基于高分辨率DEM的裂点序列提取和古地震序列的识别——以霍山山前断裂为实验区
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摘要
以霍山山前断裂为实验区,基于高分辨率IRS-P5DEM数据提取了横穿断裂的冲沟,在23条冲沟纵剖面上识别出断裂活动诱发裂点。在其中5条冲沟上识别出1级裂点,裂点几乎位于断裂上;在2条冲沟上识别出2级裂点,最新裂点也位于断裂上。这些位于断裂上的裂点,高度达4～9m,推测它们形成之后并未向上游明显迁移,并可能接受了多次事件的叠加。在其他16条冲沟上识别出2～3级裂点,最新一级裂点自断裂向上游迁移了40～70m,次新一级裂点主要分布在距断裂150～250m的河段内,第3级裂点距断裂300～500m。设定最新裂点形成于1303年洪洞8级地震(事件Ⅲ)发生时,再假定全新世中晚期以来研究区内河流溯源侵蚀速率基本不变,则推算出次新裂点对应的古地震事件(事件Ⅱ)发生在距今3336～2269a之间,最早一次事件(事件I)发生在距今5618～4504a之间,霍山山前断裂强震重复周期为1500～2600a。这与前人通过探槽揭露的古地震事件序列和强震重复周期基本一致。
When a reach of a stream is steepened with respect to the adjoining reach, it defines a topographic knickpoint. A knickpoint is supposed to be a response to the base-level changes,and the base-level of a drainage basin is influenced by the fault movement. The formation of a knickpoint on a gully long-profile,whose base-level is the footslope of the fault scarp, is associated very closely with thevertical movement of a fault,therefore,the ages of paleo-earthquake events can be estimated by the knickpoint series along the longitudinal profile of a gully. We have made a case study of the Huoshan Mts. Piedmont Fault,and extracted tens of gullies across the fault based on the high-resolution DEM data and identified out knickpoints in 23 gullies. There are 5 gullies with only one knickpoint which are laid on the fault. And there are two gullies having two knickpoints with the latest one laid on the fault. The positions of these knickpoints and their higher height ranging from 4～9m imply that there are several knickpoints superposed together and the knickpoints have not migrated upstream. The other 16 gullies respectively have 2 -3 knickpoints. The latest knickpoints have been migrated upstream to a distance of 40 - 70m from the fault. The knickpoints of intermediate ages are at a distance of 150 - 150m upstream from the fault and the oldest ones at a distance of 300～500m. Under the conditions that the latest knickpoints are associated with the 1303 Mw8.0 Hongdong earthquake(Event Ⅱ)and that the gullies keep the same rate of headward erosion during the Holocene,Event Ⅱ is estimated to take place during 3336 - 2269a B.P. and Event Ⅰ is estimated to take place during 3336 - 2269 a B. P., respectively. The recurrence of events is about 1500 -2600a. These results are consistent with those obtained through the trench investigations.
When a reach of a stream is steepened with respect to the adjoining reach, it defines a topographic knickpoint. A knickpoint is supposed to be a response to the base-level changes,and the base-level of a drainage basin is influenced by the fault movement. The formation of a knickpoint on a gully long-profile,whose base-level is the footslope of the fault scarp, is associated very closely with thevertical movement of a fault,therefore,the ages of paleo-earthquake events can be estimated by the knickpoint series along the longitudinal profile of a gully. We have made a case study of the Huoshan Mts. Piedmont Fault,and extracted tens of gullies across the fault based on the high-resolution DEM data and identified out knickpoints in 23 gullies. There are 5 gullies with only one knickpoint which are laid on the fault. And there are two gullies having two knickpoints with the latest one laid on the fault. The positions of these knickpoints and their higher height ranging from 4～9m imply that there are several knickpoints superposed together and the knickpoints have not migrated upstream. The other 16 gullies respectively have 2 -3 knickpoints. The latest knickpoints have been migrated upstream to a distance of 40 - 70m from the fault. The knickpoints of intermediate ages are at a distance of 150 - 150m upstream from the fault and the oldest ones at a distance of 300～500m. Under the conditions that the latest knickpoints are associated with the 1303 Mw8.0 Hongdong earthquake(Event Ⅱ)and that the gullies keep the same rate of headward erosion during the Holocene,Event Ⅱ is estimated to take place during 3336 - 2269a B.P. and Event Ⅰ is estimated to take place during 3336 - 2269 a B. P., respectively. The recurrence of events is about 1500 -2600a. These results are consistent with those obtained through the trench investigations.
