2010年青海玉树M_S7.1地震灾害的综合特征
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摘要
根据3次赴青海玉树MS7.1地震灾害现场进行的考察和调查,结合对当地自然环境和人文与社会经济条件的分析,从地震致灾成害、应急救援和恢复重建等多种角度,总结分析了玉树7.1级地震灾害在正反两个方面的一些整体特点。致使灾情严重和加大救援与重建难度的特点是:地震震中与居民点间的叠加效应和灾害分布的构造控制效应明显,灾害严重,灾区广大,重灾区集中;环境恶劣,高寒缺氧,救灾难度大;建筑物抗震能力低,破坏严重;生命线系统单薄而脆弱,生命线震害的连带影响大;城镇人口建筑密集,缺乏避难场地;民众受教育水平低,语言不通,交流困难,防震减灾知识匮乏,影响救灾效率。利于减轻灾害影响和利于应急救援与恢复重建的特点主要是:民众自有帐篷多且游牧民族习惯于帐篷生活,便于安置,并能很快适应;宗教氛围浓郁,当地僧侣和寺院在抗震救灾阶段发挥了重要作用,在恢复重建过程中,宗教信仰在精神层面的影响将更加持久、深远。初步归纳总结了减轻青藏高原地区地震灾害的部分经验与启示。
On April 14th,2010,a strong earthquake of MS 7.1 hit the Yushu County in Qinghai Province,which brought about a large number of casualties and economic losses.Based on the three times of investigation to the quake-hit area,and the analysis of natural environment,humanities and social economical conditions,the general characteristics of the earthquake hazard are summarized from the point of view of origin of earthquake disaster,emergency rescue and reconstruction.There are the following factors that make the disaster serious and the rescue operation and reconstruction more difficult,such as,the overlapping of epicenter with residential quarters and the fault-controlled damage distribution.Consequently,the damage is serious and the quake-hit area is large,and the severely affected areas are concentrated;The environment in Yushu is harsh,high in attitude,cold and oxygen deficient,thus the relief was difficult;The low anti-seismic ability of buildings there makes the destruction more serious;The lifeline infrastructures are vulnerable and inadequate,and the damage to them caused large associated damage;The buildings and population in urban area are dense,which partly led to the lack of shelters;People commonly have a poor education and can't speak Chinese,thus difficult to communicate.In addition,there is lack of knowledge of earthquake disaster prevention and reduction,thus affecting the efficiency of disaster relief.The factors that are beneficial to earthquake disaster reduction,emergency rescue and reconstruction are:Tents can easily be acquired owing to the living habit of the nomadic peoples,so people there can accommodate themselves to the particular circumstances;The Yushu area has a strong religious atmosphere,and the local monks and temples have played an important role in the earthquake relief work.Finally,this paper comes up with some experience and revelations about the earthquake disaster reduction in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau preliminarily.
On April 14th,2010,a strong earthquake of MS 7.1 hit the Yushu County in Qinghai Province,which brought about a large number of casualties and economic losses.Based on the three times of investigation to the quake-hit area,and the analysis of natural environment,humanities and social economical conditions,the general characteristics of the earthquake hazard are summarized from the point of view of origin of earthquake disaster,emergency rescue and reconstruction.There are the following factors that make the disaster serious and the rescue operation and reconstruction more difficult,such as,the overlapping of epicenter with residential quarters and the fault-controlled damage distribution.Consequently,the damage is serious and the quake-hit area is large,and the severely affected areas are concentrated;The environment in Yushu is harsh,high in attitude,cold and oxygen deficient,thus the relief was difficult;The low anti-seismic ability of buildings there makes the destruction more serious;The lifeline infrastructures are vulnerable and inadequate,and the damage to them caused large associated damage;The buildings and population in urban area are dense,which partly led to the lack of shelters;People commonly have a poor education and can't speak Chinese,thus difficult to communicate.In addition,there is lack of knowledge of earthquake disaster prevention and reduction,thus affecting the efficiency of disaster relief.The factors that are beneficial to earthquake disaster reduction,emergency rescue and reconstruction are:Tents can easily be acquired owing to the living habit of the nomadic peoples,so people there can accommodate themselves to the particular circumstances;The Yushu area has a strong religious atmosphere,and the local monks and temples have played an important role in the earthquake relief work.Finally,this paper comes up with some experience and revelations about the earthquake disaster reduction in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau preliminarily.
