地震地面运动数值模拟中的土层增幅和波的多重干涉效应
摘要
阐述了在研究复杂地震灾害问题时不均匀介质中土层增幅率和地震波多重干涉效应对于用数值模拟方法研究地震地面运动的影响.在数值模拟中,首先分析了区域地质构造,使用了由地表微动矩阵观测结果而得来的高精度地震波速度结构.又运用地表浅层40m深的钻孔岩(土)芯结构的地质和地震波速度资料,进一步分析了浅地表土层对于地震波地面运动增幅率分布的影响.揭示了重灾区地表土层对地面运动增幅率的非线形关系特征.在地质结构特征分析基础上,用数值模拟方法计算了日本神户地震灾区地面运动SH波分量加速度波形.波动方程数值模拟解法中使用了错格实数傅里叶微分算子的拟Fourier谱微分法.地面运动数值模拟结果表明地表土层的增幅率和地下速度结构特征对地面加速度波形及其最大振幅分布有很大影响.由数值模拟地面运动结果与该区的1995年日本神户地震建筑物倒塌率关系的分析可知,模拟所得地面加速度波形最大振幅与建筑物倒塌率的分布极为一致.远离地震断层的建筑物的两重峰值倒塌率也和加速度的峰值吻合.利用模拟的瞬间地震波不均匀多层介质中空间传播快拍图像分析了两重地面运动峰值与地质构造的关系.结果表明两重峰值的地面运动可能是由基岩表面传入沉积层表层的次生面波和沉积层中体波干涉形成了第1次地面运动峰?
引文
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3ZhaoZX,XuJR,HoriuchiH.Differentiationoperationinthewaveequationforthepseudospectralmethodwithastaggeredmesh.EarthPlanetsSpace,2001,53:327~332
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6ZhaoZX,KubotaR,SuzukiF,etal.CrustalstructureintheSouthernKanto-Tokairegionderivedfromtomographicmethodforseismicexplosionsurvey.JournalofPhysicsoftheEarth,1997,45:433~453
7HolzerTL,YoudTL,HanksTC.Dynamicsofliqueficationduring1987SuperstitionHills,Californiaearthquake.Science,1989,244:56~59
8KawaseH.ThecauseofthedamagebeltinKobe:"Thebasin-edgeeffect,"ConstructiveinterferenceofthedirectS-wavewiththebasin-induceddiffracted/Rayleighwaves.SeismologicalResearchLetters,1996,67:25~34
9赵志新,徐纪人,堀内茂木.错格实数富里叶微分算子及其在非均匀介质波动传播研究中的应用.地球物理学报,2003,46:234~240
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12FujiwaraH,TakenakaH.CalculationofsurfacewavesforathinbasinstructureusingadirectboundaryelementmethodwithnormalmodesGeophys.JInt,1994,117:69~91
13HaoX,SeoK,SamanoT.Lowdamageanomalyofthe1976Tangshanearthquake:Ananalysisbasedontheexplosiongroundmotions.BullSeismSocAm,1994.84:1081~1027
14KosloffD,ReshefM.LoewenthalD.ElasticwavecalculationsbytheFouriermethod.BulletinoftheSeismologicalSocietyofAmerica,1984,74:875~891
15吉川澄夫,伊藤秀美.1995?1995年兵庫県南部地震の概要.月刊地球?号外,1995,13:30~38
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23ZhaoZX,XuJR,HoriuchiS.StaggeredgridrealvalueFFTdifferentiationoperatoranditsapplicationforwavepropagationsimulationinheterogeneousmedium.ChineseJournalofGeophysics,2003,46:324~333
24胡聿贤.地震工程学.北京:地震出版社,1988.150~173
25ReshefM,KosloffD,EdwardsM,etal.Three-dimensionalelasticmodelingbytheFouriermethod.Geophysics,1988,53:1184~1193
26FurumuraT,KennettBLN.TakenakaH.Parallel3-Dpseudospectralsimulationofseismicwavepropagation.Geophysics,1998,63:279~288
27WangY,TakenakaH,FurumuraT.Modellingseismicwavepropagationina2-Dcylindricalwholeearthmodelusingthepseudospectralmethod.GeophysJInt,2001,145:689~708
