海底滑坡及其反射地震识别综述
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摘要
<正>海底滑坡是一种重要的地质营力,对于海底地貌塑造、海底沉积物搬运和沉积具有重要意义[1],对于油气和水合物的聚集成藏亦具有重要的影响[2-7]。同时,由于海底滑坡破坏海底的稳定性,其对海底工程(如海底光缆、海上石油钻井平台等)和环境也构成潜在的威胁[8-9]。因此,近年来海底滑坡研究正越来越受到工业界和学术界的关注。由于沉积物在海底滑移时受到的浮力较大,海底滑坡的规模通常要比陆地滑坡大很多[10]。目前全球范围内记录在案的最大海底滑坡是发生在南非海上的Agulhas滑坡,其滑移距离超过140 km,作为单一滑坡事件,它所搬运的沉积物的体积高达20 000 km[11]。人
引文
[1]Mc Adoo B G,Pratson L F,Orange D L.Submarine landslide geomorphology,US continental slope[J].Marine Geology,2000,169:103-136.
[2]Fairbridge R W.Submarine slumping and location of oil bodies[J].Bulletin of The American Association OP petroleum Geologists,1946,30(1):84-92.
[3]Mienert J,Berndt C,Laberg J S,et al.Slope instability of Continental Margins[C]//Wefer G,Billet D S M,Hebbeln D,et al.Ocean margin systems.New York:Springer,2002:179-193.
[4]Kayen R E,Lee H J.Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrate-laden sediment on the Beaufort Sea margin[J].Marine Geo-Technology,1991,10:125-141.
[5]Sultan N,Cochonat P,Foucher J P,et al.Effect of gas hydrates disociation on seafloor slope stability[C]//Locat J,Mienert J.Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences.Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2003:103-111.
[6]Bryn P,Berg K,Forsberg C F,et al.Explaining the Storegga slide[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:11-19.
[7]Lee H J.Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin[J].Marine Geology,2009,264:53-64.
[8]Canals M,Lastras G,Urgeles R,et al.Slope failure dynamics and impacts from sea floor and shallow sub-sea floor geophysical data:case studies from the COSTA project[J].Marine Geology,2004,213:9-72.
[9]Lee H J,Locat J,Desgagnés P,et al.Submarine mass movements on continental margins[C]//Nittrouer C A,Austin J A,Field M E,et al.Continental Margin Sedimentation:From Sediment Transport to Sequence Stratigraphy.IAS Spec.Publ.,37.United Kingdom:Blackwell Publishing,2007:213-274.
[10]Hampton M A,Lee H J,Locat J.Submarine landslides[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1996,34(1):33-59.
[11]Dingle R V.The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a sheared continental margin(SE Africa)[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1977,134:293-310.
[12]Shepard F P.Depth changes in Sagami Bay during the great Japanese earthquake[J].J Geol,1933,41:527-536.
[13]Heezen B C,Ewing M.Turbidity currents and submarine slumps,and the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake[J].Am J Sci,1952,250:849-873.
[14]Moore J G,Clague D A,Holcomb R T,et al.Prodigious submarine landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94:17645-17484.
[15]Haflidason H,Sejrup H P,Nyg?rd A,et al.The Storegga Slide:architecture,geometry and slide development[J].Marine Geology,2004,213:201-234.
[16]Nakajima T,Satoh M,Okamura Y,et al.Channel-levee complexes,terminal deep-sea fan and sediment wave fields associated with the Toyama Deep-Sea Channel system in the Japan Sea[J].Marine Geology,1998,147:25-41.
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[18]Frey-Martínez J,Cartwright J,James D.Frontally confined versus frontally emergent submarine landslides:A 3D seismic characterization[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:585-604.
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[21]Micallef A,Masson D G,Berndt C,et al.Development and mass movement processes of the north-eastern Storegga Slide[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2009:433-448.
[22]寇养琦.南海北部的海底滑坡[J].海洋与海岸带开发,1990,7(3):48-51.
[23]冯文科,石要红.南海北部外陆架和上陆坡海底滑坡稳定性研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(2):81-94.
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[25]吴时国,陈珊珊,王志君,等.大陆边缘深水区海底滑坡及其不稳定性风险评估[J].现代地质,2008,22(3):430-437.
[26]孙运宝,吴时国,王志君,等.南海北部白云大型海底滑坡的几何形态与变形特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28(6):69-76.
