.地震资料预测薄层厚度方法研究与应用[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):554-558.Bai G J,Wu H N,Zhao X G,et al.Research on prediction ofthin bed thickness using seismic data and its application[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2):554-558.
[3]路鹏飞,郭爱华,杨长春,等.砂泥岩薄互层波阻抗模拟退火反演方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(5):1676-1682.Lu P F,Guo A H,Yang C C,et al.The research of acousticimpendence simulated annealing inversion in sand-shale inter-beddings[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,26(5):1676-1682.
[4]张延玲,肖高杰.地层岩性油气藏地震属性的研究和应用——以准噶尔盆地永1井区为例[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(4):1332-1338.Zhang Y L,Xiao G J.Research and application of seismicattributions of formation lithology hydrocarbon reservoirs—inthe Yong 1area as an example[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,25(4):1332-1338.
[5]陈香朋,韩国庆,田建华,等.地震属性技术在郭局子洼陷沙二段岩性油藏描述中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):846-851.Chen X P,Han G Q,Tian J H,et al.Seismic attributeapplication to the lithologic reservoir of Es2 member of theGuojuzi sag[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,23(3):846-851.
[6]杨锴,艾迪飞,耿建华.测井、井间地震与地面地震数据联合约束下的地质统计学随机建模方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(8):2695-2704.Yang K,Ai D F,Geng J H.A new geostatistical inversionand reservoir modeling technique constrained by well-log,crosshole and surface seismic data[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(8):2695-2704.
[7]漆立新,顾汉明,李宗杰,等.基于地震波振幅分辨塔河油田溶洞最小高度的理论探讨[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(5):1499-1506.Qi L X,Gu H M,Li Z J,et al.Theoretical discussion onresolution of maximum height of cavity in the Tahe oilfieldbased on seismic amplitude[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2008,23(5):1499-1506.
[8]Widess M B.How thin is a thin bed?[J].Geophysics,1973,38(6):1176-1180.
[9]云美厚,丁伟.地震分辨力新认识[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(5):603-608.Yun M H,Ding W.New knowledge about seismic identifyingcapability[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2005,40(5):603-608.
[10]云美厚,丁伟,杨凯.地震道空间分辨力研究[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):741-746.Yun M H,Ding W,Yang K.Study on the spatial resolutionof seismic trace[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(3):741-746.
[11]凌云研究小组.应用振幅的调谐作用探测地层厚度小于1/4波长地质目标[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,38(3):268-274.Lin Yun Study Group.Application of amplitude tuning insurveying geologic target thickness less than 1/4wavelength[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2003,38(3):268-274.
[12]龚洪林,王振卿,李录明,等.应用地震分频技术预测碳酸盐岩储层[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1):129-135.Gong H L,Wang Z Q,Li L M,et al.Predicting carbonatereservoir by applying seismic spectral decompositiontechnique[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,23(1):129-135.
[13]王宝江,张永常,王大兴,等.广义S变换用于含煤地层薄砂体预测研究[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(3):1219-1226.Wang B J,Zhang Y C,Wang D X,et al.Predicting anddetecting of the thin sand bodies by general transform in coal-bearing strata[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,27(3):1219-1226.
[14]刘喜武,宁俊瑞,刘培体,等.地震时频分析与分频解释及频谱分解技术在地震沉积学与储层成像中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1679-1688.Liu X W,Ning J R,Liu P T,et al.Seismic time-frequencyanalysis for frequency decomposition with applications toseismic sedimentology and reservoir imaging[J].Progress inGeophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(5):1679-1688.
[15]段如泰,金振奎,杨婷,等.地震沉积学研究中的方法和技术[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(1):89-98.Duan R T,Jin Z K,Yang T,et al.Methods and techniquesin seismic sedimentology study[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,26(1):89-98.
[16]Marfurt K J,Kirlin R L.Narrow-band spectral analysis andthin-bed tuning[J].Geophysics,2001,66(4):1274-1283.
[17]武国宁,曹思远,孙娜.基于复数道地震记录的匹配追踪算法及其在储层预测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(6):2027-2034.Wu G N,Cao S Y,Sun N.Matching pursuit method basedon complex seismic traces and its application of hydrocarbonexploration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(6):2027-2034.
[18]Portniaguine O,Castagna J P.Inverse spectral decomposition[A].//The 74th SEG Annual International Meeting[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,2004:1786-1789.
[19]Puryear C I,Castagna J P.Layer-thickness determinationand stratigraphic interpretation using spectral inversion:Theory and application[J].Geophysics,2008,73(2):R37-R48.