引文
[1]引自中国地震局玉树MS7.1地震现场工作队资料。
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财新网.2010.喇嘛的拯救[EB/OL].http:∥magazine.caing.com/2010-04-25/100138519.html(in Chinese).Caing'Website.2010.Salvation from Lama[EB/OL].http:∥magazine.caing.com/2010-04-25/100138519.html.
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陈全功.1996.青海省玉树藏族自治州的雪灾及其防御对策[J].草业科学,13(6):60—63.CHEN Quan-gong.1996.The snow disaster and its defence strategy in Yushu Tibetan prefecture of Qinghai Province[J].Pratacultural Science,13(6):60—63(in Chinese).
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陈正位,杨攀新,李智敏,等.2010.玉树7.1级地震断裂特征与地震地表破裂带[J].第四纪研究,30(3):628—631.CHEN Zheng-wei,YANG Pan-xin,LI Zhi-min,et al.2010.Characteristics of MS7.1Yushu earthquake fault and the surface rupture[J].Quaternary Sciences,30(3):628—631(in Chinese).
都昌庭,李文巧,卢宁,等.2006.2006年青海玉树5.0、5.6、5.4级地震灾害损失及震害特点[J].震灾防御技术,1(4):371—377.DU Chang-ting,LI Wen-qiao,LU Ning,et al.2006.Characteristics of loss and hazards of Yushu earthquakes with M=5.0,5.6and5.4in Qinghai Province,2006[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,1(4):371—377(in Chinese).
高庆华,张业成,刘惠敏,等.2006.中国区域减灾基础能力初步研究[M].北京:气象出版社.GAO Qing-hua,ZHANG Ye-cheng,LIU Hui-min,et al.2006.The preliminary study on the basic regional disaster re-duction capability in China[M].China Meteorological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
韩林,郑燕.2005.对青海省民族地区开展防震减灾宣传工作的思考[J].高原地震,17(3):63—66.HAN Lin,ZHENG Yan.2005.Propaganda of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in Qinghai minority nationali-ty region[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,17(3):63—66(in Chinese).
李金臣,潘华,张志中.2010.青海玉树7.1级地震构造背景[J].国际地震动态,5:1—5.LI Jin-chen,PAN Hua,ZHANG Zhi-zhong.2010.The seismotectonic setting of Yushu M7.1earthquake in Qinghai Province[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,5:1—5(in Chinese).
李闽峰,邢成起,蔡长星,等.1995.玉树断裂活动性研究[J].地震地质,17(3):218—224.LI Min-feng,XING Cheng-qi,CAI Chang-xing,et al.1995.Research on activity of Yushu Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,17(3):218—224(in Chinese).
刘山青,常振广.2001.浅谈青海省少数民族地区的防震减灾工作[J].高原地震,13(4):65—67.LIU Shan-qing,CHANG Zhen-guang.2001.Preliminary discussion on earthquake resistance and disaster reduction in minority nationality regions in Qinghai Province[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,13(4):65—67(in Chi-nese).
青海省统计局,国家统计局青海调查总队编.2010.2010年青海统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社.Qinghai Bureau of Statistics,Survey Organization of National Bureau of Statistics.2010.Qinghai Statistical Yearbook2010[M].China Statistics Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
苏桂武,朱林,马宗晋,等.2007.京津唐地区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性变化的初步研究:空间变化[J].地震地质,29(1):15—33.SU Gui-wu,ZHU Lin,MA Zong-jin,et al.2007.A preliminary study on the changes of the regional scale macroscopic vulnerability to earthquake disasters of Beijing,Tianjin and Tangshan area:Spatial changes[J].Seismology and Geology,29(1):15—33(in Chinese).
