面向碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的高密度全方位三维地震采集技术及应用效果
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摘要
塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层以溶蚀孔洞和裂缝为主,储层非均质性强,内幕地震资料信噪比低,常规三维地震资料观测方位角较窄,面元较大,覆盖次数低,存在缝洞体成像横向偏移归位不足、小缝洞体识别和裂缝预测精度低等问题。针对碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的特点,详细分析了面元大小、覆盖次数和横纵比等主要观测参数对缝洞储层成像和油藏精细描述的影响,在塔北哈拉哈塘地区设计并首次实施了高密度全方位三维地震勘探,道密度达100×104道/km2。通过实际应用改善了缝洞储层的成像效果,显著提高了小尺度缝洞储层的识别精度和裂缝预测精度。
The Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tarim Basin are strong heterogeneous with dissolved caves,holes and fractures,and the seismic data are usually with low S/N.Conventional 3D seismic data are narrow-azimuth with large bin size and low fold.As a result,some problems appeared,such as inadequate lateral migration,lowaccuracy for small fracture-caves identification and fracture prediction.Aiming at the above characteristics of the carbonate reservoirs,we gave a detailed analysis on the impact of main geometry parameters(including bin size,fold and aspect ratio) on the imaging of fracture-cave reservoir and fine characterization.A high-density full-azimuth 3Dseismic acquisition with trace density reaching to as much as 100×10 4 traces per square kilometers was carried out in Northern Tarim Basin based on the analysis.The results show great improvement in imaging the fractured-cavernous reservoirs in any direction.Much more small caves are identified and the fracture prediction accuracy is improved considerably.
The Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in Tarim Basin are strong heterogeneous with dissolved caves,holes and fractures,and the seismic data are usually with low S/N.Conventional 3D seismic data are narrow-azimuth with large bin size and low fold.As a result,some problems appeared,such as inadequate lateral migration,lowaccuracy for small fracture-caves identification and fracture prediction.Aiming at the above characteristics of the carbonate reservoirs,we gave a detailed analysis on the impact of main geometry parameters(including bin size,fold and aspect ratio) on the imaging of fracture-cave reservoir and fine characterization.A high-density full-azimuth 3Dseismic acquisition with trace density reaching to as much as 100×10 4 traces per square kilometers was carried out in Northern Tarim Basin based on the analysis.The results show great improvement in imaging the fractured-cavernous reservoirs in any direction.Much more small caves are identified and the fracture prediction accuracy is improved considerably.
引文
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[17]撒利明,姚逢昌,狄帮让,等.缝洞型储层地震响应特征与识别方法[J].岩性油气藏,2011,23(1):23-28Sa L M,Yao F C,Di B R,et al.Seismic responsecharacteristics and identification method of fracture-cavity reservoir[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2011,23(1):23-28
[18]吴俊峰,姚姚,撒利明.碳酸盐岩特殊孔洞型构造地震响应特征分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(2):180-185Wu J F,Yao Y,Sa L M.Analysis on seismic re-sponse of special cavernous structure of carbonate[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2007,42(2):180-185
[19]魏建新,狄帮让,王立华.孔洞储层地震物理模拟研究[J].石油物探,2008,47(2):156-160Wei J X,Di B R,Wang L H.Seismic physical model-ing for cavern reservoir[J].Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum,2008,47(2):156-160
[20]Yang P,Sun Z D,Liu Y,et al.Origin and architec-ture of fractured-cavernous carbonate reservoirs andtheir influences on seismic amplitudes[J].The Lead-ing Edge,2012,31(2):140-150
[21]胡中平.溶洞地震波“串珠状”形成机理及识别方法[J].中国西部油气地质,2006,2(4):423-426Hu Z P.Mechanism and distinction method for theseismic“string beads”characteristic[J].West ChinaPetroleum Geosciences,2006,2(4):423-426
