南极地震学研究进展
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摘要
归纳总结了在南极开展地震学研究中的各种主要方法及其研究成果,较全面地介绍了南极地震学研究的现状与进展.首先对南极地震活动性作了简单的介绍,然后分别介绍了利用面波和体波研究地壳上地幔结构的主要成果,最后从地震各向异性的角度归纳介绍了南极大陆部分区域面波方位各向异性及剪切波分裂研究的主要成果.研究表明,南极大陆地震活动性较低、地震强度较小,仅在横贯南极山脉区域、维多利亚地、阿黛利地、威尔克斯地等有较明显的地震活动;横贯南极山脉将南极大陆分为东南极和西南极两个不同的地质构造区域,东南极地壳和上地幔地震波速度偏高,西南极则偏低;上地幔各向异性较为明显并普遍存在,且西南极各向异性强度稍高于东南极克拉通.
This paper gives a comprehensive review on the progress and current status of seismic research in Antarctica region,including summary of the applied seismic techniques and obtained results.Firstly,we introduce the seismic activity in Antarctica and surrounding area,then we talk about the crust and upper mantle structure constructed by surface wave and body wave inversion.Finally,the seismic anisotropic structures inferred from Rayleigh wave and shear wave splitting in Antarctica are reviewed.These studies have revealed that the seismicity level and earthquake magnitude of the Antarctic plate are relatively low,and obvious seismic activity were only observed at Transantarctic Mountain,Victoria Land,Adelie Land and Wilkes Land.The Transantarctic Mountain divides the Antarctic plate into two different tectonic units,with the crust and upper mantle of West Antarctica having lower seismic velocity and East Antarctica showing higher velocity.Significant seismic anisotropy has also been detected beneath the whole Antarctic plate and the anisotropy strength of the West Antarctica is higher than that of East Antarctica.
This paper gives a comprehensive review on the progress and current status of seismic research in Antarctica region,including summary of the applied seismic techniques and obtained results.Firstly,we introduce the seismic activity in Antarctica and surrounding area,then we talk about the crust and upper mantle structure constructed by surface wave and body wave inversion.Finally,the seismic anisotropic structures inferred from Rayleigh wave and shear wave splitting in Antarctica are reviewed.These studies have revealed that the seismicity level and earthquake magnitude of the Antarctic plate are relatively low,and obvious seismic activity were only observed at Transantarctic Mountain,Victoria Land,Adelie Land and Wilkes Land.The Transantarctic Mountain divides the Antarctic plate into two different tectonic units,with the crust and upper mantle of West Antarctica having lower seismic velocity and East Antarctica showing higher velocity.Significant seismic anisotropy has also been detected beneath the whole Antarctic plate and the anisotropy strength of the West Antarctica is higher than that of East Antarctica.
引文
陈廷愚,沈炎彬,赵越,任留东.2008.南极洲地质发展与冈瓦纳古陆演化[M].北京:商务印书馆:1-3.
束沛镒,焦丞民.1999.南极沿167°E子午线横贯南极山脉岩石圈速度结构[J].极地研究,11(3):221-227.
Adams R D.1982.Source properties of the Oates Land earthquake[G]∥Craddock C ed.Antarctic Geoscience.Wiscon-sin:The University of Wisconsin Press:955-958.
Adams R D,Hughes A A,Zhang B M.1985.A confirmed earthquake in continental Antarctica[J].Geophys J R astrSoc,81(2):489-492.
Anandakrishnan S,Winberry J P.2004.Antarctic subglacial sedimentary layer thickness from receiver function analysis[J].Global Planet Change,42(1-4):167-176.
Bannister S,Sneider R K,Passier M L.2000.Shear wave velocities under the Transantarctic Mountains and Terror Riftfrom surface wave inversion[J].Geophys Res Lett,27(2):281-284.
Bannister S,Yu J,Leitner B,Kennett B L N.2003.Variations in crustal structure across the transition from West toEast Antarctica,Southern Victoria Land[J].Geophys J Int,155(3):870-880.
Barklage M,Wiens D A,Nyblade A,Anandakrishnan S.2009.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy of South Victoria Landand the Ross Sea coast,Antarctica from SKS and SKKS splitting analysis[J].Geophys J Int,178(2):729-741.
