地震照明分析及其在地震采集设计中的应用
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摘要
地震照明分析是在给定地下背景结构的情况下用模拟方法研究采集系统对地下结构的探测能力.对目标照明的影响主要来自观测系统的设置,上覆地质结构的复杂性以及目标倾角等三项因素.我们将上述因素的影响统一纳入到对照明的定量计算中.本文阐述了关于地震照明的一系列基本概念,并基于波动理论给出对不同类型照明的计算方法.首先将入射和散射波分解到局部角度域并导出局部照明矩阵,它包括了在目标附近所有可能的入射和散射方向对照明的贡献.从照明矩阵出发,研究入射和反射波在角度域中与反射面的相互作用,并由此获得对地下结构的不同照明描述.作为例子,具体给出了对局部照明矩阵,空间体照明,反射面定向照明,反射面照明角度覆盖,以及对反射面可视性的计算方法,并给出了相应的数值计算结果.最后,讨论了照明分析方法在地震采集设计中的一些可能应用.
Given the subsurface background velocity,seismic illumination analysis simulates the detecting capability of a specific acquisition system to subsurface targets.Based on the wave theory,we present the basic concept and detailed algorithms for illumination analysis.To quantify the problem,all major factors affecting the illumination,i.e.,acquisition geometry,overburden structure,and the target dipping angle,are included into consideration.We start from decomposing both incident and scattering waves into local angle domain and formulating the local illumination matrix,which is composed of illumination contributions from all possible incidence/scattering directions at the target location.Based on the illumination matrix,we investigate interactions between incident/scattering waves and the target in local angle domain,and derive illuminations for various purposes,including the volumetric illumination,target oriented illumination,target illumination angle coverage,and the visibility calculation.A group of numerical examples are presented to demonstrate how illuminations are actually calculated along with their wide applications.Finally,the application of illumination analysis in seismic survey design is discussed.
Given the subsurface background velocity,seismic illumination analysis simulates the detecting capability of a specific acquisition system to subsurface targets.Based on the wave theory,we present the basic concept and detailed algorithms for illumination analysis.To quantify the problem,all major factors affecting the illumination,i.e.,acquisition geometry,overburden structure,and the target dipping angle,are included into consideration.We start from decomposing both incident and scattering waves into local angle domain and formulating the local illumination matrix,which is composed of illumination contributions from all possible incidence/scattering directions at the target location.Based on the illumination matrix,we investigate interactions between incident/scattering waves and the target in local angle domain,and derive illuminations for various purposes,including the volumetric illumination,target oriented illumination,target illumination angle coverage,and the visibility calculation.A group of numerical examples are presented to demonstrate how illuminations are actually calculated along with their wide applications.Finally,the application of illumination analysis in seismic survey design is discussed.
引文
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[2]Muerdter D,Ratcliff D.Understanding subsalt illuminationthrough ray-trace modeling,Part 1:Simple 2-D salt models.The Leading Edge,2001,20(6):578-594.
[3]Muerdter D,Ratcliff D.Understanding subsalt illuminationthrough ray-trace modeling,Part 3:Salt ridges and furrows,and the impact of acquisition orientation.The Leading Edge,2001,20(8):803-816.
[4]Muerdter D,Kelly M,Ratcliff D.Understanding subsaltillumination through ray-trace modeling,Part 2:Dipping saltbodies,salt peaks,and nonreciprocity of subsalt amplituderesponse.The Leading Edge,2001,20(7):688-697.
[5]Gelius L J,Lecomte I,Tabti H.Analysis of the resolutionfunction in seismic prestack depth imaging.GeophysicalProspecting,2002,50(5):505-515.
[6]Lecomte I,Gjystdal H,Drottning.Simulated prestacklocal imaging:a robust and efficient interpretation tool tocontrol illumination,resolution,and time-lapse properties ofreservoirs.73rd Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2003,1525-1528.
[7]Hoffmann J.Illumination,resolution,and image quality ofPP-and PS-waves for survey planning.The Leading Edge,2001,20(9):1008-1014.
[8]Wu R S,Chen L.Mapping directional illumination andacquisition-aperture efficacy by beamlet propagators.72ndAnnual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002,1352-1355.