[22]叶勇,杨子兴,李佩,等.碳酸盐岩溶洞数值模拟及地震识别[J].天然气工业,2007,27(3):43-45Ye Y,Yang Z X,Li P,et al.Numerical simulationand seismic recognition of carbonate Karst cave[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(3):43-45
[23]李凡异,魏建新,狄帮让.碳酸盐岩溶洞横向尺度变化的地震响应正演模拟[J].石油物探,2009,48(6):557-562Li F Y,Wei J X,Di B R.Forward simulation of seis-mic response in carbonate caverns with varied lateralscale[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2009,48(6):557-562
[24]李凡异,魏建新,狄帮让,等.碳酸盐岩溶洞的“串珠”状地震反射特征形成机理研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(3):385-391Li F Y,Wei J X,Di B R,et al.Formation mechanismresearch for bead-like seismic reflection of carbonatecaves[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2012,47(3):385-391
[25]Yao Y,Sa L,Wang S.Research on the seismic wavefield of Karst cavern reservoirs near deep carbonateweathered crusts[J].Applied Geophysics,2005,2(2):94-102
[26]夏洪瑞.道间距对偏移结果影响的讨论[J].勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(1):33-38Xia H R.Effects of group interval on migration[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2007,30(1):33-38
[27]胡中平,李宗杰,赵群.碳酸盐岩溶洞发育区高精度地震勘探效果[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(1):83-87Hu Z P,Li Z J,Zhao Q.High-precision seismic ex-ploration in carbonate karst cave developed area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(1):83-87
[28]Ebrom D,Li X,McDonald J,et al.Bin spacing inland 3-D seismic surveys and horizontal resolution intime slices[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(1):37-40
[29]郭恺,仝兆岐,滕厚华.地震采集面元尺度与成像横向分辨能力分析[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(1):141-147Guo K,Tong Z Q,Teng H H.Analysis on bin sizeof seismic survey and lateral resolution of imaging[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2012,33(1):141-147
[30]Shabrawi A,Smart A,Anderson B,et al.How sin-gle-sensor seismic improved image of Kuwait’s mi-nagish field[J].First Break,2005,23(2):63-69
[31]熊金良,岳英,杨勇,等.面元大小与纵向分辨率关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(4):489-491Xiong J L,Yue Y,Yang Y,et al.Relationship be-tween bin size and inline resolution[J].Oil Geophys-ical Prospecting,2006,41(4):489-491
[32]Williams M,Jenner E.Interpreting seismic data inthe presence of azimuthal anisotropy or azimuthalanisotropy in the presence of the seismic interpreta-tion[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21(8):771-774
[33]甘其刚,杨振武,彭大钧.振幅随方位角变化裂缝检测技术及其应用[J].石油物探,2004,43(4):373-376Gan Q G,Yang Z W,Peng D J.AVA fracture detec-tion and its application in JM area[J].GeophysicalProspecting for Petroleum,2004,43(4):373-376
[34]朱成宏.裂缝预测技术在松南工区应用效果分析[J].石油物探,2001,40(4):62-68Zhu C H.Application effect analysis of fracture pre-diction technique in Songnan prospect area[J].Geo-physical Prospecting for Petroleum,2001,40(4):62-68
[35]Cordsen A,Galbraith M,Peirce J.Planning land 3-Dseismic surveys[M].Tulsa:Society of ExplorationGeophysicists,2000:40-41
[36]Vermeer G J O.3-D seismic survey design[M].Tul-sa:Society of Exploration Geophysicists,2002:22-23
[37]牟永光.三维复杂介质地震物理模拟[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003:89-91Mou Y G.Seismic physical modeling for 3-D com-plex media[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2003:89-91
[38]Yilmaz O Z.Seismic data analysis[M].Tulsa:Socie-ty of Exploration Geophysicists,2001:502-509
[39]Liu Y,Liang X,Zhou Y,et al.A method of acquiringfull azimuth data for carbonate reservoirs exploration inTarim Basin,western China[J].Expanded Abstracts of82nd Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2012,1-5
[2]Martin J,Baeten D G,Belougne V,et al.Acquisitionand processing of point receiver measurements inland seismic[J].Expanded Abstracts of 70th AnnualInternat SEG Mtg,2000,41-44