孙鑫喆，徐锡伟，陈立春，等．2010.青海玉树MS7.1地震两个典型地点的地表破裂特征[J].地震地质,32(2):338—344.SUN Xin-zhe,XU Xi-wei,CHEN Li-chun,et al.2010.Characteristics of surface rupture of the MS7.1Yushu,Qinghai Province earthquake at two representative places[J].Seismology and Geology,32(2):338—344(in Chinese).
王振岭.2004.关于玉树州民族教育的调查与思考[J].青海民族学院学报(社会科学版),30(2):107—113.WANG Zhen-ling.2004.The investigation and reflections of the national education in Yushu prefecture[J].Journal of Qinghai Nationalities Institute(Social Sciences),30(2):107—113(in Chinese).
闻学泽,黄圣睦,江在雄.1985.甘孜-玉树断裂带的新构造特征与地震危险性估计[J].地震地质,7(3):23—32.WEN Xue-ze,HUANG Sheng-mu,JIANG Zai-xiong.1985.Neotectonic features of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault zone and as-sessment of its earthquake risk[J].Seismology and Geology,7(3):23—32(in Chinese).
新华网.2010a.青海频道:新华画报(4月29日星期四)[EB/OL].http:∥www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2010-05/01/content_19676895.htm.Xinhua News Agency's Website.2010a.Qinghai Channel:Xinhua Pictorial(Thursday April29th)[EB/OL].http:∥www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2010-05/01/content_19676895.htm(in Chinese).
新华网.2010b.青海省人民政府新闻发布会:玉树地震已造成2698人遇难[EB/OL].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/society/2010-05/31/c_12163647.htm.Xinhua News Agency's Website.2010b.Qinghai Province People's Government News Conference:Yushu earthquake has caused2698deaths[EB/OL].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/society/2010-05/31/c_12163647.htm(in Chi-nese).
叶建国.2010.玉树地震监测能力较弱[J].中国经济周刊,(15):25—26.YE Jian-guo.2010.Seismic monitoring capability in Yushu is weak[J].China Economic Weekly,(15):25—26(in Chinese).
伊森昌.2009.合理开发玉树水能资源促进藏区经济大发展[J].水利发展研究,(5):46—49.YIN Sen-chang.2009.Exploiting reasonably Yushu's water energy resources and promoting economic development in the Tibetan area[J].Water Resources Development Research,(5):46—49(in Chinese).
袁一凡.2008.四川汶川8.0级地震损失评估[J].地震工程与工程振动,28(5):10—19.YUAN Yi-fan.2008.Loss assessment of Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,28(5):10—19(in Chinese).
藏拉.2009.现代化进程中玉树藏区社会文化变迁研究:以结古镇为个案[D]:[学位论文].北京:中央民族大学.ZANG La.2009.Research on social culture changes in Yushu Tibetan area in process of modernization:Jiegu town case[D].Minzu University of China,Beijing(in Chinese).
中华人民共和国中央人民政府门户网.2010.地震后青海采取新举措应对流动人口安置管理问题[EB/OL].ht-tp:∥www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-04-27/content_1593603.htm.The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China's Website.2010.New initiatives taken by the gov-ernment of Qinghang Province for the management of floating population after the earthquake.[EB/OL].http:∥www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-04-27/content_1593603.htm(in Chinese).
中国地震台网中心.2010.青海省玉树县7.1级地震余震目录[DB/OL].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/manage/html/4028861611c5c2ba0111c5c558b00001/_content/10_07/27/1280192801943.html.China Earthquake Networks Center.2010.Aftershocks of the MS7.1Yushu,Qinghai Province earthquake[DB/OL].ht-tp:∥www.csi.ac.cn/manage/html/4028861611c5c2ba0111c5c558b00001/_content/10_07/27/1280192801943.html(in Chinese).
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周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星,等.1997.甘孜-玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计[J].地震地质,19(2):115—124.ZHOU Rong-jun,WEN Xue-ze,CAI Chang-xing,et al.1997.Recent earthquakes and assessment of seismic tendency on the Ganzi-Yushu Fault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,19(2):115—124(in Chinese).
才尕.2008.青海省玉树州关于畜牧业灾后恢复重建工作的调查报告[J].中国动物检疫,25(9):8—9.CAI Ga.2008.The investigation report of post-disaster reconstruction work about animal husbandry in Yushu Tibetan prefecture of Qinghai Province[J].China Journal of Animal Quarantine,25(9):8—9(in Chinese).
