微地震监测定位精度分析
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摘要
随着非常规致密砂岩气、页岩气藏的开采开发,压裂技术在储层改造中起着举足轻重的作用,而微地震监测技术是评价压裂施工效果的关键且即时的技术之一.根据微地震监测处理高精度地反演微震位置,从而预测压裂裂缝的发展趋势及区域,对压裂施工效果进行跟踪及评判,同时也为后期油气藏的开采和开发提供技术指导.定位精度直接影响地下裂缝的分布特征,错误或精度不高的定位结果,必将导致对裂缝趋势的误判.文章结合理论和数值模拟方法,对初至拾取精度的影响因素进行了分析,讨论初至误差对定位精度的影响.同时结合地层岩石物理特性、射孔资料对速度模型的校正、速度各向异性、地层倾角、多段压裂等因素,分析了这些因素对精细速度模型及定位精度的影响.最后结合定位方法本身所存在的局限,探讨反演方法及方位角对定位精度的影响.通过理论及数值模拟分析表明,初至误差、速度模型精度及定位方法对定位精度有着紧密关系,并将其归类为可控误差及系统误差,通过区别对待可控误差和系统误差,可最终为高精度微地震监测定位技术的研究及应用提供指导.
With the exploitation of the unconventional reservoirs such as tight sand and shale,fracturing technique plays an important role in the reservoir reconstruction.Through inverting the microseismic(MS) location effectively,it can forecast the development tendency of manmade fracture and becomes one of the key and immediate techniques to provide the evaluations for the post-fracture response,directions for the exploitation and designs for the re-fracturing.The key role of the MS monitoring is both inverting the location of the microfracture which triggers the MS signal and describing the geometry of the fracture system effectively,therefore,it is important to get a high precision location.The location precision directly affects the distribution of the manmade fracture,and the false or low precision location will result in the misjudgment of the fracture tendency.However,it is very difficult to get a high precision MS location because it is very sensitive to the first arrival,velocity,inversion algorithm and so on.This paper firstly discusses the first arrival influence on the location precision.Through the numerical simulation it can get that the first arrival has a strong effect on the location precision,and there exists a proximate proximatey linear relation between the first arrival error and the location error.The paper discusses the influences of rock property,the calibrated velocity,anisotropy velocity,the layer dip,multi-stage fracture on the velocity and location precision.Before the fracturing,the bulk and shear modulus can be considered to be constant.With the liquid and filling material injection,the density and the modulus increase and they may result in the change of velocity.The static velocity model may result in the location error because a static velocity is used in the location.In addition,a horizontal isotropy velocity is usually used in the location and may result in the location error because of dip and anisotropy in the real layer.Moreover,it is easy to ignore that a fixed velocity model is used in multi-stages fracture and may result in the location error.Finally,the paper analyses the location algorithm influence on the location error.The inversion is the universal location method,but the inappropriate option function and criteria which may result in the local extremum.Meanwhile,the azimuth also has a strong effect on the location precision.Through the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation,the first arrival error,velocity error and location algorithm have a tight relationship with the location precision.Some kinds of location errors are controllable,and some errors are systematic.Through differentiating the controllable and systematic errors,it can give some suggestions for the high precision processing flow research and the actual data processing.
With the exploitation of the unconventional reservoirs such as tight sand and shale,fracturing technique plays an important role in the reservoir reconstruction.Through inverting the microseismic(MS) location effectively,it can forecast the development tendency of manmade fracture and becomes one of the key and immediate techniques to provide the evaluations for the post-fracture response,directions for the exploitation and designs for the re-fracturing.The key role of the MS monitoring is both inverting the location of the microfracture which triggers the MS signal and describing the geometry of the fracture system effectively,therefore,it is important to get a high precision location.The location precision directly affects the distribution of the manmade fracture,and the false or low precision location will result in the misjudgment of the fracture tendency.However,it is very difficult to get a high precision MS location because it is very sensitive to the first arrival,velocity,inversion algorithm and so on.This paper firstly discusses the first arrival influence on the location precision.Through the numerical simulation it can get that the first arrival has a strong effect on the location precision,and there exists a proximate proximatey linear relation between the first arrival error and the location error.The paper discusses the influences of rock property,the calibrated velocity,anisotropy velocity,the layer dip,multi-stage fracture on the velocity and location precision.Before the fracturing,the bulk and shear modulus can be considered to be constant.With the liquid and filling material injection,the density and the modulus increase and they may result in the change of velocity.The static velocity model may result in the location error because a static velocity is used in the location.In addition,a horizontal isotropy velocity is usually used in the location and may result in the location error because of dip and anisotropy in the real layer.Moreover,it is easy to ignore that a fixed velocity model is used in multi-stages fracture and may result in the location error.Finally,the paper analyses the location algorithm influence on the location error.The inversion is the universal location method,but the inappropriate option function and criteria which may result in the local extremum.Meanwhile,the azimuth also has a strong effect on the location precision.Through the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation,the first arrival error,velocity error and location algorithm have a tight relationship with the location precision.Some kinds of location errors are controllable,and some errors are systematic.Through differentiating the controllable and systematic errors,it can give some suggestions for the high precision processing flow research and the actual data processing.