[3]王喜双,谢文导,邓志文.高密度空间采样地震勘探技术发展与展望[J].中国石油勘探,2007,12(1):49-53Wang X S,Xie W D,Deng Z W.Development andprospect of high density spatial sampling of seismictechnology[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2007,12(1):49-53
[4]屠世杰.高精度三维地震勘探中的炮密度、道密度选择——YA高精度三维勘探实例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(6):926-935Tu S J.Selection of shot density and trace density inhigh precision 3Dseismic exploration—a high preci-sion 3Dexploration case in YA area[J].Oil Geo-physical Prospecting,2010,45(6):926-935
[5]熊翥.高精度三维地震(I):数据采集[J].勘探地球物理进展,2009,32(1):1-11Xiong Z.High precision 3Dseismic(part I):data ac-quisition[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2009,32(1):1-11
[6]Jeff P,Nick M.Single-sensor towed streamer acqui-sition:a case study from the Gulf of Mexico[J].Ex-panded Abstracts of 71st Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2001,33-36
[7]Leif L.Q-Marine seismic acquisition results:reportfrom WesternGeco[J].First Break,2002,20(12):778-781
[8]Ghassan R,Abdulaziz A F.Single-sensor 3Dlandseismic acquisition in Kuwait[J].Expanded Ab-stracts of 76th Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2006,61-64
[9]Mohammad R,Hakim I A,Garrity J,et al.Single-sensor recording—a case study from a mature fieldin the partitioned neutral zone,Kongdom of SaudiArabia and Kuwait[J].Expanded Abstracts of 76thAnnual Internat SEG Mtg,2006,562-565
[10]刘振武,撒利明,董世泰,等.中国石油高密度地震技术的实践与未来[J].石油勘探与开发,2009,36(2):129-135Liu Z W,Sa L M,Dong S T,et al.Practices and ex-pectation of high-density seismic exploration tech-nology in CNPC[J].Petroleum Exploration and De-velopment,2009,36(2):129-135
[11]Moldoveanu N,Egan M.From narrow-azimuth towide-and rich-azimuth acquisition in the Gulf ofMexico[J].First Break,2006,24(12):1-8
[12]Long A.An overview of seismic azimuth for towedstreamers[J].The Leading Edge,2010,29(5):512-523
[13]康玉柱.中国海相油气田勘探实例之四——塔里木盆地塔河油田的发现与勘探[J].海相油气地质,2005,10(4):31-38Kang Y Z.Cases of discovery and exploration of ma-rine fields in China(part 4):Tahe Oilfield in TarimBasin[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2005,10(4):31-38
[14]周新源,杨海军,韩剑发,等.中国海相油气田勘探实例之十二——塔里木盆地轮南奥陶系油气田的勘探与发现[J].海相油气地质,2009,14(4):67-77Zhou X Y,Yang H J,Han J F,et al.Cases of discov-ery and exploration of marine fields in China(part12):Lunnan ordovician oil-gas field in Tarim Basin[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2009,14(4):67-77
[15]姚姚.菲涅耳带与洞缝型油气藏地震波场[J].石油物探,2005,44(5):491-494Yao Y.Fresnel zone and seismic wave field in thefracture-vag reservoir[J].Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum,2005,44(5):491-494
[16]姚姚,唐文榜.深层碳酸盐岩岩溶风化壳洞缝型油气藏可检测性的理论研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6):623-629Yao Y,Tang W B.Theoretical study of detectablecavern-fractured reservoir in weathered Karst ofdeep carbonate[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2003,38(6):623-629
[17]撒利明,姚逢昌,狄帮让,等.缝洞型储层地震响应特征与识别方法[J].岩性油气藏,2011,23(1):23-28Sa L M,Yao F C,Di B R,et al.Seismic responsecharacteristics and identification method of fracture-cavity reservoir[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2011,23(1):23-28
[18]吴俊峰,姚姚,撒利明.碳酸盐岩特殊孔洞型构造地震响应特征分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(2):180-185Wu J F,Yao Y,Sa L M.Analysis on seismic re-sponse of special cavernous structure of carbonate[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2007,42(2):180-185
[19]魏建新,狄帮让,王立华.孔洞储层地震物理模拟研究[J].石油物探,2008,47(2):156-160Wei J X,Di B R,Wang L H.Seismic physical model-ing for cavern reservoir[J].Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum,2008,47(2):156-160
[20]Yang P,Sun Z D,Liu Y,et al.Origin and architec-ture of fractured-cavernous carbonate reservoirs andtheir influences on seismic amplitudes[J].The Lead-ing Edge,2012,31(2):140-150