财新网.2010.喇嘛的拯救[EB/OL].http:∥magazine.caing.com/2010-04-25/100138519.html(in Chinese).Caing'Website.2010.Salvation from Lama[EB/OL].http:∥magazine.caing.com/2010-04-25/100138519.html.
陈立春,王虎,冉勇康,等.2010.玉树MS7.1级地震地表破裂与历史大地震[J].科学通报,55(13):1200—1205.CHEN Li-chun,WANG Hu,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2010.The MS7.1Yushu earthquake surface ruptures and historical earthquakes[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,55(13):1200—1205(in Chinese).
陈全功.1996.青海省玉树藏族自治州的雪灾及其防御对策[J].草业科学,13(6):60—63.CHEN Quan-gong.1996.The snow disaster and its defence strategy in Yushu Tibetan prefecture of Qinghai Province[J].Pratacultural Science,13(6):60—63(in Chinese).
陈肇元,钱稼茹.2008.汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.CHEN Zhao-yuan,QIAN Jia-ru.2008.Survey of building damage caused by Wenchuan earthquake and analysis report for the post-earthquake reconstruction[M].China Architecture and Building Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
陈正位,杨攀新,李智敏,等.2010.玉树7.1级地震断裂特征与地震地表破裂带[J].第四纪研究,30(3):628—631.CHEN Zheng-wei,YANG Pan-xin,LI Zhi-min,et al.2010.Characteristics of MS7.1Yushu earthquake fault and the surface rupture[J].Quaternary Sciences,30(3):628—631(in Chinese).
都昌庭,李文巧,卢宁,等.2006.2006年青海玉树5.0、5.6、5.4级地震灾害损失及震害特点[J].震灾防御技术,1(4):371—377.DU Chang-ting,LI Wen-qiao,LU Ning,et al.2006.Characteristics of loss and hazards of Yushu earthquakes with M=5.0,5.6and5.4in Qinghai Province,2006[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,1(4):371—377(in Chinese).
高庆华,张业成,刘惠敏,等.2006.中国区域减灾基础能力初步研究[M].北京:气象出版社.GAO Qing-hua,ZHANG Ye-cheng,LIU Hui-min,et al.2006.The preliminary study on the basic regional disaster re-duction capability in China[M].China Meteorological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
韩林,郑燕.2005.对青海省民族地区开展防震减灾宣传工作的思考[J].高原地震,17(3):63—66.HAN Lin,ZHENG Yan.2005.Propaganda of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in Qinghai minority nationali-ty region[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,17(3):63—66(in Chinese).
李金臣,潘华,张志中.2010.青海玉树7.1级地震构造背景[J].国际地震动态,5:1—5.LI Jin-chen,PAN Hua,ZHANG Zhi-zhong.2010.The seismotectonic setting of Yushu M7.1earthquake in Qinghai Province[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,5:1—5(in Chinese).
李闽峰,邢成起,蔡长星,等.1995.玉树断裂活动性研究[J].地震地质,17(3):218—224.LI Min-feng,XING Cheng-qi,CAI Chang-xing,et al.1995.Research on activity of Yushu Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,17(3):218—224(in Chinese).
刘山青,常振广.2001.浅谈青海省少数民族地区的防震减灾工作[J].高原地震,13(4):65—67.LIU Shan-qing,CHANG Zhen-guang.2001.Preliminary discussion on earthquake resistance and disaster reduction in minority nationality regions in Qinghai Province[J].Earthquake Research in Plateau,13(4):65—67(in Chi-nese).
青海省统计局,国家统计局青海调查总队编.2010.2010年青海统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社.Qinghai Bureau of Statistics,Survey Organization of National Bureau of Statistics.2010.Qinghai Statistical Yearbook2010[M].China Statistics Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
苏桂武,朱林,马宗晋,等.2007.京津唐地区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性变化的初步研究:空间变化[J].地震地质,29(1):15—33.SU Gui-wu,ZHU Lin,MA Zong-jin,et al.2007.A preliminary study on the changes of the regional scale macroscopic vulnerability to earthquake disasters of Beijing,Tianjin and Tangshan area:Spatial changes[J].Seismology and Geology,29(1):15—33(in Chinese).