[9]Xie X B,Jin S,Wu R S.Three-dimensional illuminationanalysis using wave equation based propagator.73rd AnnualInternational Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2003,989-992.
[10]Xie X B,Jin S,Wu R S.Wave equation based illuminationanalysis.74th Annual International Meeting,SEG,ExpandedAbstracts,2004,933-936.
[11]Xie X B,Jin S W,Wu R S.Wave-equation-based seismicillumination analysis.Geophysics,2006,71(5):S169-S177.
[12]Wu R S,Chen L,Xie X B.Directional illumination andacquisition dip-response.65th Conference and TechnicalExhibition,EAGE,Expanded abstracts,2003,P147.
[13]Luo M Q,Cao J,Xie X B,et al.Comparison of illuminationanalyses using one-way and full-wave propagators.74thAnnual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2004,67-70.
[14]孙伟家,符力耘,碗学检.基于相位编码的地震照明度分析.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(5):539-543.Sun W J,Fu L G,Wan X J.Phase encoding-based seismicillumination analysis.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2007,42(5):539-543.
[15]张辉,王成祥,张剑锋.基于单程波方程的角度域照明分析.地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1606-1614.Zhang H,Wang C X,Zhang J F.One-way wave equationbased illumination analysis in angle domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(6):1606-1614.
[16]Mao J,Wu R S,Gao J H.Directional illumination analysisusing the local exponential frame.Geophysics,2010,75(4):S163-S174.
[17]Xie X B,Yang H.A full-wave equation based seismicillumination analysis method.70th Conference&TechnicalExhibition,EAGE,Expanded Abstracts,2008,P284.
[18]Yang H,Xie X B,Luo M Q,et al.Target oriented full-waveequation based illumination analysis.78th Annual InternationalMeeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2008,2216-2220.
[19]裴正林.波动方程地震定向照明分析.石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(6):645-651.Pei Z L.Analysis on wave equation seismic directionalillumination.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2008,43(6):645-651.
[20]Cao J,Wu R S.Full-wave directional illumination analysis inthe frequency domain.Geophysics,2009,74(4):S85-S93.
[21]Xie X B,Wu R S,Fehler M,et al.Seismic resolution andillumination:A wave-equation-based analysis.75th AnnualInternational Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2005,1862-1865.
[22]Wu R S,Xie X B,Fehler M,et al.Resolution analysis ofseismic imaging.68th Conference&Technical Exhibition,EAGE,Expanded Abstracts,2006,GO48.
[23]Jin S W,Luo M Q,Xu S Y,et al,et al.Illuminationamplitude correction with beamlet migration.The LeadingEdge,2006,25(9):1046-1050.
[24]李万万.基于波动方程正演的地震观测系统设计.石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(2):134-141.Li W W.Design of seismic geometry based on wave equationforward simulation.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2008,43(2):134-141.
[25]Li P M,Dong L G.Optimal seismic survey design based onseismic wave illumination.68th Conference&TechnicalExhibition,EAGE,Expanded Abstracts,2006,F029.
[26]Jin S,Xu S.Seismic visibility analysis and its applications todata acquisition and prestack migration.71st EAGE AnnualConference,Extended Abstract,2009,S015.
[27]Jin S W,Xu S Y.Visibility analysis for target-orientedreverse time migration and optimizing acquisition parameters.The Leading Edge,2010,29:1373-1377.
[28]Menyoli E,Jin S W,Xu S Y,et al.Visibility analysis foroptimal imaging of target areas and its application to a Gulf ofMexico deep-water data set.Geophysics,2011,76(5):WB119-WB126.
[29]朱金平,董良国,程玖兵.基于地震照明、面向勘探目标的三维观测系统优化设计.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(3):339-348.Zhu J P,Dong L G,Cheng J B.Target-oriented 3Dseismicoptimal geometry design based on seismic illumination.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(3):339-348.
[30]Zheng Y C,Lay T,Flanagan M P,et al.Pervasive seismicwave reflectivity and metasomatism of the Tonga mantlewedge.Science,2007,316(5826):855-859.
[31]Jin S W,Walraven D.Wave equation GSP prestack depthmigration and illumination.The Leading Edge,2003,22(7):606-610.