引文
[1]Zimmer U,Bland H,Du J.Accuracy of microseismic eventlocations recorded with single and distributed downhole sensorarrays[C].SEG Houston 2009International Exposition andAnnual Meeting,2009,1519-1524.
[2]Munro K A.Analysis of microseismic event picking withapplications to landslide and oil-field monitoring settings[M].A thesis submitted to the faculty of graduate studies in partialfulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master ofscience,2005.
[3]吴治涛,李仕雄.STA/LTA算法拾取微地震事件P波到时对比研究[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(5):1577-1582.Wu Z T,Li S X.Comparison of STA/LTA P-pickers forMicro seismic monitoring[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2010,25(5):1577-1582.
[4]Bose S,Valero H P,Liu Q,et al.An automatic procedure todetect microseismic events embedded in high noise[C].SEGHouston 2009International Exposition and Annual Meeting,2009:1537-1541.
[5]吴治涛,骆循,李世雄.联合小波变换与偏振分析自动拾取微地震P波到时[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):131-136.Wu Z T,Luo X,Li S X.United wavelet transform andpolarization analysis automatically identify micro seismic P-arrival[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2012,27(1):131-136.
[6]Allen R.Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from singletraces[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1978,68(5):1521–1531.
[7]Fu Q,Luo Y.Locating micro-seismic epicenters in commonarrival time domain[C].SEG Houston 2009InternationalExposition and Annual Meeting,2009,1647-1652.
[8]蔡明军,山秀明,徐彦,等.从误差观点综述分析地震定位方法[J].地震研究,2004,27(4):314-317.Cai M J,Shan X M,Xu Y,et al.Review of earthquake-locating methods from error[J].Journal of SeismologicalResearch(in Chinese),2004,27(4):314-317.
[9]Wilson S,Raymer D,Jones R.The effects of velocity structure onmicroseismic location estimates:a case study[C].SEGExpanded Abstracts,2003,22:1565-1568.
[10]Brown R L.H orizontal velocity measurements usingmicroearthquake data[C].SEG Houston 2009InternationalExposition and Annual Meeting,2009,1586-1591.
[11]张小红,李星星,郭斐,等.基于服务系统的实时精密单点定位技术及应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(6):1308-1314.Zhang X H,Li X X,Guo F,et al.Server-based real-timeprecise point positioning and its application[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(6):1308-1314.
[12]田玥,陈晓非.地震定位研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(1):147-155.Tian Y,Chen X F.Review of seismic location study[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,17(1):147-155.
[13]金星,张红才,李军,等.地震预警连续定位方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(3):925-936.Jin X,Zhang H C,Li J,et al.Research on continuouslocation method used in earthquake early warning system[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):925-936.
[14]杨文东,金星,李山有,等.地震定位研究及应用综述[J].地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(1):14-20.Yang W D,Jin X,Li S Y,et al.Study of seismic locationmethods[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration(in Chinese),2005,25(1):14-20.
[15]Bayuk I O.Why anisotropy is important for Location ofMicroearthquake Events in Shale[C].SEG Houston 2009International Exposition and Annual Meeting,2009:1632-1636.
[16]Bardainne T,Gaucher E,Cerda F,et al.Comparison ofpicking-based and waveform-based location methods ofmicroseismic events:Application to a fracturing job[C].SEG Houston 2009International Exposition and AnnualMeeting,2009:1547-1551.
[17]Leo E,Peter M D.Uncertainties in passive seismic monitoring[J].The Leading Edge,2009,28(6):648-655.
