降雨型与地震型滑坡试验研究
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摘要
为了研究和探索降雨和地震诱发滑坡灾害的成因机理,对降雨型滑坡和地震型滑坡进行了物理模拟试验,系统地研究了坡度、坡体结构、降雨量、振动强度等因素对斜坡破坏变形的影响规律,探讨了降雨和地震诱发斜坡失稳破坏的主要模式和过程。对于降雨型滑坡,通过实验确定不同坡度滑坡的临界降雨量,发现临界降雨量与滑坡坡度呈幂指数关系。对于地震型滑坡,实验得出坡体的破坏程度与坡体的角度、振动的持续时间、振动的强度成正比;通过实验数据分析土质和岩质滑坡的坡度与振动破坏时间的关系;对汶川地震滑坡统计分析发现,当地震震级达到4级以上时,坡度>30°的滑坡发生的概率较大,模拟试验结果与实际现象基本符合。
In order to study the genetic mechanism of the geohazards induced by rainfall-induced landslide and seismic landslide,the influence of the factors such as the texture of the slope,shape of the slope,vibration intensity,critical rainfall amount,on the slope failure is discussed,and the main models and processes of the slope failure under rainfall and earthquake are investigated,by the means of taking on-site simulation test for rainfall-induced landslide and seismic landslide. For rainfall-induced landslide,the critical rainfall amounts are determined for slopes of different angles. It is found that the critical rainfall amount and the slope angle follow logarithmic distribution. For seismic landslide,the slope failure extent is proportional to the angle of the slope,duration of vibration and the vibration intensity. The relation between landslide slope gradient and earthquake failure time is analyzed according to experimental data. It has been found by statistical analysis of landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake that the possibility of occurrence of landslide is greater in the slope with gradient greater than 30 degrees when the earthquake magnitude is above 4.The results of simulation experiment substantially meet the actual situation.
In order to study the genetic mechanism of the geohazards induced by rainfall-induced landslide and seismic landslide,the influence of the factors such as the texture of the slope,shape of the slope,vibration intensity,critical rainfall amount,on the slope failure is discussed,and the main models and processes of the slope failure under rainfall and earthquake are investigated,by the means of taking on-site simulation test for rainfall-induced landslide and seismic landslide. For rainfall-induced landslide,the critical rainfall amounts are determined for slopes of different angles. It is found that the critical rainfall amount and the slope angle follow logarithmic distribution. For seismic landslide,the slope failure extent is proportional to the angle of the slope,duration of vibration and the vibration intensity. The relation between landslide slope gradient and earthquake failure time is analyzed according to experimental data. It has been found by statistical analysis of landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake that the possibility of occurrence of landslide is greater in the slope with gradient greater than 30 degrees when the earthquake magnitude is above 4.The results of simulation experiment substantially meet the actual situation.
引文
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杨文东.2006.降雨型滑坡特征及其稳定分析研究[D]:[学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学.23—25.YANG Wen-dong.2006.Study on the characteristics and stability analysis of rainfall-induced landslides[D].Ph D the-sis.Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan.23—25(in Chinese).
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左雅娅,冯文凯.2011.土质边坡震裂机制物理模拟研究[J].工程地质学报,19(1):21—28.ZUO Ya-ya,FENG Wen-kai.2011.Physical smulation on genetic mechnism of rupture in soil slope under earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(1):21—28(in Chinese).
程圣国,罗先启,方坤河.2002.土质滑坡相似材料试验设计理论及评价方法研究[J].水力发电,(4):21—23.CHENG Sheng-guo,LUO Xian-qi,FANG Kun-he.2002.The test and design theory of the similar materials of soil-typelandslide and the study on its assessment method[J].Water Power,(4):21—23(in Chinese).
樊晓一,张友谊,杨建荣.2012.汶川地震滑坡发育特征及其影响因素[J].自然灾害学报,21(1):128—134.FAN Xiao-yi,ZHANG You-yi,YANG Jian-rong.2012.Developmental characteristics and influence factors of landslidesin Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,21(1):128—134(in Chinese).