[32]单联瑜,刘洪,匡斌等.基于胜利典型地质模型的波动方程地震波照明分析研究.石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(1):1-6.Shan L Y,Liu H,Kuang B,et al.Analysis on seismic waveillumination of wave equation based on Shengli typicalgeologic model.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),44(1):1-6.
[33]温书亮,尹成,李绪宣等.地震照明分析技术在深海地震数据采集设计中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(4):506-512.Wen S L,Yin C,Li X X,et al.Seismic illumination methodand its application in seismic geometry design in deep waters.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(4):506-512.
[34]赵虎,尹成,李瑞等.基于目的层照明能量的炮点设计方法.石油物探,2011,49(5):478-481.Zhao H,Yin C,Li R,et al.Shot point design based on theillumination energy of target interval.Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum(in Chinese),2011,49(5):478-481.
[35]Xu S,Chauris H,LambaréG,et al.Common-anglemigration:A strategy for imaging complex media.Geophysics,2001,66(6):1877-1894.
[36]Brandsberg-Dahl S,Ursin B,de Hoop M V.Seismic velocityanalysis in the scattering-angle/azimuth domain.GeophysicalProspecting,2003,51(4):295-314.
[37]Xie X B,Lay T.The excitation of explosion Lg,a finite-difference investigation.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,1994,84:324-342.
[38]Xie X B,Ge Z X,Lay T.Investigating explosion sourceenergy partitioning and Lg-wave excitation using a finite-difference plus slowness analysis method.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2005,95(6):2412-2427.
[39]Xie X B,Wu R S.Extracting angle domain information frommigrated wavefield.72nd Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002,1360-1363.
[40]Wu R S,Chen L.Mapping directional illumination andacquisition dip-response using beamlet propagators.Geophysics,2006,71:S147-S159.
[41]Chen L,Wu R S,Chen Y.Target-oriented beamletmigration based on Gabor-Daubechies frame decomposition.Geophysics,2006,71(2):S37-S52.
[42]Yan R,Xie X B.A new angle-domain imaging condition forprestack reverse-time migration.79th Annual InternationalMeeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2009,2784-2788.
[43]Yan R,Xie X B.A new angle-domain imaging condition forelastic reverse time migration.80th Annual InternationalMeeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2010,3181-3186.
[44]Yan R,Xie X B.An angle-domain imaging condition forelastic reverse time migration and its application to anglegather extraction.Geophysics,2012,77(5):S105-S115.
[45]Zhang Y,Xu S,Tang B,et al.Angle gathers from reversetime migration.The Leading Edge,2010,29(11):1364-1371.
[46]Xu S,Zhang Y,Tang B.3Dangle gathers from reverse timemigration.Geophysics,2011,76:S77-S92.
[47]Yoon K,Marfurt K,Starr E W.Challenges in reverse-timemigration.74th Annual International Meeting,SEG,ExpandedAbstracts,2004,1057-1060.
[48]Zhang Q S,McMechan G A.Direct vector-field method toobtain angle-domain common-image gathers from isotropicacoustic and elastic reverse time migration.Geophysics,2011a,76(5):WB135-WB149.
[49]Zhang Q S,McMechan G A.Common-image gathers in theincident phase-angle domain from reverse time migration in2Delastic VTI media.Geophysics,2011b,76(6):S197-S206.
[50]Sava P C,Fomel S.Angle-domain common image gathers bywavefield continuation methods.Geophysics,2003,68(3):1065-1074.
[51]Sava P,Vasconcelos I.Extended imaging conditions forwave-equation migration.Geophysical Prospecting,2011,59(1):35-55.
[2]Muerdter D,Ratcliff D.Understanding subsalt illuminationthrough ray-trace modeling,Part 1:Simple 2-D salt models.The Leading Edge,2001,20(6):578-594.
[3]Muerdter D,Ratcliff D.Understanding subsalt illuminationthrough ray-trace modeling,Part 3:Salt ridges and furrows,and the impact of acquisition orientation.The Leading Edge,2001,20(8):803-816.
[4]Muerdter D,Kelly M,Ratcliff D.Understanding subsaltillumination through ray-trace modeling,Part 2:Dipping saltbodies,salt peaks,and nonreciprocity of subsalt amplituderesponse.The Leading Edge,2001,20(7):688-697.