引文
曹伯勋.1995.地貌学与第四纪地质学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社.CAO Bo-xun.1995.Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology[M].China University of Geosciences Press,Wuhan(in Chinese).
范兴旺,翁永玲,胡伍生,等.2010.IRS-P5立体像对提取DEM及精度评价[J].遥感技术与应用,25(4):547—551.FAN Xing-wang,WENG Yong-ling,HU Wu-sheng,et al.2010.DEM extraction and accuracy assessment based on IRS-P5stereo images[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,25(4):547—551(in Chinese).
邓起东,苏宗正,王挺梅,等.1993.临汾盆地地震构造基本特征和潜在震源区的划分[A].见:马宗晋主编.山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.67—95.DENG Qi-dong,SU Zong-zheng,WANG Ting-mei,et al.1993.The basic characteristic of the seismogenic structure and the zonation of the potential seismic zone in the Linfen basin[A].In:Ma Zong-jin(ed).Earthquake Re-search and Systematical Disaster Reduction in Linfen,Shanxi.Seismological Press,Beijing.67—95(in Chi-nese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.The Research Group on“Active Fault System around Ordos Massif”,State Seismological Bureau.1988.Active Fault System around Ordos Massif[M].Seismology Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
胡晓猛.1995.山西霍山山前断裂的水平运动研究[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),18(3):47—52.HU Xiao-meng.1995.The study about the horizontal motion of the piedmont fault of Mt.Huoshan[J].Journal of Anhui Normal University(Natural Science),18(3):47—52(in Chinese).
江娃利,邓起东,徐锡伟,等.2004.1303年山西洪洞8级地震地表破裂带[J].地震学报,26(4):355—362.JIANG Wa-li,DENG Qi-dong,XU Xi-wei,et al.2004.Surface rupture zone of the1303Hongdong M=8earthquake,Shanxi Province[J]-Acta Seismologica Sinica,26(4):355—362(in Chinese).
刘光勋,1979.临汾盆地构造体系与地震[M].北京:科学出版社.LIU Guang-xun.1979.Tectonic System and Earthquake of Linfen Basin[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
汤国安,刘学军,间国年.2005.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社.TANG Guo-an,LIU Xue-jun,L(?)Guo-nian.2005.Principle and Method of Digital Elevation Model and Geo-science A-nalysis[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,邓起东.1990.山西霍山山前断裂晚第四纪活动特征和1303年洪洞8级地震[J].地震地质,12(3):21—30.XU Xi-wei,DENG Qi-dong.1990.The features of late Quaternary activity of the piedmont fault of Mt.Huoshan,Shanxi Province and1303Hongdong earthqnake(Ms=8)[J].Seismology and Geology,12(3):21—30(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,邓起东.1993a.1303年洪洞地震的地震构造[A].见:马宗晋主编.山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.149—158.XU Xi-wei,DENG Qi-dong.1993a.The seismogenic structure of1303Hongdong earthquake[A].In:Ma Zong-jin(ed).Earthquake Research and Systematical Disaster Reduction in Linfen,Shanxi.Seismological Press,Beijing.149—158(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,邓起东,韩竹君.1993b.霍山山前断裂晚第四纪活动和古地震研究[A].见:马宗晋主编.山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.136—148.XU Xi-wei,DENG Qi-dong,HAN Zhu-jun.1993b.The late Quaternary activity of the piedmont fault of Mt.Huoshan and paleoearthquake study[A].In:MA Zong-jin(ed).Earthquake Research and Systematical Disaster Reduction in Linfen,Shanxi.Seismological Press,Beijing.136—148(in Chinese).
杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.1985.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况[J].地震地质,7(4):23—31.YANG Jing-chun,GUO Zheng-tang,CAO Jia-dong.1985.Investigation on the Holocene activity of the Helan Mountains piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method[J].Seismology and Geology,7(4):23—31(in Chinese).
赵利平,刘凤德,李健,等.2007.印度测图卫星IRS-P5定位精度初步研究[J].遥感应用,(2):64—68.ZHAO Li-ping,LIU Feng-de,LI Jian,et al.2007.Preliminary research on position accuracy of IRS-P5[J].Remote Sensing Application,(2):64—68(in Chinese).
周廷儒.1983.中国第四纪三地理环境的分异[J].地理科学,(3):3—18.ZHOU Ting-ru.1983.Differentiation of Quaternary paleo-geographieal environment in China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,(3):3—18(in Chinese).
竺可桢.1973.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究[J].中国科学,(2):1—22.ZHU Ke-zhen.1973.Preliminary research on the climate change during the recent5000years in China[J].Science in China,(2):1—22(in Chinese).