孙鑫喆，徐锡伟，陈立春，等．2010.青海玉树MS7.1地震两个典型地点的地表破裂特征[J].地震地质,32(2):338—344.SUN Xin-zhe,XU Xi-wei,CHEN Li-chun,et al.2010.Characteristics of surface rupture of the MS7.1Yushu,Qinghai Province earthquake at two representative places[J].Seismology and Geology,32(2):338—344(in Chinese).
王振岭.2004.关于玉树州民族教育的调查与思考[J].青海民族学院学报(社会科学版),30(2):107—113.WANG Zhen-ling.2004.The investigation and reflections of the national education in Yushu prefecture[J].Journal of Qinghai Nationalities Institute(Social Sciences),30(2):107—113(in Chinese).
闻学泽,黄圣睦,江在雄.1985.甘孜-玉树断裂带的新构造特征与地震危险性估计[J].地震地质,7(3):23—32.WEN Xue-ze,HUANG Sheng-mu,JIANG Zai-xiong.1985.Neotectonic features of the Ganzi-Yushu Fault zone and as-sessment of its earthquake risk[J].Seismology and Geology,7(3):23—32(in Chinese).
新华网.2010a.青海频道:新华画报(4月29日星期四)[EB/OL].http:∥www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2010-05/01/content_19676895.htm.Xinhua News Agency's Website.2010a.Qinghai Channel:Xinhua Pictorial(Thursday April29th)[EB/OL].http:∥www.qh.xinhuanet.com/2010-05/01/content_19676895.htm(in Chinese).
新华网.2010b.青海省人民政府新闻发布会:玉树地震已造成2698人遇难[EB/OL].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/society/2010-05/31/c_12163647.htm.Xinhua News Agency's Website.2010b.Qinghai Province People's Government News Conference:Yushu earthquake has caused2698deaths[EB/OL].http:∥news.xinhuanet.com/society/2010-05/31/c_12163647.htm(in Chi-nese).
叶建国.2010.玉树地震监测能力较弱[J].中国经济周刊,(15):25—26.YE Jian-guo.2010.Seismic monitoring capability in Yushu is weak[J].China Economic Weekly,(15):25—26(in Chinese).
伊森昌.2009.合理开发玉树水能资源促进藏区经济大发展[J].水利发展研究,(5):46—49.YIN Sen-chang.2009.Exploiting reasonably Yushu's water energy resources and promoting economic development in the Tibetan area[J].Water Resources Development Research,(5):46—49(in Chinese).
袁一凡.2008.四川汶川8.0级地震损失评估[J].地震工程与工程振动,28(5):10—19.YUAN Yi-fan.2008.Loss assessment of Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,28(5):10—19(in Chinese).
藏拉.2009.现代化进程中玉树藏区社会文化变迁研究:以结古镇为个案[D]:[学位论文].北京:中央民族大学.ZANG La.2009.Research on social culture changes in Yushu Tibetan area in process of modernization:Jiegu town case[D].Minzu University of China,Beijing(in Chinese).
中华人民共和国中央人民政府门户网.2010.地震后青海采取新举措应对流动人口安置管理问题[EB/OL].ht-tp:∥www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-04-27/content_1593603.htm.The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China's Website.2010.New initiatives taken by the gov-ernment of Qinghang Province for the management of floating population after the earthquake.[EB/OL].http:∥www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-04-27/content_1593603.htm(in Chinese).
中国地震台网中心.2010.青海省玉树县7.1级地震余震目录[DB/OL].http:∥www.csi.ac.cn/manage/html/4028861611c5c2ba0111c5c558b00001/_content/10_07/27/1280192801943.html.China Earthquake Networks Center.2010.Aftershocks of the MS7.1Yushu,Qinghai Province earthquake[DB/OL].ht-tp:∥www.csi.ac.cn/manage/html/4028861611c5c2ba0111c5c558b00001/_content/10_07/27/1280192801943.html(in Chinese).
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