[5]Gelius L J,Lecomte I,Tabti H.Analysis of the resolutionfunction in seismic prestack depth imaging.GeophysicalProspecting,2002,50(5):505-515.
[6]Lecomte I,Gjystdal H,Drottning.Simulated prestacklocal imaging:a robust and efficient interpretation tool tocontrol illumination,resolution,and time-lapse properties ofreservoirs.73rd Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2003,1525-1528.
[7]Hoffmann J.Illumination,resolution,and image quality ofPP-and PS-waves for survey planning.The Leading Edge,2001,20(9):1008-1014.
[8]Wu R S,Chen L.Mapping directional illumination andacquisition-aperture efficacy by beamlet propagators.72ndAnnual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002,1352-1355.
[9]Xie X B,Jin S,Wu R S.Three-dimensional illuminationanalysis using wave equation based propagator.73rd AnnualInternational Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2003,989-992.
[10]Xie X B,Jin S,Wu R S.Wave equation based illuminationanalysis.74th Annual International Meeting,SEG,ExpandedAbstracts,2004,933-936.
[11]Xie X B,Jin S W,Wu R S.Wave-equation-based seismicillumination analysis.Geophysics,2006,71(5):S169-S177.
[12]Wu R S,Chen L,Xie X B.Directional illumination andacquisition dip-response.65th Conference and TechnicalExhibition,EAGE,Expanded abstracts,2003,P147.
[13]Luo M Q,Cao J,Xie X B,et al.Comparison of illuminationanalyses using one-way and full-wave propagators.74thAnnual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2004,67-70.
[14]孙伟家,符力耘,碗学检.基于相位编码的地震照明度分析.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(5):539-543.Sun W J,Fu L G,Wan X J.Phase encoding-based seismicillumination analysis.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2007,42(5):539-543.
[15]张辉,王成祥,张剑锋.基于单程波方程的角度域照明分析.地球物理学报,2009,52(6):1606-1614.Zhang H,Wang C X,Zhang J F.One-way wave equationbased illumination analysis in angle domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(6):1606-1614.
[16]Mao J,Wu R S,Gao J H.Directional illumination analysisusing the local exponential frame.Geophysics,2010,75(4):S163-S174.
[17]Xie X B,Yang H.A full-wave equation based seismicillumination analysis method.70th Conference&TechnicalExhibition,EAGE,Expanded Abstracts,2008,P284.
[18]Yang H,Xie X B,Luo M Q,et al.Target oriented full-waveequation based illumination analysis.78th Annual InternationalMeeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2008,2216-2220.
[19]裴正林.波动方程地震定向照明分析.石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(6):645-651.Pei Z L.Analysis on wave equation seismic directionalillumination.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2008,43(6):645-651.
[20]Cao J,Wu R S.Full-wave directional illumination analysis inthe frequency domain.Geophysics,2009,74(4):S85-S93.
[21]Xie X B,Wu R S,Fehler M,et al.Seismic resolution andillumination:A wave-equation-based analysis.75th AnnualInternational Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2005,1862-1865.
[22]Wu R S,Xie X B,Fehler M,et al.Resolution analysis ofseismic imaging.68th Conference&Technical Exhibition,EAGE,Expanded Abstracts,2006,GO48.
[23]Jin S W,Luo M Q,Xu S Y,et al,et al.Illuminationamplitude correction with beamlet migration.The LeadingEdge,2006,25(9):1046-1050.
[24]李万万.基于波动方程正演的地震观测系统设计.石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(2):134-141.Li W W.Design of seismic geometry based on wave equationforward simulation.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2008,43(2):134-141.
[25]Li P M,Dong L G.Optimal seismic survey design based onseismic wave illumination.68th Conference&TechnicalExhibition,EAGE,Expanded Abstracts,2006,F029.
[26]Jin S,Xu S.Seismic visibility analysis and its applications todata acquisition and prestack migration.71st EAGE AnnualConference,Extended Abstract,2009,S015.
[27]Jin S W,Xu S Y.Visibility analysis for target-orientedreverse time migration and optimizing acquisition parameters.The Leading Edge,2010,29:1373-1377.
[28]Menyoli E,Jin S W,Xu S Y,et al.Visibility analysis foroptimal imaging of target areas and its application to a Gulf ofMexico deep-water data set.Geophysics,2011,76(5):WB119-WB126.