[20]Chopra S,Castagna J P,Portniaguine O.Seismic resolutionand thin-bed reflectivity inversion[J].CSEG Recorder,2006,31(1):19-25.
[21]李雪英,陈树民,王建民,等.薄层时频特征的正演模拟[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(10):3410-3419.Li X Y,Chen S M,Wang J M,et al.Forward modelingstudies on the time-frequency characteristics of thin layers[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(10):3410-3419.
[22]姚陈,蔡明刚,王赟.各向同性薄层反射理论地震图[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(1):164-170.Yao C,Cai M G,Wang Y.Synthetic seismograms ofreflection from isotropic thin layer[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(1):164-170.
[23]赵俊猛,汤吉,张海江,等.小波变换在地震宽角反折射资料处理中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(5):666-676.Zhao J M,Tang J,Zhang H J,et al.Wavelet transform andits application in data processing and interpretation of seismicreflection/refraction profile[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2000,43(5):666-676.
[24]黄隆基,胡庆东.自然伽马能谱测井薄层响应[J].地球物理学报,1997,40(2):272-279.Huang L J,Hu Q D.The then-bed response of naturalGamma-ray spectral log[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1997,40(2):272-279.
[25]孙树海,牛彦良.薄互层条件下AVO技术的应用[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(1):99-106.Sun S H,Niu Y L.The application of AVO technique underthe condition of thin interbed series[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1991,34(1):99-106.
[26]唐文榜.地震反射法中薄煤层分辨能力的研究[J].地球物理学报,1987,30(6):641-652.Tang W B.Research on resolution of a thin seam in reflectionseismic exploration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1987,30(6):641-652.
[27]Kallweit R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phase wavelets[J].Geophysics,1982,47(7):1035-1046.
[28]Widess M B.Quantifying resolving power of seismic systems[J].Geophysics,1982,47(8):1160-1173.
[29]Tirado S K.Sand thickness estimation using spectral decomposition[Master Thesis].Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma,2004.
[30]Portniaguine O,Castagna J P.Spectral inversion:Lessonsfrom modeling and Boonesville case study[A].//The 75thSEG Annual International Meeting[C].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2005:1638-1641.
[31]Chopra S,Castagna J,Xu Y.Thin-bed reflectivity inversionand some applications[J].The First Break,2009,27(5):17-24.
[2]柏冠军,吴汉宁,赵希刚,等.地震资料预测薄层厚度方法研究与应用[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):554-558.Bai G J,Wu H N,Zhao X G,et al.Research on prediction ofthin bed thickness using seismic data and its application[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2):554-558.
[3]路鹏飞,郭爱华,杨长春,等.砂泥岩薄互层波阻抗模拟退火反演方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(5):1676-1682.Lu P F,Guo A H,Yang C C,et al.The research of acousticimpendence simulated annealing inversion in sand-shale inter-beddings[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,26(5):1676-1682.
[4]张延玲,肖高杰.地层岩性油气藏地震属性的研究和应用——以准噶尔盆地永1井区为例[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(4):1332-1338.Zhang Y L,Xiao G J.Research and application of seismicattributions of formation lithology hydrocarbon reservoirs—inthe Yong 1area as an example[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,25(4):1332-1338.
[5]陈香朋,韩国庆,田建华,等.地震属性技术在郭局子洼陷沙二段岩性油藏描述中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):846-851.Chen X P,Han G Q,Tian J H,et al.Seismic attributeapplication to the lithologic reservoir of Es2 member of theGuojuzi sag[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,23(3):846-851.
[6]杨锴,艾迪飞,耿建华.测井、井间地震与地面地震数据联合约束下的地质统计学随机建模方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(8):2695-2704.Yang K,Ai D F,Geng J H.A new geostatistical inversionand reservoir modeling technique constrained by well-log,crosshole and surface seismic data[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(8):2695-2704.
[7]漆立新,顾汉明,李宗杰,等.基于地震波振幅分辨塔河油田溶洞最小高度的理论探讨[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(5):1499-1506.Qi L X,Gu H M,Li Z J,et al.Theoretical discussion onresolution of maximum height of cavity in the Tahe oilfieldbased on seismic amplitude[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2008,23(5):1499-1506.
[8]Widess M B.How thin is a thin bed?[J].Geophysics,1973,38(6):1176-1180.
[9]云美厚,丁伟.地震分辨力新认识[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(5):603-608.Yun M H,Ding W.New knowledge about seismic identifyingcapability[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2005,40(5):603-608.
[10]云美厚,丁伟,杨凯.地震道空间分辨力研究[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3):741-746.Yun M H,Ding W,Yang K.Study on the spatial resolutionof seismic trace[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(3):741-746.