[27]王大伟,吴时国,秦志亮,等.南海陆坡大型块体搬运体系的结构与识别特征[J].海洋地质与第四季地质,2009,29(5):65-71.
[28]胡光海.东海陆坡海底滑坡识别及致滑因素影响研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
[29]刘锋,吴时国,孙运宝.南海北部陆坡水合物分解引起海底不稳定性的定量分析[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(4):946-953.
[30]吴时国,秦志亮,王大伟,等.南海北部陆坡块体搬运沉积体系的地震响应与成因机制[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3184-3195.
[31]王大伟,吴时国,吕福亮,等.南海深水块体搬运沉积体系及其油气勘探意义[J].中国石油大学学报,2011,35(5):14-19.
[32]He Ye,Zhong Guangfa,Wang Liaoliang,et al.Characteristics and occurrence of submarine canyonassociated landslides in the middle of the northern continental slope,South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,57:546-560.
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[34]Bull S,Cartwright J,Huuse M.A review of kinematic indicators from mass-transport complexes using 3D seismic data[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2009,26:1132-1151.
[35]Greene H G,Maher N M,Paull C K.Physiography of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and implications about continental margin development[J].Marine Geology,2002,181:55-82.
[36]Prior D B,Wiseman W J,Gilbert R.Submarine slope processes on a fan delta,Howe Sound,British Columbia[J].Geo-Mar Lett,1981,1:85-90.
[37]Prior D B,Bornhold B D,Coleman J M,et al.Morphology of a submarine slide,Kitimat Arm,British Columbia[J].Geology,1982,10:588-592.
[38]Field M E,Gardner J V,Jenningsa A E,et al.Earthquake-induced sediment failures on a 0.25°slope,Klamath River delta,California[J].Geology,1982,10:542-546.
[39]Milne J.Sub-Oceanic Changes[J].The Geographical Journal,1897,10(2):129-146.
[40]Carlson P R.Holocene slump on continental shelf off Malaspina Glacier,Gulf of Alaska[J].AAPG Bulletin,1978,62:2412-2426.
[41]Prior D B,Coleman J M.Disintegrative retrogressive landslides on very-low-angle subaqueous lopes,Mississippi delta[J].Marine Geotechnology,1978,3:37-60.
[42]Booth J S,O’Leary D W,Popenoe P,et al.US Atlantic continental slope landslides;their distribution,general attributes,and implications[C]//Schwab W C,Lee H J,Twichell D C.Selected studies in the US Exclusive Economic Zone.US:USGS Publications,1993:14-22.
[43]Lee H J,Schwab W C,Booth J S.Submarine landslides:an introduction[C]//Schwab W C,Lee H J,Twichell D C.Submarine Landslides:Selected Studies in the US Exclusive Economic Zone.US:USGS Publications,1993:158-166.
[44]Farre J A,Mc Gregor B A,Ryan W B F,et al.Breaching the shelfbreak passage from youthful to mature phase in submarine canyon evolution[J].SEPM Special Publication,1983,33:25-39.
[45]Pratson L F,Ryan W B F.Mountain G S,et al.Submarine-canyon initiation by downslope-eroding sediment flows:evidence in late Cenozoic strata on the New-Jersey continental-slope[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin 106,1994:395-412.
[46]Pratson L F,Coakley B J.A model for the headward erosion of submarine canyons induced by downslopeeroding sediment flows[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1996,108:225-234.
[47]Varnes D J.Landslide types and processes[C]//Eckel E D.Landslides and Engineering Practice,Special Report29.Washington D C:Highway Research Board,1958:20-47.
[48]Dott R H.Dynamics of subaqueous gravity depositional processes[J].AAPG Bull,1963,47(1):104-128.
[49]Almagor G,Garfunkel Z.Submarine slumping in continental margin of Israel and Northern Sinai[J].The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1979,63(3):324-340.
[50]Locat J.Instabilities along ocean margins:a geomorphological and geotechnical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2001,18:503-512.
[51]Cruden D M,Varnes D J.Landslide type and processes[C].Turner A K,Shuster R L.Landslide Investigation and Mitigation.Washington D C:Natl.Acad.Press,1996:36-75.
[52]Weimer P.Sequence Stratigraphy of the Mississippi Fan(Plio-Pleistocene),Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1989,9:185-272.
