芦山地震(M_S7.0)前甲烷释放与大气增温异常
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摘要
汶川地震(MS8.0)后甲烷等流体在地震中所起的作用引起国内外学者广泛关注,但是目前的观测研究中所用的数据多来源于地面或地下基站,站点分布零散,维护困难,难以开展大范围的实时监测。文中利用美国Aqua卫星红外探测器(AIRS)反演出的甲烷浓度数据,研究了芦山MS7.0级地震前龙门山地区甲烷浓度的变化与震前大气增温异常的关系。研究表明,该探测器可以观测到震前地下甲烷的释放,为地震前兆监测提供新途径;芦山地震前甲烷释放受断裂带控制明显,主要集中于龙门山断裂、荥经—马边断裂和金坪断裂及其周边;震前大气增温异常与甲烷释放关系密切。最后探讨了地下甲烷等流体的释放机理,认为甲烷等流体的释放与地震前上地壳岩石中裂隙的发育和扩展有直接关系。
The effects of methane and other fluid on earthquake have widely attracted attention of the world after the Wenchuan earthquake(MS8.0).Since most of the data used in observation and research were derived from surface or subsurface stations which are distributed scatteringly and are costly to be maintained,it is difficult to develop real-time monitoring in a large area.We studied the relationship between the variation of methane concentration and the abnormal temperature increasing of the atmosphere before the Lushan earthquake(MS7.0)in the Longmenshan area,by using the methane concentration data extracted from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)on NASA's Aqua satellite.The results show that we could find the emission of subsurface methane before earthquake from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder,which provides a new way to monitor the seismic precursor.Moreover,this research shows that the methane emission was closely related to the abnormal temperature increasing of the atmosphere before the earthquake.The methane emission anomalies were controlled by active fractures significantly.They mainly concentrated along the Longmenshan fracture zone,Xianshuihe fault,and Rongjing-Mabian fault.Finally,we discussed the mechanism of emission of methane and other fluid.It is considered that the emission of these fluids was attributed to the fracturing and fracture propagation in the upper crust in the pre-earthquake stage.
The effects of methane and other fluid on earthquake have widely attracted attention of the world after the Wenchuan earthquake(MS8.0).Since most of the data used in observation and research were derived from surface or subsurface stations which are distributed scatteringly and are costly to be maintained,it is difficult to develop real-time monitoring in a large area.We studied the relationship between the variation of methane concentration and the abnormal temperature increasing of the atmosphere before the Lushan earthquake(MS7.0)in the Longmenshan area,by using the methane concentration data extracted from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)on NASA's Aqua satellite.The results show that we could find the emission of subsurface methane before earthquake from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder,which provides a new way to monitor the seismic precursor.Moreover,this research shows that the methane emission was closely related to the abnormal temperature increasing of the atmosphere before the earthquake.The methane emission anomalies were controlled by active fractures significantly.They mainly concentrated along the Longmenshan fracture zone,Xianshuihe fault,and Rongjing-Mabian fault.Finally,we discussed the mechanism of emission of methane and other fluid.It is considered that the emission of these fluids was attributed to the fracturing and fracture propagation in the upper crust in the pre-earthquake stage.
引文
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[15]刘舒波,唐力君,孙青,等.汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程2号孔350~800m井段的钻探泥浆气体组分变化[J].物探与化探,2012(1):48-53.
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[20]张元生,郭晓,钟美娇,等.汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化[J].科学通报,2010(10):900-906.
[21]张培震,闻学泽,徐锡伟,等.2008年汶川8.0级特大地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模式[J].科学通报,2009(7):944-953.
[22]王绪本,朱迎堂,赵锡奎,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山逆冲构造深部电性结构特征[J].地球物理学报,2009(2):564-571.
[23]周永胜,何昌荣.汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):474-484.
[24]朱永峰.地幔流体与地球的放气作用[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):74-78.
[25]曾佐勋,王杰.芦山地震:一个成功的中期预测案例[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):21-24.
[26]Xiong X,Barnet C,Maddy E,et al.Characterization and validation of methane products from the atmospheric infrared sounder(airs)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(G3):GOOAO1.doi:10.1029/2007JG000500.
[27]张兴赢,白文广,张鹏,等.卫星遥感中国对流层中高层大气甲烷的时空分布特征[J].科学通报,2011,56(33):2804-2811.
[28]Xiong X,Barnet C D,Zhuang Q,et al.Mid-upper tropospheric methane in the high northern hemisphere:Spaceborne observations by airs,aircraft measurements,and model simulations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(D19):D19309.
[29]张莹,陈良富,陶金花,等.利用卫星红外高光谱资料反演大气甲烷浓度垂直廓线[J].遥感学报,2012(2):232-247.
[30]杨巍然,曾佐勋,李德威,等.板内地震过程的三层次构造模式[J].地学前缘,2009,16(1):206-217.
[31]张荣华,张雪彤,胡书敏,等.中地壳的水-岩作用对相关的地球物理性质影响[J].岩石学报,2007(11):2943-2954.
[32]滕吉文,张永谦,闫雅芬.强烈地震震源破裂和深层过程与地震短临预测探索[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):428-443.
[33]牛志仁.构造地震的前兆理论:震源孕育的膨胀-蠕动模式[J].地球物理学报,1978(3):199-212.