Bishop P,Hoey T B,Jansen J D,et al.2005.Kniekpoint recession rate and catchment area:The case of uplifted rivers in Eastern Scotland[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,30:767—778.
Burbank D W,Anderson R S.2001.Tectonic Geomorphology[M].Massachusetts:Blackwell Science.
Burnett A W,Schumm S A.1983.Alluvial-river response to neotectonic deformation in Louisiana and Mississippi[J].Science,222:49—50.
Gardner T W.1983.Experimental study of knickpoint migration and longitudinal profile evolution in cohesive homogene-ous material[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,94:664—772.
Hayakawa Y,Matsukura Y.2003.Recession rates of waterfalls in Boso Peninsula,Japan,and a predictive equation[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landform,28:675—684.
Hayakawa Y,Oguchi T.2006.DEM-based identification of fluvial knickzones and its application to Japanese mountain rivers[J].Geomorphology,78:90—106.
He H,Oguchi T.2008.Late Quaternary activity of the Zemuhe and Xiaojiang Faults in Southwest China from geomor-phological mapping[J].Geomorphology,96:62—85.
Maruyama T,Lin A.2000.Tectonic history of the Rokko active fault zone(southwest Japan)as inferred from cumulative offsets of stream channels and basement rocks[J].Tectonophysies,323:197—216.
Miller J R.1991.The influence of bedrock geology on knickpoint development and channel-bed degradation along down-cutting stream in south-central Indiana[J].Journal of Geology,99:591—605.
Ouchi S.1985.Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movement[J].Geological Society of America Bulle-tin,96:504—515.
Rosenbloom N A,Anderson R S.1994.Hillslope and channel evolution in a marine terraced landscape,Santa Cruz,Cal-ifornia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99-B7:14013—14029.
Seidl M A,Dietrich W E.1992.The problem of channel erosion into bedrock[J].Catena Supplement,23:101—124.
Snow R S,Slingerland R L.1990.Stream profile adjustment to crustal warping:Nonlinear results from a simple model[J].Journal of Geology,98:699—708.
Viseras C,Calvache M L,Soria J M.2003.Differential features of alluvial fans controlled by tectonic or eustatic accom-modation space:Examples from the Betie Cordillera,Spain[J].Geomorphology,50:181—202
Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.1994.New empirical relationship among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,84:974—1002.
范兴旺,翁永玲,胡伍生,等.2010.IRS-P5立体像对提取DEM及精度评价[J].遥感技术与应用,25(4):547—551.FAN Xing-wang,WENG Yong-ling,HU Wu-sheng,et al.2010.DEM extraction and accuracy assessment based on IRS-P5stereo images[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,25(4):547—551(in Chinese).
邓起东,苏宗正,王挺梅,等.1993.临汾盆地地震构造基本特征和潜在震源区的划分[A].见:马宗晋主编.山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.67—95.DENG Qi-dong,SU Zong-zheng,WANG Ting-mei,et al.1993.The basic characteristic of the seismogenic structure and the zonation of the potential seismic zone in the Linfen basin[A].In:Ma Zong-jin(ed).Earthquake Re-search and Systematical Disaster Reduction in Linfen,Shanxi.Seismological Press,Beijing.67—95(in Chi-nese).
国家地震局“鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系”课题组.1988.鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M].北京:地震出版社.The Research Group on“Active Fault System around Ordos Massif”,State Seismological Bureau.1988.Active Fault System around Ordos Massif[M].Seismology Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
胡晓猛.1995.山西霍山山前断裂的水平运动研究[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),18(3):47—52.HU Xiao-meng.1995.The study about the horizontal motion of the piedmont fault of Mt.Huoshan[J].Journal of Anhui Normal University(Natural Science),18(3):47—52(in Chinese).
江娃利,邓起东,徐锡伟,等.2004.1303年山西洪洞8级地震地表破裂带[J].地震学报,26(4):355—362.JIANG Wa-li,DENG Qi-dong,XU Xi-wei,et al.2004.Surface rupture zone of the1303Hongdong M=8earthquake,Shanxi Province[J]-Acta Seismologica Sinica,26(4):355—362(in Chinese).