[53]Weimer P,Slatt R M.Introduction to the Petroleum Geology of Deepwater Settings[M].Tulsa:SEPM Special Publication,2007:427-464.
[54]Lee H J,Syvitski J P M,Parker G,et al.Distinguishing sediment waves from slope failure deposits:field examples,including the“Humboldt slide”,and modelling results[J].Mar Geol,2002,192:79-104.
[55]Hampton M.The role of subaqueous debris flow in generating turbidity currents[J].J Sediment Petrol,1972,42:775-993.
[56]Solheim A K,Berg K,Forsberg C F,et al.The Storegga Slide complex:repetitive large scale sliding with similar cause and development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:97-107.
[57]Green A,Uken R.Submarine landsliding and canyon evolution on the northern Kwa Zulu-Natal continental shelf,South Africa,SW Indian Ocean[J].Marine Geology,2008,254:152-170.
[58]Chaytor J D,ten Brink U S,Solow A R,et al.Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S.Atlantic margin[J].Marine Geology,2009,264:16-27.
[59]Puga-Bernabéuá,Webster J M,Beaman R J,et al.Morphology and controls on the evolution of a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic submarine canyon system,Great Barrier Reef margin,north-eastern Australia[J].Marine Geology,2011,289:100-116.
[60]Gee M J R,Gawthorpe R L,Friedmann S J.Triggering and evolution of a giant landslide,offshore Angola revealed by 3D seismic stratigraphy and geomorphology[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2006,76:9-19.
[61]Lastras G,Canals M,Hughes-Clarke J E,et al.Seafloor imagery of the BIG’95 debris flow,Western Mediterranean[J].Geology,2002,30(10):871-874.
[62]Mulder T,Cochonat P.Classification of offshore mass movements[J].J Sediment Res,1996,66(1):43-57.
[63]Lastras G,Canals M,Urgeles R.Lessons from sea-floor and subsea-floor imagery of the BIG’95 debris flow scar and deposit[C]//Locat J,Mienert J.Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences.The Netherlands:Kluwer Acad Publ,2003:425-431.
[64]Berndt C,Costa S,Canals M,et al.Repeated slope failure linked to fluid migration:The Ana submarine landslide complex,Eivissa Channel,Western Mediterranean Sea[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2012,319-320:65-74.
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[66]Frey-Martínez J,Cartwright J,Hall B.3D seismic interpretation of slump complexes:examples from the continental margin of Israel[J].Basin Research,2005,17:83-108.
[67]Gee M J R,Uy H S,Warren J,et al.The Brunei slide:A giant submarine landslide on the North West Borneo Margin revealed by 3D seismic data[J].Marine Geology,2007,246:9-23.
[68]Frey-Martínez J,Cartwright J,James D.Frontally confined versus frontally emergent submarine landslides:A 3D seismic characterization[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:585-604.
[2]Fairbridge R W.Submarine slumping and location of oil bodies[J].Bulletin of The American Association OP petroleum Geologists,1946,30(1):84-92.
[3]Mienert J,Berndt C,Laberg J S,et al.Slope instability of Continental Margins[C]//Wefer G,Billet D S M,Hebbeln D,et al.Ocean margin systems.New York:Springer,2002:179-193.
[4]Kayen R E,Lee H J.Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrate-laden sediment on the Beaufort Sea margin[J].Marine Geo-Technology,1991,10:125-141.
[5]Sultan N,Cochonat P,Foucher J P,et al.Effect of gas hydrates disociation on seafloor slope stability[C]//Locat J,Mienert J.Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences.Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2003:103-111.
[6]Bryn P,Berg K,Forsberg C F,et al.Explaining the Storegga slide[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:11-19.
[7]Lee H J.Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin[J].Marine Geology,2009,264:53-64.
[8]Canals M,Lastras G,Urgeles R,et al.Slope failure dynamics and impacts from sea floor and shallow sub-sea floor geophysical data:case studies from the COSTA project[J].Marine Geology,2004,213:9-72.
[9]Lee H J,Locat J,Desgagnés P,et al.Submarine mass movements on continental margins[C]//Nittrouer C A,Austin J A,Field M E,et al.Continental Margin Sedimentation:From Sediment Transport to Sequence Stratigraphy.IAS Spec.Publ.,37.United Kingdom:Blackwell Publishing,2007:213-274.