Bayer B,Müller C,Eaton D W,Jokat W.2007.Seismic anisotropy beneath Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica,revealedby shear wave splitting[J].Geophys J Int,171(1):339-351.
Bayer B,Geissler W H,Eckstaller A,Jokat W.2009.Seismic imaging of the crust beneath Dronning Maud Land,EastAntarctica[J].Geophys J Int,178(2):860-876,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04196.x.
Christensen N I,Mooney W D.1995.Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust:A global view[J].J Geophys Res,100(B6):9761-9788.
Danesi S,Morelli A.2001.Structure of the upper mantle under the Antarctic Plate from surface wave tomography[J].Geophys Res Lett,28(23):4395-4398.
Fedorov L V,Grikurov G E,Kurinin R G,Masolov V N.1982.Crustal structure of the Lambert Glacier Area from geo-physical data[G]∥Craddock C ed.Antarctic Geoscience.Madison:University of Wisconsin Press:931-936.
Gutenberg B,Richter C F.1954.Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena[M].Princeton:Princeton UnivPress:1-310.
Hayes D E.1991.Tectonics and age of the oceanic crust:Circum-Antarctic to30°S[G]∥Hayes D E ed.Marine Geolog-ical and Geophysical Atlas of the Circum-Antarctic to30°S.Washington:American Geophysical Union:47-56.
Helffrich G,Wiens D A,Vera E,Barrientos S,Shore P,Robertson S,Adaros R.2002.A teleseismic shear-wave split-ting study to investigate mantle flow around South America and implications for plate-driving forces[J].Geophys JInt,149(1):F1-F7.
Hungeling A,Tyssen F.1991.Reflection seismicmeasurements in western Neuschwabenland[C]∥Thornson M R A,Crame J A,Thomson J W eds.Geological Evolution of Antarctica.Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposi-um on Antarctic Earth Sciences,Robinson College,Cambridge.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press:73-76.
Jokat W,Ritzmann O,Reichert C,Hinz K.2004.Deep crustal structure of the continental margin off the explora escarp-ment and in the Lazarev sea,East Antarctica[J].Mar Geophys Res,25(3-4):283-304.
Kaminuma K,Ishida M.1971.Earthquake activity in Antarctica[J].Nankyoku Shiryo(Antarct Rec),42:53-60.
Kaminuma K.1994.Seismic activity in and around Antarctic Continent[J].Terra Antarct,1:423-426.
Kaminuma K.2000.A revaluation of the seismicity in the Antarctic[J].Polar Geosci,13:145-157.
Kaminuma K.2006.Seismicity in the Antarctic and surrounding ocean[J].J Ind Geophys Union,10(1):15-24.
Kanao M,Kubo A,Shibutani T,Negishi H,Tono Y.2002.Crustal structure around the Antarctic margin by teleseis-mic receiver function analyses[G]∥Gamble J A,Skinner D N B,Henrys S eds.Antarctica at the Close of a Millen-nium,Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin,35:485-491.
Kogan A L.1992.Results of deep seismic sounding of the Earth’s crust in East Antarctica[C]∥Adie R J ed.AntarcticGeology and Geophysics.Symposium on Antarctic and Solid Earth Geophysics.Oslo:Universitetsforlaget Oslo:485-489.
Kubo A,Hiramatsu Y,Kanao M,Ando M,Terashima T.1995.An analysis of the SKS splitting at Syowa station inAntarctica[J].NIPR Symp Antarct Geosci,8:25-34.
Kudryavtzek G,Butzenko V,Kadmina I.1991.Crustal section across western Dronning Maud Land continental marginfrom geophysical data[C]∥Yoshida Y,Kaminuma K,Shiraishi K eds.Proceedings of the Sixth International Sym-posium on Antarctic Earth Science.Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Science.Tokyo:National Institute for Polar Reasearch:330-335.
Kurinin R G,Grikurov G E.1982.Crustal structure of part of East Antarctica from geophysical data[G]∥Craddock Ced.Antarctic Geoscience.Madison:University of Wisconsin Press:895-901.