28赵志新,徐纪人,杨文采,等.中国大陆科学钻探孔区反射地震剖面的数值模拟与分析.岩石学报,2003,20:127~136
29ZhaoZX,XuJR.Basinstructureandthesimulationsformechanismofseismicdisaster.ActaGeologicaSinica,2004,78:954~959
30KuboT.Earthquake-resistingtechnologiesforbuildingstructures,evaluationofseismicresistingcapacityofexistingbuildingsbrick-wallbuildingsinShanghai,China.In:WG-1Earthquake-resistingTechnologiesforBuildingStructures,3rdEQTAPWorkshop,Nov28-30,2000.ManilaPhilippines.OrganizationCommitteeforthe3rdEQTAPWorkshop,2000.67~74
31CerjanC,KosloffD,KoskoffR,etal.Anonreflectingboundaryconditionfordiscreteacousticandelasticwaveequations.Geophysics,1985,50:705~708
32古村孝志,竹中博士.端に不连续を持つ??-?のためのFourier微分法--对称法.物理探查,1992,45:303~309
33BoatwrightK.Correlationofgroundmotionandtheintensityforthe17January,1994Northridge,CaliforniaEarthquake.BSSA,2001,91:739~752
2GravesRW.ThreedimensionalfinitedifferencemodelingoftheSanAndreasfault:Sourceparameterizationandgroundmotionlevels.BullSeismSocAm,1998,88:881~897
3ZhaoZX,XuJR,HoriuchiH.Differentiationoperationinthewaveequationforthepseudospectralmethodwithastaggeredmesh.EarthPlanetsSpace,2001,53:327~332
4SomervillePG,SmithNF,GravesRW.Modificationofempiricalstronggroundmotionattenuationrelationstoincludetheamplitudeanddurationeffectsofrupturedirectivity.SeismologicalResearchLitters,1997,68:199~222
5IwataT,HatayamaK,KawaseH,etal.Siteamplificationofgroundmotionsduringaftershocksofthe1995Hyogo-kenNanbuearthquakeinseverelydamagedzone--arrayobservationofgroundmotionsinHigashinadaward,Kobecity,Japan.JPhysEarth,1996,44:553~561
6ZhaoZX,KubotaR,SuzukiF,etal.CrustalstructureintheSouthernKanto-Tokairegionderivedfromtomographicmethodforseismicexplosionsurvey.JournalofPhysicsoftheEarth,1997,45:433~453
7HolzerTL,YoudTL,HanksTC.Dynamicsofliqueficationduring1987SuperstitionHills,Californiaearthquake.Science,1989,244:56~59
8KawaseH.ThecauseofthedamagebeltinKobe:"Thebasin-edgeeffect,"ConstructiveinterferenceofthedirectS-wavewiththebasin-induceddiffracted/Rayleighwaves.SeismologicalResearchLetters,1996,67:25~34
9赵志新,徐纪人,堀内茂木.错格实数富里叶微分算子及其在非均匀介质波动传播研究中的应用.地球物理学报,2003,46:234~240
10入倉孝次郎.兵庫県南部地震の震源断層?強震動と被害特徴.物理探査,1995,48:463~489
11FukushimaY,TanakaT.AnewattenuationrelationforpeakhorizontalaccelerationofstrongearthquakegroundmotioninJapan.BullSeismSocAm,1990,80:757~783
12FujiwaraH,TakenakaH.CalculationofsurfacewavesforathinbasinstructureusingadirectboundaryelementmethodwithnormalmodesGeophys.JInt,1994,117:69~91