[10]Hampton M A,Lee H J,Locat J.Submarine landslides[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1996,34(1):33-59.
[11]Dingle R V.The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a sheared continental margin(SE Africa)[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1977,134:293-310.
[12]Shepard F P.Depth changes in Sagami Bay during the great Japanese earthquake[J].J Geol,1933,41:527-536.
[13]Heezen B C,Ewing M.Turbidity currents and submarine slumps,and the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake[J].Am J Sci,1952,250:849-873.
[14]Moore J G,Clague D A,Holcomb R T,et al.Prodigious submarine landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94:17645-17484.
[15]Haflidason H,Sejrup H P,Nyg?rd A,et al.The Storegga Slide:architecture,geometry and slide development[J].Marine Geology,2004,213:201-234.
[16]Nakajima T,Satoh M,Okamura Y,et al.Channel-levee complexes,terminal deep-sea fan and sediment wave fields associated with the Toyama Deep-Sea Channel system in the Japan Sea[J].Marine Geology,1998,147:25-41.
[17]Normark W R,Piper D J W,Posamentier H,et al.Variability in form and growth of sediment waves on turbidite channel levees[J].Marine Geology,2002,192:23-58.
[18]Frey-Martínez J,Cartwright J,James D.Frontally confined versus frontally emergent submarine landslides:A 3D seismic characterization[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:585-604.
[19]Moscardelli L,Wood L,Mann P.Mass-transport complexes and associated processes in the offshore area of Trinidad and Venezuela[J],AAPG Bulletin,2006,90:1059-1088.
[20]Moscardelli L,Wood L.New classification system for mass transport complexes in offshore Trinidad[J].Basin Research,2008,20:73-98.
[21]Micallef A,Masson D G,Berndt C,et al.Development and mass movement processes of the north-eastern Storegga Slide[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2009:433-448.
[22]寇养琦.南海北部的海底滑坡[J].海洋与海岸带开发,1990,7(3):48-51.
[23]冯文科,石要红.南海北部外陆架和上陆坡海底滑坡稳定性研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(2):81-94.
[24]宋海斌.天然气水合物体系动态演化研究(Ⅱ):海底滑坡[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(3):503-511.
[25]吴时国,陈珊珊,王志君,等.大陆边缘深水区海底滑坡及其不稳定性风险评估[J].现代地质,2008,22(3):430-437.
[26]孙运宝,吴时国,王志君,等.南海北部白云大型海底滑坡的几何形态与变形特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28(6):69-76.
[27]王大伟,吴时国,秦志亮,等.南海陆坡大型块体搬运体系的结构与识别特征[J].海洋地质与第四季地质,2009,29(5):65-71.
[28]胡光海.东海陆坡海底滑坡识别及致滑因素影响研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
[29]刘锋,吴时国,孙运宝.南海北部陆坡水合物分解引起海底不稳定性的定量分析[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(4):946-953.
[30]吴时国,秦志亮,王大伟,等.南海北部陆坡块体搬运沉积体系的地震响应与成因机制[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3184-3195.
[31]王大伟,吴时国,吕福亮,等.南海深水块体搬运沉积体系及其油气勘探意义[J].中国石油大学学报,2011,35(5):14-19.
[32]He Ye,Zhong Guangfa,Wang Liaoliang,et al.Characteristics and occurrence of submarine canyonassociated landslides in the middle of the northern continental slope,South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2014,57:546-560.
[33]Varnes D J.Slope movement types and processes[C]//Schuster R L,Krizek R J.Landslides-Analysis and control:National Research Council,Special Report 176.Washington D C:Transportation Research Board,1978:11-33.
[34]Bull S,Cartwright J,Huuse M.A review of kinematic indicators from mass-transport complexes using 3D seismic data[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2009,26:1132-1151.
[35]Greene H G,Maher N M,Paull C K.Physiography of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and implications about continental margin development[J].Marine Geology,2002,181:55-82.
[36]Prior D B,Wiseman W J,Gilbert R.Submarine slope processes on a fan delta,Howe Sound,British Columbia[J].Geo-Mar Lett,1981,1:85-90.
[37]Prior D B,Bornhold B D,Coleman J M,et al.Morphology of a submarine slide,Kitimat Arm,British Columbia[J].Geology,1982,10:588-592.