高晓斐,陈植华,安琪.2007.降雨对斜坡失稳的影响作用探讨[J].地下水,29(1):85—87.GAO Xiao-fei,CHEN Zhi-hua,AN Qi.2007.Discussion on effect of unstable landslide by rainfall[J].Ground Water,29(1):85—87(in Chinese).
龙万学,吴俊,傅鹤林.2008.降雨型滑坡现场模拟试验研究[J].贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版),37(3):20—23.LONG Wan-xue,WU Jun,FU He-lin.2008.Research on on-site simulation test of landslide by artificial rainfall[J].Journal of Guizhou University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),37(3):20—23(in Chinese).
罗先启,刘德富,吴剑,等.2005.雨水及库水作用下滑坡模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,24(14):2476—2483.LUO Xian-qi,LIU De-fu,WU Jian,et al.2005.Model test study on landslide under rainfall and reservoir water fluctua-tion[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,24(14):2476—2483.
宋娟,贺海斌.2009.叠溪地震滑坡振动台试验研究[J].建筑科学,25(5):36—40.SONG Juan,HE Hai-bin.2009.Study on vibration table test of Diexi earthquake landslide[J].Building Science,25(5):36—40(in Chinese).
孙萍,殷跃平,吴树仁,等.2009.高速远程地震黄土滑坡发生机制试验研究[J].工程地质学报,17(4):449—454.SUN Ping,YIN Yue-ping,WU Shu-ren,et al.2009.An experimental study on the initiation mechanism of rapid and longrun-out loess landslide caused by1920Haiyuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(4):449—454(in Chinese).
乔建平,蒲晓虹,王萌,等.2009a.大地震诱发滑坡的分布特点及危险性区划研究[J].灾害学,24(2):25—29.QIAO Jian-ping,PU Xiao-hong,WANG Meng,et al.2009a.A study on characteristics of distribution of earthquake-in-duced landslides and hazard zoning[J].Journal of Catastrophology,24(2):25—29(in Chinese).
乔建平,蒲晓虹,王萌,等.2009b.汶川地震滑坡的分布特点及最大震中距分析[J].自然灾害学报,18(5):10—15.QIAO Jian-ping,PU Xiao-hong,WANG Meng,et al.2009b.Analysis of distribution characteristics of landslide inducedin Wenchuan earthquake and relevant maximum epicenter distance[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,18(5):10—15(in Chinese).
魏丽.2005.暴雨型滑坡灾害形成机理及预测方法研究[D]:[学位论文].南京:南京信息工程大学.1—5.WEI Li.2005.Study on mechanism and predicting method of landslide hazard triggered by extremely heavy rainfall[D].Ph D thesis.Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Nanjing.1—5(in Chinese).
校小娥.2010.地震作用下滑坡稳定性分析:以八浪沟滑坡为例[D]:[学位论文].成都:西南交通大学.29—31.XIAO Xiao-e.2010.Dynamic and stability of landslide under earthquake loading—Taking Balangguo landslide as an ex-ample[D].Master degree thesis.Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu.29—31(in Chinese).
许强,陈建君,冯文凯,等.2009.斜坡地震响应的物理模拟试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),41(3):266—272.XU Qiang,CHEN Jian-jun,FENG Wen-kai,et al.2009.Study of the seismic response of slopes by physical modeling[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),41(3):266—272(in Chinese).
杨文东.2006.降雨型滑坡特征及其稳定分析研究[D]:[学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学.23—25.YANG Wen-dong.2006.Study on the characteristics and stability analysis of rainfall-induced landslides[D].Ph D the-sis.Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan.23—25(in Chinese).
于玉贞,李荣建,李广信,等.2008.饱和砂土地基上边坡地震动力离心模型试验研究[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),48(9):1422—1425.YU Yu-zhen,LI Rong-Jian,LI Guang-xin,et al.2008.Experimental study on centrifuge model dynamic behavior ofslopes with saturated subgrades during earthquakes[J].J Tsinghua Univ(Sci&Tech),48(9):1422—1425(inChinese).
左雅娅,冯文凯.2011.土质边坡震裂机制物理模拟研究[J].工程地质学报,19(1):21—28.ZUO Ya-ya,FENG Wen-kai.2011.Physical smulation on genetic mechnism of rupture in soil slope under earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,19(1):21—28(in Chinese).
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