[18]李辉,戴旭初,葛洪魁,等.基于互信息量的地震信号检测和初至提取方法[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1190-1197.Li H,Dai X C,Ge H K,et al.Seismic signal detection andfirst arrival pickup based on mutual information[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4):1190-1197.
[19]王伟涛,倪四道,王宝善.中国中东部地震台站噪声互相关函数中面波前驱信号的分析研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(2):503-512.Wang W T,Ni S D,Wang B S.Studies on a persistentlocalized microseism source that produces precursors on noisecorrelation function observed using stations in central-easternChina[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(2):503-512.
[20]Bailey J R,Smith R J,Keith C M,et al.Passive seismic datamanagement and processing to monitor heavy oil steamingoperations[C].International Thermal Operations and HeavyOil Symposium,SPE/PS/CHOA,2008:339-348.
[21]Zimmer U,Maxwell S,Waltman C,et al.Microseismicmonitoring quality-control(QC)reports as an interpretativetool for nonspecialists[J].Annual Technical Conference andExhibition,Society of Petroleum Engineers,2007,14(4):737-745.
[22]Leonard M.Comparison of manual and automatic onset timepicking[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6):1384-1390.
[23]Bai C Y,Kennett B L N.Automatic phase-detection andidentification by full use of a single three-componentbroadband seismogram[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,2000,90(1):187-198.
[24]Cichowicz A.An automatic S-phase picker[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1993,83(1):180-189.
[25]Lomax A,Virieux J,Volant P,et al.Probabilistic earthquakelocation in 3D and layered models:Introduction of aMetropolis-Gibbs method and comparison with linearlocations[A].//Thurber C H,Rabinowitz N,eds.Advances in Seismic Event Location[C].Kluwer:Amsterdam,2000:101-134.
[26]Pei D H,Quirein J A,Cornish B E,et al.Velocity calibrationfor micro-seismic monitoring:A very fast simulated annealing(VFSA)approach for joint-objective optimization[J].Geophysics,2009,74(6):47-55.
[27]Bardainne T,Gaucher E.Non-linear calibration of complexvelocity models in microseismic jobs:Workshop on PassiveSeismic[C].EAGE,Extended abstract,2009,22-25.
[28]王辉,常旭.基于图形结构的三维射线追踪方法[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(4):534-541.Wang H,Chang X.3-D ray tracing method based on graphicstructure[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(4):534-541.
[29]张美根,程冰洁,李小凡,等.一种最短路径射线追踪的快速算法[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1467-1474.Zhang M G,Cheng B J,Li X F,et al.A fast algorithm ofshortest path ray tracing[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2006,49(5):1467-1474.
[30]赵爱华,张中杰.三维复杂介质中转换波走时快速计算[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(4):702-707.Zhao A H,Zhang Z J.Fast calculation of converted wavetravel times in 3-D complex media[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):702-707.
[31]张美根,贾豫葛,王妙月,等.界面二次源波前扩展法全局最小走时射线追踪技术[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1169-1175.Zhang M G,Jia Y G,Wang M Y,et al.A global minimumtravel time ray tracing algorithm of wavefront expanding withinterface points as secondary sources[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(4):1169-1175.
[32]Tarantola A,Valette B.Inverse problems:Quest for information[J].Journal of the Geophysics,1982,50:159-170.
[33]Stoffa P L,Sen M K.Nonlinear multi-parameter optimizationusing genetic algorithms:Inversion of plane-waveseismograms[J].Geophysics,1991,56(11):1794-1810.
[34]Chunduru R K,Sen M K,Stoffa P L.Hybrid optimizationmethods for geophysical inversion[J].Geophysics,1997,62(4):1196-1207.
[35]徐果明.反演理论及其应用[M].北京:地震出版社,2003.Xu G M.Inversion Theory and Applications(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2003.
[36]高尔根,徐果明,赵焱.一种任意界面的逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(1):54-60.Gao E G,Xu G M,Zhao Y.Segmentaly iterative ray tracingmethod for any interface[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),1998,33(1):54-60.
[37]万永革,李鸿吉.遗传算法在确定震源位置中的应用[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1995,16(6):1-7.Wan Y G,Li H J.The preliminary study on the seismichypocenter location using genetic algorithms[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(inChinese),1995,16(6):1-7.
[38]宋维琪,刘军,陈伟.改进射线追踪算法的微震源反演[J].物探与化探,2008,32(3):275-277.Song W Q,Liu J,Chen W.Micro-earthquake sourceinversion of an improved ray tracing algorithm[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration(in Chinese),2008,32(3):275-277.