[38]Field M E,Gardner J V,Jenningsa A E,et al.Earthquake-induced sediment failures on a 0.25°slope,Klamath River delta,California[J].Geology,1982,10:542-546.
[39]Milne J.Sub-Oceanic Changes[J].The Geographical Journal,1897,10(2):129-146.
[40]Carlson P R.Holocene slump on continental shelf off Malaspina Glacier,Gulf of Alaska[J].AAPG Bulletin,1978,62:2412-2426.
[41]Prior D B,Coleman J M.Disintegrative retrogressive landslides on very-low-angle subaqueous lopes,Mississippi delta[J].Marine Geotechnology,1978,3:37-60.
[42]Booth J S,O’Leary D W,Popenoe P,et al.US Atlantic continental slope landslides;their distribution,general attributes,and implications[C]//Schwab W C,Lee H J,Twichell D C.Selected studies in the US Exclusive Economic Zone.US:USGS Publications,1993:14-22.
[43]Lee H J,Schwab W C,Booth J S.Submarine landslides:an introduction[C]//Schwab W C,Lee H J,Twichell D C.Submarine Landslides:Selected Studies in the US Exclusive Economic Zone.US:USGS Publications,1993:158-166.
[44]Farre J A,Mc Gregor B A,Ryan W B F,et al.Breaching the shelfbreak passage from youthful to mature phase in submarine canyon evolution[J].SEPM Special Publication,1983,33:25-39.
[45]Pratson L F,Ryan W B F.Mountain G S,et al.Submarine-canyon initiation by downslope-eroding sediment flows:evidence in late Cenozoic strata on the New-Jersey continental-slope[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin 106,1994:395-412.
[46]Pratson L F,Coakley B J.A model for the headward erosion of submarine canyons induced by downslopeeroding sediment flows[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1996,108:225-234.
[47]Varnes D J.Landslide types and processes[C]//Eckel E D.Landslides and Engineering Practice,Special Report29.Washington D C:Highway Research Board,1958:20-47.
[48]Dott R H.Dynamics of subaqueous gravity depositional processes[J].AAPG Bull,1963,47(1):104-128.
[49]Almagor G,Garfunkel Z.Submarine slumping in continental margin of Israel and Northern Sinai[J].The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,1979,63(3):324-340.
[50]Locat J.Instabilities along ocean margins:a geomorphological and geotechnical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2001,18:503-512.
[51]Cruden D M,Varnes D J.Landslide type and processes[C].Turner A K,Shuster R L.Landslide Investigation and Mitigation.Washington D C:Natl.Acad.Press,1996:36-75.
[52]Weimer P.Sequence Stratigraphy of the Mississippi Fan(Plio-Pleistocene),Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1989,9:185-272.
[53]Weimer P,Slatt R M.Introduction to the Petroleum Geology of Deepwater Settings[M].Tulsa:SEPM Special Publication,2007:427-464.
[54]Lee H J,Syvitski J P M,Parker G,et al.Distinguishing sediment waves from slope failure deposits:field examples,including the“Humboldt slide”,and modelling results[J].Mar Geol,2002,192:79-104.
[55]Hampton M.The role of subaqueous debris flow in generating turbidity currents[J].J Sediment Petrol,1972,42:775-993.
[56]Solheim A K,Berg K,Forsberg C F,et al.The Storegga Slide complex:repetitive large scale sliding with similar cause and development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:97-107.
[57]Green A,Uken R.Submarine landsliding and canyon evolution on the northern Kwa Zulu-Natal continental shelf,South Africa,SW Indian Ocean[J].Marine Geology,2008,254:152-170.
[58]Chaytor J D,ten Brink U S,Solow A R,et al.Size distribution of submarine landslides along the U.S.Atlantic margin[J].Marine Geology,2009,264:16-27.
[59]Puga-Bernabéuá,Webster J M,Beaman R J,et al.Morphology and controls on the evolution of a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic submarine canyon system,Great Barrier Reef margin,north-eastern Australia[J].Marine Geology,2011,289:100-116.
[60]Gee M J R,Gawthorpe R L,Friedmann S J.Triggering and evolution of a giant landslide,offshore Angola revealed by 3D seismic stratigraphy and geomorphology[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2006,76:9-19.
[61]Lastras G,Canals M,Hughes-Clarke J E,et al.Seafloor imagery of the BIG’95 debris flow,Western Mediterranean[J].Geology,2002,30(10):871-874.
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