13HaoX,SeoK,SamanoT.Lowdamageanomalyofthe1976Tangshanearthquake:Ananalysisbasedontheexplosiongroundmotions.BullSeismSocAm,1994.84:1081~1027
14KosloffD,ReshefM.LoewenthalD.ElasticwavecalculationsbytheFouriermethod.BulletinoftheSeismologicalSocietyofAmerica,1984,74:875~891
15吉川澄夫,伊藤秀美.1995?1995年兵庫県南部地震の概要.月刊地球?号外,1995,13:30~38
16SekiguchiH,IrikuraK,IwataT,etal.MinutelocatingoffaultingbeneathKobeandthewaveforminversionofthesourceprocessduringthe1995Hyogo-kenNanbu,Japan,earthquakeusingstronggroundmotionrecords.JPhysEarth,1996.44:473~487
17PitrakaA,IrikuraK,IwataT.Three-dimensionalsimulationofthenear-faultgroundmotionforthe1995Hyogo-kenNanbu(Kobe),Japan,earthquake.BullSeismSocAm,1998,88:428~440
18川瀬博,松島信一,GravesRW,等.1998'????効果'に着目した単純二次元盆地構造の三次元波動場解析--兵庫県南部地震の際の震災帯の成因.地震,1998,50:431~449
19赵志新,徐纪人,久保田隆二,等.1995年日本神户地震建筑物倒塌与S波和盆地边缘次生面波干涉的研究.科学通报,2004,49(24):2566~2571
20石川浩次, 溝口昭二, 大鹿明文. 兵庫県南部地震の神戸の地盤と被害状況調査. 応用地質,1995,36(1):62~80
21AkiK.Localsiteeffectsonweakandstronggroundmotion.Tectonophysics,1993,218:93~111
22赵志新,久保田.やや深い地下构造の变化による强震动分布--兵库县南部地震による被害分布との比较.物理探查学会第97回学术讲演论文集,1997,2:71~74
23ZhaoZX,XuJR,HoriuchiS.StaggeredgridrealvalueFFTdifferentiationoperatoranditsapplicationforwavepropagationsimulationinheterogeneousmedium.ChineseJournalofGeophysics,2003,46:324~333
24胡聿贤.地震工程学.北京:地震出版社,1988.150~173
25ReshefM,KosloffD,EdwardsM,etal.Three-dimensionalelasticmodelingbytheFouriermethod.Geophysics,1988,53:1184~1193
26FurumuraT,KennettBLN.TakenakaH.Parallel3-Dpseudospectralsimulationofseismicwavepropagation.Geophysics,1998,63:279~288
27WangY,TakenakaH,FurumuraT.Modellingseismicwavepropagationina2-Dcylindricalwholeearthmodelusingthepseudospectralmethod.GeophysJInt,2001,145:689~708
28赵志新,徐纪人,杨文采,等.中国大陆科学钻探孔区反射地震剖面的数值模拟与分析.岩石学报,2003,20:127~136
29ZhaoZX,XuJR.Basinstructureandthesimulationsformechanismofseismicdisaster.ActaGeologicaSinica,2004,78:954~959
30KuboT.Earthquake-resistingtechnologiesforbuildingstructures,evaluationofseismicresistingcapacityofexistingbuildingsbrick-wallbuildingsinShanghai,China.In:WG-1Earthquake-resistingTechnologiesforBuildingStructures,3rdEQTAPWorkshop,Nov28-30,2000.ManilaPhilippines.OrganizationCommitteeforthe3rdEQTAPWorkshop,2000.67~74
31CerjanC,KosloffD,KoskoffR,etal.Anonreflectingboundaryconditionfordiscreteacousticandelasticwaveequations.Geophysics,1985,50:705~708
32古村孝志,竹中博士.端に不连续を持つ??-?のためのFourier微分法--对称法.物理探查,1992,45:303~309
33BoatwrightK.Correlationofgroundmotionandtheintensityforthe17January,1994Northridge,CaliforniaEarthquake.BSSA,2001,91:739~752
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