Lawrence J F,Wiens D A,Nyblade A A,Anandakrishan S,Shore P J,Voigt D.2006a.Rayleigh wave phase velocityanalysis of the Ross Sea,Transantarctic Mountains,and East Antarctica from a temporary seismograph array[J].JGeophys Res,111:B06302,doi:10.1029/2005JB003812.
Lawrence J F,Wiens D A,Nyblade A A,Anandakrishan S,Shore P J,Voigt D.2006b.Crust and upper mantle struc-ture of the Transantarctic Mountains and surrounding regions from receiver functions,surface waves,and gravity:Implications for uplift models[J].Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q10011,doi:10.1029/2006GC001282.
Lawrence J F,Wiens D A,Nyblade A A,Anandakrishan S,Shore P J,Voigt D.2006c.Upper mantle thermal varia-tions beneath the Transantarctic Mountains inferred from teleseismic S-wave attenuation[J].Geophys Res Lett,33:L03303,doi:10.1029/2005GL024516.
Lee D K,Jin Y K,Kim Y,Nam S H.2000.Seismicity and tectonics around the northern Antarctic Peninsula from KingSejong station data[J].Antarctic Science,12(2):196-204.
Müller C.2001.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath Antarctica and the Scotia Sea region[J].Geophys J Int,147(1):105-122.
Okal E A.1981.Intraplate seismicity of Antarctica and tectonic implications[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,52(2):397-409.
Pondrelli S,Azzara R.1998.Upper mantle anisotropy in Victoria Land(Antarctica)[J].Pure Appl Geophys,151(2-4):433-442.
Pondrelli S,Margheriti L,Danesi S.2005.Seismic anisotropy beneath Northern Victoria Land from SKS splitting Analy-sis[G]∥Futterer D K,Damaske D,Kleinschmidt G,Miller H,Tessensohn F eds.Antarctica:Contributions toGlobal Earth Sciences.Berlin Heidelberg New York:Springer-Verlag:153-160.
Reading A M.2002.Antarctic seismicity and neotectonics[G]∥Gamble J A,Skinner D N B,Henrys S eds.Antarcticaat the Close of a Millennium,Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin,35:479-484.
Reading A M.2006.The seismic structure of Precambrian and early Palaeozoic terranes in the Lambert Glacier region,East Antarctica[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,244(1-2):44-57,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.031.
Reading A M.2007.The seismicity of the Antarctic Plate[J].Geological Society of America Special Papers,425:285--298.
Reading A M,Heintz M.2008.Seismic anisotropy of East Antarctica from shear-wave splitting:Spatially varying contri-butions from lithospheric structural fabric and mantle flow[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,268(3-4):433-443.
Reusch A M,Nyblade A A,Benoit M H,Weins D A,Anandadrishnan S,Voigt D,Shore P J.2008.Mantle transitionzone thickness beneath Ross Island,the Transantarctic Mountains,and East Antarctica[J].Geophys Res Lett,35:L12301,doi:10.1029/2008GL033873.
Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,Levshin A L,Leahy G M.2001.Crustal and upper mantle structure beneath Antarctica and surrounding oceans[J].J Geophys Res,106(12):30,645-30,670,doi:10.1029/2001JB000179.
Robertson Maurice S D,Wiens D A,Shore P J,Vera E,Dorman L M.2003.Seismicity and tectonics of the South Shet-land Islands and Bransfield Strait from a regional broadband seismograph deployment[J].J Geophys Res,108(B10):2461,doi:10.1029/2003JB002416.
Rogers J J W,Santosh M.2002.Configuration of Columbia,a Mesoproterozoic supercontinent[J].Gondwana Res,5(1):5-22.
Rowe C A,Kienle J.1986.Seismicity in the vicinity of Ross Island,Antarctica[J].J Geodynamics,6(1-4):375-385.
Salimbeni S,Pondrelli S,Danesi S,Morelli A.2010.Seismic anisotropy of the Victoria Land region,Antarctica[J].Geophys J Int,182(1):421-432.
Sieminski A,Debayle E,Leveque J.2003.Seismic evidence for deep low-velocity anomalies in the transition zone beneathWest Antarctica[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,216(4):645-661.