[21]胡中平.溶洞地震波“串珠状”形成机理及识别方法[J].中国西部油气地质,2006,2(4):423-426Hu Z P.Mechanism and distinction method for theseismic“string beads”characteristic[J].West ChinaPetroleum Geosciences,2006,2(4):423-426
[22]叶勇,杨子兴,李佩,等.碳酸盐岩溶洞数值模拟及地震识别[J].天然气工业,2007,27(3):43-45Ye Y,Yang Z X,Li P,et al.Numerical simulationand seismic recognition of carbonate Karst cave[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(3):43-45
[23]李凡异,魏建新,狄帮让.碳酸盐岩溶洞横向尺度变化的地震响应正演模拟[J].石油物探,2009,48(6):557-562Li F Y,Wei J X,Di B R.Forward simulation of seis-mic response in carbonate caverns with varied lateralscale[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2009,48(6):557-562
[24]李凡异,魏建新,狄帮让,等.碳酸盐岩溶洞的“串珠”状地震反射特征形成机理研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(3):385-391Li F Y,Wei J X,Di B R,et al.Formation mechanismresearch for bead-like seismic reflection of carbonatecaves[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2012,47(3):385-391
[25]Yao Y,Sa L,Wang S.Research on the seismic wavefield of Karst cavern reservoirs near deep carbonateweathered crusts[J].Applied Geophysics,2005,2(2):94-102
[26]夏洪瑞.道间距对偏移结果影响的讨论[J].勘探地球物理进展,2007,30(1):33-38Xia H R.Effects of group interval on migration[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2007,30(1):33-38
[27]胡中平,李宗杰,赵群.碳酸盐岩溶洞发育区高精度地震勘探效果[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(1):83-87Hu Z P,Li Z J,Zhao Q.High-precision seismic ex-ploration in carbonate karst cave developed area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2008,43(1):83-87
[28]Ebrom D,Li X,McDonald J,et al.Bin spacing inland 3-D seismic surveys and horizontal resolution intime slices[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(1):37-40
[29]郭恺,仝兆岐,滕厚华.地震采集面元尺度与成像横向分辨能力分析[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(1):141-147Guo K,Tong Z Q,Teng H H.Analysis on bin sizeof seismic survey and lateral resolution of imaging[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2012,33(1):141-147
[30]Shabrawi A,Smart A,Anderson B,et al.How sin-gle-sensor seismic improved image of Kuwait’s mi-nagish field[J].First Break,2005,23(2):63-69
[31]熊金良,岳英,杨勇,等.面元大小与纵向分辨率关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(4):489-491Xiong J L,Yue Y,Yang Y,et al.Relationship be-tween bin size and inline resolution[J].Oil Geophys-ical Prospecting,2006,41(4):489-491
[32]Williams M,Jenner E.Interpreting seismic data inthe presence of azimuthal anisotropy or azimuthalanisotropy in the presence of the seismic interpreta-tion[J].The Leading Edge,2002,21(8):771-774
[33]甘其刚,杨振武,彭大钧.振幅随方位角变化裂缝检测技术及其应用[J].石油物探,2004,43(4):373-376Gan Q G,Yang Z W,Peng D J.AVA fracture detec-tion and its application in JM area[J].GeophysicalProspecting for Petroleum,2004,43(4):373-376
[34]朱成宏.裂缝预测技术在松南工区应用效果分析[J].石油物探,2001,40(4):62-68Zhu C H.Application effect analysis of fracture pre-diction technique in Songnan prospect area[J].Geo-physical Prospecting for Petroleum,2001,40(4):62-68
[35]Cordsen A,Galbraith M,Peirce J.Planning land 3-Dseismic surveys[M].Tulsa:Society of ExplorationGeophysicists,2000:40-41
[36]Vermeer G J O.3-D seismic survey design[M].Tul-sa:Society of Exploration Geophysicists,2002:22-23
[37]牟永光.三维复杂介质地震物理模拟[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2003:89-91Mou Y G.Seismic physical modeling for 3-D com-plex media[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2003:89-91
[38]Yilmaz O Z.Seismic data analysis[M].Tulsa:Socie-ty of Exploration Geophysicists,2001:502-509
[39]Liu Y,Liang X,Zhou Y,et al.A method of acquiringfull azimuth data for carbonate reservoirs exploration inTarim Basin,western China[J].Expanded Abstracts of82nd Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2012,1-5
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