[11]凌云研究小组.应用振幅的调谐作用探测地层厚度小于1/4波长地质目标[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,38(3):268-274.Lin Yun Study Group.Application of amplitude tuning insurveying geologic target thickness less than 1/4wavelength[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2003,38(3):268-274.
[12]龚洪林,王振卿,李录明,等.应用地震分频技术预测碳酸盐岩储层[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1):129-135.Gong H L,Wang Z Q,Li L M,et al.Predicting carbonatereservoir by applying seismic spectral decompositiontechnique[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,23(1):129-135.
[13]王宝江,张永常,王大兴,等.广义S变换用于含煤地层薄砂体预测研究[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(3):1219-1226.Wang B J,Zhang Y C,Wang D X,et al.Predicting anddetecting of the thin sand bodies by general transform in coal-bearing strata[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,27(3):1219-1226.
[14]刘喜武,宁俊瑞,刘培体,等.地震时频分析与分频解释及频谱分解技术在地震沉积学与储层成像中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1679-1688.Liu X W,Ning J R,Liu P T,et al.Seismic time-frequencyanalysis for frequency decomposition with applications toseismic sedimentology and reservoir imaging[J].Progress inGeophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(5):1679-1688.
[15]段如泰,金振奎,杨婷,等.地震沉积学研究中的方法和技术[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(1):89-98.Duan R T,Jin Z K,Yang T,et al.Methods and techniquesin seismic sedimentology study[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,26(1):89-98.
[16]Marfurt K J,Kirlin R L.Narrow-band spectral analysis andthin-bed tuning[J].Geophysics,2001,66(4):1274-1283.
[17]武国宁,曹思远,孙娜.基于复数道地震记录的匹配追踪算法及其在储层预测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(6):2027-2034.Wu G N,Cao S Y,Sun N.Matching pursuit method basedon complex seismic traces and its application of hydrocarbonexploration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(6):2027-2034.
[18]Portniaguine O,Castagna J P.Inverse spectral decomposition[A].//The 74th SEG Annual International Meeting[C].SEG Expanded Abstracts,2004:1786-1789.
[19]Puryear C I,Castagna J P.Layer-thickness determinationand stratigraphic interpretation using spectral inversion:Theory and application[J].Geophysics,2008,73(2):R37-R48.
[20]Chopra S,Castagna J P,Portniaguine O.Seismic resolutionand thin-bed reflectivity inversion[J].CSEG Recorder,2006,31(1):19-25.
[21]李雪英,陈树民,王建民,等.薄层时频特征的正演模拟[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(10):3410-3419.Li X Y,Chen S M,Wang J M,et al.Forward modelingstudies on the time-frequency characteristics of thin layers[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(10):3410-3419.
[22]姚陈,蔡明刚,王赟.各向同性薄层反射理论地震图[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(1):164-170.Yao C,Cai M G,Wang Y.Synthetic seismograms ofreflection from isotropic thin layer[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(1):164-170.
[23]赵俊猛,汤吉,张海江,等.小波变换在地震宽角反折射资料处理中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(5):666-676.Zhao J M,Tang J,Zhang H J,et al.Wavelet transform andits application in data processing and interpretation of seismicreflection/refraction profile[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2000,43(5):666-676.
[24]黄隆基,胡庆东.自然伽马能谱测井薄层响应[J].地球物理学报,1997,40(2):272-279.Huang L J,Hu Q D.The then-bed response of naturalGamma-ray spectral log[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1997,40(2):272-279.
[25]孙树海,牛彦良.薄互层条件下AVO技术的应用[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(1):99-106.Sun S H,Niu Y L.The application of AVO technique underthe condition of thin interbed series[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1991,34(1):99-106.
[26]唐文榜.地震反射法中薄煤层分辨能力的研究[J].地球物理学报,1987,30(6):641-652.Tang W B.Research on resolution of a thin seam in reflectionseismic exploration[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1987,30(6):641-652.
[27]Kallweit R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phase wavelets[J].Geophysics,1982,47(7):1035-1046.
[28]Widess M B.Quantifying resolving power of seismic systems[J].Geophysics,1982,47(8):1160-1173.
[29]Tirado S K.Sand thickness estimation using spectral decomposition[Master Thesis].Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma,2004.
[30]Portniaguine O,Castagna J P.Spectral inversion:Lessonsfrom modeling and Boonesville case study[A].//The 75thSEG Annual International Meeting[C].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2005:1638-1641.
[31]Chopra S,Castagna J,Xu Y.Thin-bed reflectivity inversionand some applications[J].The First Break,2009,27(5):17-24.
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