[2]Kawagucci S,Yoshida Y T,Noguchi T,et al.Disturbance of deep-sea environments induced by the MS9.0 Tohoku earthquake[J].Scientific Reports,2012(2):270.
[3]Radziminovich Y B,Shchetnikov A A,Vologina E G.The surge-like eruption of a miniature filament[J].Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics,2012(3):300-312.
[4]Kuo T,Cheng W,Lin C,et al.Simultaneous declines in radon and methane precursory to 2008 MW 5.0Antung earthquake:Corroboration of in-situ volatilization[J].Natural Hazards,2010,54(2):367-372.
[5]Brauer K,Kampf H,Faber E,et al.Seismically triggered microbial methane production relating to the Vogtland-NW Bohemia earthquake swarm period 2000,central Europe[J].Geochemical Journal,2005,39(5):441-450.
[6]Goryainov I N,Gramberg I S,Smekalov A S,et al.Possible dependence of the global increase in methane concentration in the troposphere on the number of small earthquakes[J].Russian Geology and Geophysics,2000,41(8):1187-1194.
[7]高小其,李新勇,许秋龙,等.乌鲁木齐10号泉地下水中溶解气甲烷的映震特征[J].华南地震,2001(1):14-18.
[8]Voytov G I,Starobinets I S,Usmanov R I.Methane flux density into troposphere in oil-and gas-bearing regions:Case of the Amudarya basin,Doklady[J].Earth Science Sections,1990,313(4):91-94.
[9]Li Y,Du J,Wang F,et al.Geochemical characteristics of soil gas in the Yanhuai basin,northern China[J].Earthquake Science,2009,22(1):93-100.
[10]崔月菊,杜建国,陈志,等.2010年玉树MS7.1地震前后大气物理化学遥感信息[J].地球科学进展,2011(7):787-794.
[11]Faber E,Gerling P,Dumke I.Gaseous hydrocarbons of unknown origin found while drilling[J].Organic Geochemistry,1988,13(4/5/6):875-879.
[12]Moller P,Weise S M,Althaus E,et al.Paleofluids and Recent fluids in the upper continental crust:Results from the German Continental Deep Drilling Program(KTB)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets,1997,102(B8):18233-18254.
[13]罗立强,孙青,詹秀春.中国大陆科学钻探主孔0~2 000m流体剖面及流体地球化学研究[J].岩石学报,2004(1):185-191.
[14]李圣强,孙青,罗立强,等.中国大陆科学钻探主孔0~2 000m流体地球化学异常与地震的关系[J].岩石学报,2006(7):2095-2102.
[15]刘舒波,唐力君,孙青,等.汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程2号孔350~800m井段的钻探泥浆气体组分变化[J].物探与化探,2012(1):48-53.
[16]强祖基,孔令昌,郭满红,等.卫星热红外增温机制的实验研究[J].地震学报,1997(2):87-91.
[17]Pulinets S,Ouzounov D.Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling(laic)model:A unified concept for earthquake precursors validation[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,41(4/5):371-382.
[18]徐秀登,强祖基,赁常恭.非增温背景下的热红外异常兼机制讨论[J].科学通报,1991(11):841-844.
[19]强祖基,孔令昌,王弋平,等.地球放气、热红外异常与地震活动[J].科学通报,1992(24):2259-2262.
[20]张元生,郭晓,钟美娇,等.汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化[J].科学通报,2010(10):900-906.
[21]张培震,闻学泽,徐锡伟,等.2008年汶川8.0级特大地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模式[J].科学通报,2009(7):944-953.
[22]王绪本,朱迎堂,赵锡奎,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山逆冲构造深部电性结构特征[J].地球物理学报,2009(2):564-571.
[23]周永胜,何昌荣.汶川地震区的流变结构与发震高角度逆断层滑动的力学条件[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):474-484.
[24]朱永峰.地幔流体与地球的放气作用[J].地学前缘,1998,5(增刊):74-78.
[25]曾佐勋,王杰.芦山地震:一个成功的中期预测案例[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):21-24.
[26]Xiong X,Barnet C,Maddy E,et al.Characterization and validation of methane products from the atmospheric infrared sounder(airs)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(G3):GOOAO1.doi:10.1029/2007JG000500.
[27]张兴赢,白文广,张鹏,等.卫星遥感中国对流层中高层大气甲烷的时空分布特征[J].科学通报,2011,56(33):2804-2811.
[28]Xiong X,Barnet C D,Zhuang Q,et al.Mid-upper tropospheric methane in the high northern hemisphere:Spaceborne observations by airs,aircraft measurements,and model simulations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115(D19):D19309.
[29]张莹,陈良富,陶金花,等.利用卫星红外高光谱资料反演大气甲烷浓度垂直廓线[J].遥感学报,2012(2):232-247.
[30]杨巍然,曾佐勋,李德威,等.板内地震过程的三层次构造模式[J].地学前缘,2009,16(1):206-217.
[31]张荣华,张雪彤,胡书敏,等.中地壳的水-岩作用对相关的地球物理性质影响[J].岩石学报,2007(11):2943-2954.
[32]滕吉文,张永谦,闫雅芬.强烈地震震源破裂和深层过程与地震短临预测探索[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):428-443.
[33]牛志仁.构造地震的前兆理论:震源孕育的膨胀-蠕动模式[J].地球物理学报,1978(3):199-212.
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