Tsutsui T,Murakami H,Miyamachi H,Toda S,Kanao M.2001.P-wave velocity structure of the ice sheet and theshallow crust beneath the Mizuho traverse route,East Antarctica,from seismic refraction analysis[J].Polar Geosci,14:195-211.
ten Brink U S,Bannister S,Beaudoin B C,Stern T.1993.Geophysical investigations of the tectonic boundary betweenEast and West Antarctica[J].Science,261(5117):45-50.
Usui Y,Kanao M,Kubo A,Hiramatsu Y,Negishi H.2007.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy from teleseismic SKSsplitting beneath Lutzow-Holm Bay region,East Antarctica[R]∥Cooper A K,Raymond C A eds.Antarctica:AKeystone in a Changing World—Online Proceedings of the10th ISAES.USGS Open-File Report2007-1047,ShortResearch Paper013,doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp013.
Watson T,Nyblade A,Wiens D A,Anandakrishnan S,Benoit M,Shore P J,Voigt D,VanDecar J.2006.P and S ve-locity structure of the upper mantle beneath the Transantarctic Mountains,East Antarctic craton,and Ross Sea fromtravel time tomography[J].Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q07005,doi:10.1029/2005GC001238.
Winberry J P,Anandakrishnan S.2003.Seismicity and neotectonics of West Antarctica[J].Geophys Res Lett,30(18):1931,doi:10.1029/2003GL018001.
Winberry J P,Anandakrishnan S.2004.Crustal structure of the West Antarctic rift system and Marie Byrd Land hotspot[J].Geology,32(11):977-980,doi:10.1130/G20768.1.
束沛镒,焦丞民.1999.南极沿167°E子午线横贯南极山脉岩石圈速度结构[J].极地研究,11(3):221-227.
Adams R D.1982.Source properties of the Oates Land earthquake[G]∥Craddock C ed.Antarctic Geoscience.Wiscon-sin:The University of Wisconsin Press:955-958.
Adams R D,Hughes A A,Zhang B M.1985.A confirmed earthquake in continental Antarctica[J].Geophys J R astrSoc,81(2):489-492.
Anandakrishnan S,Winberry J P.2004.Antarctic subglacial sedimentary layer thickness from receiver function analysis[J].Global Planet Change,42(1-4):167-176.
Bannister S,Sneider R K,Passier M L.2000.Shear wave velocities under the Transantarctic Mountains and Terror Riftfrom surface wave inversion[J].Geophys Res Lett,27(2):281-284.
Bannister S,Yu J,Leitner B,Kennett B L N.2003.Variations in crustal structure across the transition from West toEast Antarctica,Southern Victoria Land[J].Geophys J Int,155(3):870-880.
Barklage M,Wiens D A,Nyblade A,Anandakrishnan S.2009.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy of South Victoria Landand the Ross Sea coast,Antarctica from SKS and SKKS splitting analysis[J].Geophys J Int,178(2):729-741.
Bayer B,Müller C,Eaton D W,Jokat W.2007.Seismic anisotropy beneath Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica,revealedby shear wave splitting[J].Geophys J Int,171(1):339-351.
Bayer B,Geissler W H,Eckstaller A,Jokat W.2009.Seismic imaging of the crust beneath Dronning Maud Land,EastAntarctica[J].Geophys J Int,178(2):860-876,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04196.x.
Christensen N I,Mooney W D.1995.Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust:A global view[J].J Geophys Res,100(B6):9761-9788.
Danesi S,Morelli A.2001.Structure of the upper mantle under the Antarctic Plate from surface wave tomography[J].Geophys Res Lett,28(23):4395-4398.
Fedorov L V,Grikurov G E,Kurinin R G,Masolov V N.1982.Crustal structure of the Lambert Glacier Area from geo-physical data[G]∥Craddock C ed.Antarctic Geoscience.Madison:University of Wisconsin Press:931-936.
Gutenberg B,Richter C F.1954.Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena[M].Princeton:Princeton UnivPress:1-310.
Hayes D E.1991.Tectonics and age of the oceanic crust:Circum-Antarctic to30°S[G]∥Hayes D E ed.Marine Geolog-ical and Geophysical Atlas of the Circum-Antarctic to30°S.Washington:American Geophysical Union:47-56.
Helffrich G,Wiens D A,Vera E,Barrientos S,Shore P,Robertson S,Adaros R.2002.A teleseismic shear-wave split-ting study to investigate mantle flow around South America and implications for plate-driving forces[J].Geophys JInt,149(1):F1-F7.