[39]Bancroft J C,Wong J.Sensitivity measurements for locatingmicroseismic events using first arrival clock-times[C].SEGHouston 2009International Exposition and Annual Meeting,1557-1561.
[40]叶根喜,姜福兴,杨淑华.时窗能量特征法拾取微地震波初始到时的可行性研究[J].地球物理学进展,2008,51(5):1574-1581.Ye G X,Jiang F X,Yang S H.Possibility of automaticallypicking first arrival of microseismic wave by energyeigenvalue method[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1574-1581.
[2]Munro K A.Analysis of microseismic event picking withapplications to landslide and oil-field monitoring settings[M].A thesis submitted to the faculty of graduate studies in partialfulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master ofscience,2005.
[3]吴治涛,李仕雄.STA/LTA算法拾取微地震事件P波到时对比研究[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(5):1577-1582.Wu Z T,Li S X.Comparison of STA/LTA P-pickers forMicro seismic monitoring[J].Progress in Geophysics(inChinese),2010,25(5):1577-1582.
[4]Bose S,Valero H P,Liu Q,et al.An automatic procedure todetect microseismic events embedded in high noise[C].SEGHouston 2009International Exposition and Annual Meeting,2009:1537-1541.
[5]吴治涛,骆循,李世雄.联合小波变换与偏振分析自动拾取微地震P波到时[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):131-136.Wu Z T,Luo X,Li S X.United wavelet transform andpolarization analysis automatically identify micro seismic P-arrival[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2012,27(1):131-136.
[6]Allen R.Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from singletraces[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1978,68(5):1521–1531.
[7]Fu Q,Luo Y.Locating micro-seismic epicenters in commonarrival time domain[C].SEG Houston 2009InternationalExposition and Annual Meeting,2009,1647-1652.
[8]蔡明军,山秀明,徐彦,等.从误差观点综述分析地震定位方法[J].地震研究,2004,27(4):314-317.Cai M J,Shan X M,Xu Y,et al.Review of earthquake-locating methods from error[J].Journal of SeismologicalResearch(in Chinese),2004,27(4):314-317.
[9]Wilson S,Raymer D,Jones R.The effects of velocity structure onmicroseismic location estimates:a case study[C].SEGExpanded Abstracts,2003,22:1565-1568.
[10]Brown R L.H orizontal velocity measurements usingmicroearthquake data[C].SEG Houston 2009InternationalExposition and Annual Meeting,2009,1586-1591.
[11]张小红,李星星,郭斐,等.基于服务系统的实时精密单点定位技术及应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(6):1308-1314.Zhang X H,Li X X,Guo F,et al.Server-based real-timeprecise point positioning and its application[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(6):1308-1314.
[12]田玥,陈晓非.地震定位研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(1):147-155.Tian Y,Chen X F.Review of seismic location study[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,17(1):147-155.
[13]金星,张红才,李军,等.地震预警连续定位方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(3):925-936.Jin X,Zhang H C,Li J,et al.Research on continuouslocation method used in earthquake early warning system[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(3):925-936.
[14]杨文东,金星,李山有,等.地震定位研究及应用综述[J].地震工程与工程振动,2005,25(1):14-20.Yang W D,Jin X,Li S Y,et al.Study of seismic locationmethods[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration(in Chinese),2005,25(1):14-20.
[15]Bayuk I O.Why anisotropy is important for Location ofMicroearthquake Events in Shale[C].SEG Houston 2009International Exposition and Annual Meeting,2009:1632-1636.
[16]Bardainne T,Gaucher E,Cerda F,et al.Comparison ofpicking-based and waveform-based location methods ofmicroseismic events:Application to a fracturing job[C].SEG Houston 2009International Exposition and AnnualMeeting,2009:1547-1551.
[17]Leo E,Peter M D.Uncertainties in passive seismic monitoring[J].The Leading Edge,2009,28(6):648-655.
[18]李辉,戴旭初,葛洪魁,等.基于互信息量的地震信号检测和初至提取方法[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(4):1190-1197.Li H,Dai X C,Ge H K,et al.Seismic signal detection andfirst arrival pickup based on mutual information[J].ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4):1190-1197.
[19]王伟涛,倪四道,王宝善.中国中东部地震台站噪声互相关函数中面波前驱信号的分析研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(2):503-512.Wang W T,Ni S D,Wang B S.Studies on a persistentlocalized microseism source that produces precursors on noisecorrelation function observed using stations in central-easternChina[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(2):503-512.