刘光勋,1979.临汾盆地构造体系与地震[M].北京:科学出版社.LIU Guang-xun.1979.Tectonic System and Earthquake of Linfen Basin[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
汤国安,刘学军,间国年.2005.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社.TANG Guo-an,LIU Xue-jun,L(?)Guo-nian.2005.Principle and Method of Digital Elevation Model and Geo-science A-nalysis[M].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,邓起东.1990.山西霍山山前断裂晚第四纪活动特征和1303年洪洞8级地震[J].地震地质,12(3):21—30.XU Xi-wei,DENG Qi-dong.1990.The features of late Quaternary activity of the piedmont fault of Mt.Huoshan,Shanxi Province and1303Hongdong earthqnake(Ms=8)[J].Seismology and Geology,12(3):21—30(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,邓起东.1993a.1303年洪洞地震的地震构造[A].见:马宗晋主编.山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.149—158.XU Xi-wei,DENG Qi-dong.1993a.The seismogenic structure of1303Hongdong earthquake[A].In:Ma Zong-jin(ed).Earthquake Research and Systematical Disaster Reduction in Linfen,Shanxi.Seismological Press,Beijing.149—158(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,邓起东,韩竹君.1993b.霍山山前断裂晚第四纪活动和古地震研究[A].见:马宗晋主编.山西临汾地震研究与系统减灾.北京:地震出版社.136—148.XU Xi-wei,DENG Qi-dong,HAN Zhu-jun.1993b.The late Quaternary activity of the piedmont fault of Mt.Huoshan and paleoearthquake study[A].In:MA Zong-jin(ed).Earthquake Research and Systematical Disaster Reduction in Linfen,Shanxi.Seismological Press,Beijing.136—148(in Chinese).
杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.1985.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况[J].地震地质,7(4):23—31.YANG Jing-chun,GUO Zheng-tang,CAO Jia-dong.1985.Investigation on the Holocene activity of the Helan Mountains piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method[J].Seismology and Geology,7(4):23—31(in Chinese).
赵利平,刘凤德,李健,等.2007.印度测图卫星IRS-P5定位精度初步研究[J].遥感应用,(2):64—68.ZHAO Li-ping,LIU Feng-de,LI Jian,et al.2007.Preliminary research on position accuracy of IRS-P5[J].Remote Sensing Application,(2):64—68(in Chinese).
周廷儒.1983.中国第四纪三地理环境的分异[J].地理科学,(3):3—18.ZHOU Ting-ru.1983.Differentiation of Quaternary paleo-geographieal environment in China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,(3):3—18(in Chinese).
竺可桢.1973.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究[J].中国科学,(2):1—22.ZHU Ke-zhen.1973.Preliminary research on the climate change during the recent5000years in China[J].Science in China,(2):1—22(in Chinese).
Bishop P,Hoey T B,Jansen J D,et al.2005.Kniekpoint recession rate and catchment area:The case of uplifted rivers in Eastern Scotland[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,30:767—778.
Burbank D W,Anderson R S.2001.Tectonic Geomorphology[M].Massachusetts:Blackwell Science.
Burnett A W,Schumm S A.1983.Alluvial-river response to neotectonic deformation in Louisiana and Mississippi[J].Science,222:49—50.
Gardner T W.1983.Experimental study of knickpoint migration and longitudinal profile evolution in cohesive homogene-ous material[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,94:664—772.
Hayakawa Y,Matsukura Y.2003.Recession rates of waterfalls in Boso Peninsula,Japan,and a predictive equation[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landform,28:675—684.
Hayakawa Y,Oguchi T.2006.DEM-based identification of fluvial knickzones and its application to Japanese mountain rivers[J].Geomorphology,78:90—106.
He H,Oguchi T.2008.Late Quaternary activity of the Zemuhe and Xiaojiang Faults in Southwest China from geomor-phological mapping[J].Geomorphology,96:62—85.
Maruyama T,Lin A.2000.Tectonic history of the Rokko active fault zone(southwest Japan)as inferred from cumulative offsets of stream channels and basement rocks[J].Tectonophysies,323:197—216.
Miller J R.1991.The influence of bedrock geology on knickpoint development and channel-bed degradation along down-cutting stream in south-central Indiana[J].Journal of Geology,99:591—605.
Ouchi S.1985.Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movement[J].Geological Society of America Bulle-tin,96:504—515.
Rosenbloom N A,Anderson R S.1994.Hillslope and channel evolution in a marine terraced landscape,Santa Cruz,Cal-ifornia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,99-B7:14013—14029.
Seidl M A,Dietrich W E.1992.The problem of channel erosion into bedrock[J].Catena Supplement,23:101—124.
Snow R S,Slingerland R L.1990.Stream profile adjustment to crustal warping:Nonlinear results from a simple model[J].Journal of Geology,98:699—708.
Viseras C,Calvache M L,Soria J M.2003.Differential features of alluvial fans controlled by tectonic or eustatic accom-modation space:Examples from the Betie Cordillera,Spain[J].Geomorphology,50:181—202
Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.1994.New empirical relationship among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area,and surface displacement[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,84:974—1002.
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