Hungeling A,Tyssen F.1991.Reflection seismicmeasurements in western Neuschwabenland[C]∥Thornson M R A,Crame J A,Thomson J W eds.Geological Evolution of Antarctica.Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposi-um on Antarctic Earth Sciences,Robinson College,Cambridge.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press:73-76.
Jokat W,Ritzmann O,Reichert C,Hinz K.2004.Deep crustal structure of the continental margin off the explora escarp-ment and in the Lazarev sea,East Antarctica[J].Mar Geophys Res,25(3-4):283-304.
Kaminuma K,Ishida M.1971.Earthquake activity in Antarctica[J].Nankyoku Shiryo(Antarct Rec),42:53-60.
Kaminuma K.1994.Seismic activity in and around Antarctic Continent[J].Terra Antarct,1:423-426.
Kaminuma K.2000.A revaluation of the seismicity in the Antarctic[J].Polar Geosci,13:145-157.
Kaminuma K.2006.Seismicity in the Antarctic and surrounding ocean[J].J Ind Geophys Union,10(1):15-24.
Kanao M,Kubo A,Shibutani T,Negishi H,Tono Y.2002.Crustal structure around the Antarctic margin by teleseis-mic receiver function analyses[G]∥Gamble J A,Skinner D N B,Henrys S eds.Antarctica at the Close of a Millen-nium,Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin,35:485-491.
Kogan A L.1992.Results of deep seismic sounding of the Earth’s crust in East Antarctica[C]∥Adie R J ed.AntarcticGeology and Geophysics.Symposium on Antarctic and Solid Earth Geophysics.Oslo:Universitetsforlaget Oslo:485-489.
Kubo A,Hiramatsu Y,Kanao M,Ando M,Terashima T.1995.An analysis of the SKS splitting at Syowa station inAntarctica[J].NIPR Symp Antarct Geosci,8:25-34.
Kudryavtzek G,Butzenko V,Kadmina I.1991.Crustal section across western Dronning Maud Land continental marginfrom geophysical data[C]∥Yoshida Y,Kaminuma K,Shiraishi K eds.Proceedings of the Sixth International Sym-posium on Antarctic Earth Science.Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Science.Tokyo:National Institute for Polar Reasearch:330-335.
Kurinin R G,Grikurov G E.1982.Crustal structure of part of East Antarctica from geophysical data[G]∥Craddock Ced.Antarctic Geoscience.Madison:University of Wisconsin Press:895-901.
Lawrence J F,Wiens D A,Nyblade A A,Anandakrishan S,Shore P J,Voigt D.2006a.Rayleigh wave phase velocityanalysis of the Ross Sea,Transantarctic Mountains,and East Antarctica from a temporary seismograph array[J].JGeophys Res,111:B06302,doi:10.1029/2005JB003812.
Lawrence J F,Wiens D A,Nyblade A A,Anandakrishan S,Shore P J,Voigt D.2006b.Crust and upper mantle struc-ture of the Transantarctic Mountains and surrounding regions from receiver functions,surface waves,and gravity:Implications for uplift models[J].Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q10011,doi:10.1029/2006GC001282.
Lawrence J F,Wiens D A,Nyblade A A,Anandakrishan S,Shore P J,Voigt D.2006c.Upper mantle thermal varia-tions beneath the Transantarctic Mountains inferred from teleseismic S-wave attenuation[J].Geophys Res Lett,33:L03303,doi:10.1029/2005GL024516.
Lee D K,Jin Y K,Kim Y,Nam S H.2000.Seismicity and tectonics around the northern Antarctic Peninsula from KingSejong station data[J].Antarctic Science,12(2):196-204.
Müller C.2001.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath Antarctica and the Scotia Sea region[J].Geophys J Int,147(1):105-122.
Okal E A.1981.Intraplate seismicity of Antarctica and tectonic implications[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,52(2):397-409.
Pondrelli S,Azzara R.1998.Upper mantle anisotropy in Victoria Land(Antarctica)[J].Pure Appl Geophys,151(2-4):433-442.