[20]Bailey J R,Smith R J,Keith C M,et al.Passive seismic datamanagement and processing to monitor heavy oil steamingoperations[C].International Thermal Operations and HeavyOil Symposium,SPE/PS/CHOA,2008:339-348.
[21]Zimmer U,Maxwell S,Waltman C,et al.Microseismicmonitoring quality-control(QC)reports as an interpretativetool for nonspecialists[J].Annual Technical Conference andExhibition,Society of Petroleum Engineers,2007,14(4):737-745.
[22]Leonard M.Comparison of manual and automatic onset timepicking[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(6):1384-1390.
[23]Bai C Y,Kennett B L N.Automatic phase-detection andidentification by full use of a single three-componentbroadband seismogram[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,2000,90(1):187-198.
[24]Cichowicz A.An automatic S-phase picker[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1993,83(1):180-189.
[25]Lomax A,Virieux J,Volant P,et al.Probabilistic earthquakelocation in 3D and layered models:Introduction of aMetropolis-Gibbs method and comparison with linearlocations[A].//Thurber C H,Rabinowitz N,eds.Advances in Seismic Event Location[C].Kluwer:Amsterdam,2000:101-134.
[26]Pei D H,Quirein J A,Cornish B E,et al.Velocity calibrationfor micro-seismic monitoring:A very fast simulated annealing(VFSA)approach for joint-objective optimization[J].Geophysics,2009,74(6):47-55.
[27]Bardainne T,Gaucher E.Non-linear calibration of complexvelocity models in microseismic jobs:Workshop on PassiveSeismic[C].EAGE,Extended abstract,2009,22-25.
[28]王辉,常旭.基于图形结构的三维射线追踪方法[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(4):534-541.Wang H,Chang X.3-D ray tracing method based on graphicstructure[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2000,43(4):534-541.
[29]张美根,程冰洁,李小凡,等.一种最短路径射线追踪的快速算法[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1467-1474.Zhang M G,Cheng B J,Li X F,et al.A fast algorithm ofshortest path ray tracing[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2006,49(5):1467-1474.
[30]赵爱华,张中杰.三维复杂介质中转换波走时快速计算[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(4):702-707.Zhao A H,Zhang Z J.Fast calculation of converted wavetravel times in 3-D complex media[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(4):702-707.
[31]张美根,贾豫葛,王妙月,等.界面二次源波前扩展法全局最小走时射线追踪技术[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(4):1169-1175.Zhang M G,Jia Y G,Wang M Y,et al.A global minimumtravel time ray tracing algorithm of wavefront expanding withinterface points as secondary sources[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(4):1169-1175.
[32]Tarantola A,Valette B.Inverse problems:Quest for information[J].Journal of the Geophysics,1982,50:159-170.
[33]Stoffa P L,Sen M K.Nonlinear multi-parameter optimizationusing genetic algorithms:Inversion of plane-waveseismograms[J].Geophysics,1991,56(11):1794-1810.
[34]Chunduru R K,Sen M K,Stoffa P L.Hybrid optimizationmethods for geophysical inversion[J].Geophysics,1997,62(4):1196-1207.
[35]徐果明.反演理论及其应用[M].北京:地震出版社,2003.Xu G M.Inversion Theory and Applications(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2003.
[36]高尔根,徐果明,赵焱.一种任意界面的逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(1):54-60.Gao E G,Xu G M,Zhao Y.Segmentaly iterative ray tracingmethod for any interface[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),1998,33(1):54-60.
[37]万永革,李鸿吉.遗传算法在确定震源位置中的应用[J].地震地磁观测与研究,1995,16(6):1-7.Wan Y G,Li H J.The preliminary study on the seismichypocenter location using genetic algorithms[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(inChinese),1995,16(6):1-7.
[38]宋维琪,刘军,陈伟.改进射线追踪算法的微震源反演[J].物探与化探,2008,32(3):275-277.Song W Q,Liu J,Chen W.Micro-earthquake sourceinversion of an improved ray tracing algorithm[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration(in Chinese),2008,32(3):275-277.
[39]Bancroft J C,Wong J.Sensitivity measurements for locatingmicroseismic events using first arrival clock-times[C].SEGHouston 2009International Exposition and Annual Meeting,1557-1561.
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