Pondrelli S,Margheriti L,Danesi S.2005.Seismic anisotropy beneath Northern Victoria Land from SKS splitting Analy-sis[G]∥Futterer D K,Damaske D,Kleinschmidt G,Miller H,Tessensohn F eds.Antarctica:Contributions toGlobal Earth Sciences.Berlin Heidelberg New York:Springer-Verlag:153-160.
Reading A M.2002.Antarctic seismicity and neotectonics[G]∥Gamble J A,Skinner D N B,Henrys S eds.Antarcticaat the Close of a Millennium,Royal Society of New Zealand Bulletin,35:479-484.
Reading A M.2006.The seismic structure of Precambrian and early Palaeozoic terranes in the Lambert Glacier region,East Antarctica[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,244(1-2):44-57,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.031.
Reading A M.2007.The seismicity of the Antarctic Plate[J].Geological Society of America Special Papers,425:285--298.
Reading A M,Heintz M.2008.Seismic anisotropy of East Antarctica from shear-wave splitting:Spatially varying contri-butions from lithospheric structural fabric and mantle flow[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,268(3-4):433-443.
Reusch A M,Nyblade A A,Benoit M H,Weins D A,Anandadrishnan S,Voigt D,Shore P J.2008.Mantle transitionzone thickness beneath Ross Island,the Transantarctic Mountains,and East Antarctica[J].Geophys Res Lett,35:L12301,doi:10.1029/2008GL033873.
Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,Levshin A L,Leahy G M.2001.Crustal and upper mantle structure beneath Antarctica and surrounding oceans[J].J Geophys Res,106(12):30,645-30,670,doi:10.1029/2001JB000179.
Robertson Maurice S D,Wiens D A,Shore P J,Vera E,Dorman L M.2003.Seismicity and tectonics of the South Shet-land Islands and Bransfield Strait from a regional broadband seismograph deployment[J].J Geophys Res,108(B10):2461,doi:10.1029/2003JB002416.
Rogers J J W,Santosh M.2002.Configuration of Columbia,a Mesoproterozoic supercontinent[J].Gondwana Res,5(1):5-22.
Rowe C A,Kienle J.1986.Seismicity in the vicinity of Ross Island,Antarctica[J].J Geodynamics,6(1-4):375-385.
Salimbeni S,Pondrelli S,Danesi S,Morelli A.2010.Seismic anisotropy of the Victoria Land region,Antarctica[J].Geophys J Int,182(1):421-432.
Sieminski A,Debayle E,Leveque J.2003.Seismic evidence for deep low-velocity anomalies in the transition zone beneathWest Antarctica[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,216(4):645-661.
Tsutsui T,Murakami H,Miyamachi H,Toda S,Kanao M.2001.P-wave velocity structure of the ice sheet and theshallow crust beneath the Mizuho traverse route,East Antarctica,from seismic refraction analysis[J].Polar Geosci,14:195-211.
ten Brink U S,Bannister S,Beaudoin B C,Stern T.1993.Geophysical investigations of the tectonic boundary betweenEast and West Antarctica[J].Science,261(5117):45-50.
Usui Y,Kanao M,Kubo A,Hiramatsu Y,Negishi H.2007.Upper mantle seismic anisotropy from teleseismic SKSsplitting beneath Lutzow-Holm Bay region,East Antarctica[R]∥Cooper A K,Raymond C A eds.Antarctica:AKeystone in a Changing World—Online Proceedings of the10th ISAES.USGS Open-File Report2007-1047,ShortResearch Paper013,doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp013.
Watson T,Nyblade A,Wiens D A,Anandakrishnan S,Benoit M,Shore P J,Voigt D,VanDecar J.2006.P and S ve-locity structure of the upper mantle beneath the Transantarctic Mountains,East Antarctic craton,and Ross Sea fromtravel time tomography[J].Geochem Geophys Geosyst,7:Q07005,doi:10.1029/2005GC001238.
Winberry J P,Anandakrishnan S.2003.Seismicity and neotectonics of West Antarctica[J].Geophys Res Lett,30(18):1931,doi:10.1029/2003GL018001.
Winberry J P,Anandakrishnan S.2004.Crustal structure of the West Antarctic rift system and Marie Byrd Land hotspot[J].Geology,32(11):977-980,doi:10.1130/G20768.1.
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