[29]朱金平,董良国,程玖兵.基于地震照明、面向勘探目标的三维观测系统优化设计.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(3):339-348.Zhu J P,Dong L G,Cheng J B.Target-oriented 3Dseismicoptimal geometry design based on seismic illumination.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(3):339-348.
[30]Zheng Y C,Lay T,Flanagan M P,et al.Pervasive seismicwave reflectivity and metasomatism of the Tonga mantlewedge.Science,2007,316(5826):855-859.
[31]Jin S W,Walraven D.Wave equation GSP prestack depthmigration and illumination.The Leading Edge,2003,22(7):606-610.
[32]单联瑜,刘洪,匡斌等.基于胜利典型地质模型的波动方程地震波照明分析研究.石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(1):1-6.Shan L Y,Liu H,Kuang B,et al.Analysis on seismic waveillumination of wave equation based on Shengli typicalgeologic model.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),44(1):1-6.
[33]温书亮,尹成,李绪宣等.地震照明分析技术在深海地震数据采集设计中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(4):506-512.Wen S L,Yin C,Li X X,et al.Seismic illumination methodand its application in seismic geometry design in deep waters.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(4):506-512.
[34]赵虎,尹成,李瑞等.基于目的层照明能量的炮点设计方法.石油物探,2011,49(5):478-481.Zhao H,Yin C,Li R,et al.Shot point design based on theillumination energy of target interval.Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum(in Chinese),2011,49(5):478-481.
[35]Xu S,Chauris H,LambaréG,et al.Common-anglemigration:A strategy for imaging complex media.Geophysics,2001,66(6):1877-1894.
[36]Brandsberg-Dahl S,Ursin B,de Hoop M V.Seismic velocityanalysis in the scattering-angle/azimuth domain.GeophysicalProspecting,2003,51(4):295-314.
[37]Xie X B,Lay T.The excitation of explosion Lg,a finite-difference investigation.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,1994,84:324-342.
[38]Xie X B,Ge Z X,Lay T.Investigating explosion sourceenergy partitioning and Lg-wave excitation using a finite-difference plus slowness analysis method.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2005,95(6):2412-2427.
[39]Xie X B,Wu R S.Extracting angle domain information frommigrated wavefield.72nd Annual International Meeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002,1360-1363.
[40]Wu R S,Chen L.Mapping directional illumination andacquisition dip-response using beamlet propagators.Geophysics,2006,71:S147-S159.
[41]Chen L,Wu R S,Chen Y.Target-oriented beamletmigration based on Gabor-Daubechies frame decomposition.Geophysics,2006,71(2):S37-S52.
[42]Yan R,Xie X B.A new angle-domain imaging condition forprestack reverse-time migration.79th Annual InternationalMeeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2009,2784-2788.
[43]Yan R,Xie X B.A new angle-domain imaging condition forelastic reverse time migration.80th Annual InternationalMeeting,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2010,3181-3186.
[44]Yan R,Xie X B.An angle-domain imaging condition forelastic reverse time migration and its application to anglegather extraction.Geophysics,2012,77(5):S105-S115.
[45]Zhang Y,Xu S,Tang B,et al.Angle gathers from reversetime migration.The Leading Edge,2010,29(11):1364-1371.
[46]Xu S,Zhang Y,Tang B.3Dangle gathers from reverse timemigration.Geophysics,2011,76:S77-S92.
[47]Yoon K,Marfurt K,Starr E W.Challenges in reverse-timemigration.74th Annual International Meeting,SEG,ExpandedAbstracts,2004,1057-1060.
[48]Zhang Q S,McMechan G A.Direct vector-field method toobtain angle-domain common-image gathers from isotropicacoustic and elastic reverse time migration.Geophysics,2011a,76(5):WB135-WB149.
[49]Zhang Q S,McMechan G A.Common-image gathers in theincident phase-angle domain from reverse time migration in2Delastic VTI media.Geophysics,2011b,76(6):S197-S206.
[50]Sava P C,Fomel S.Angle-domain common image gathers bywavefield continuation methods.Geophysics,2003,68(3):1065-1074.
[51]Sava P,Vasconcelos I.Extended imaging conditions forwave-equation migration.Geophysical Prospecting,2011,59(1):35-55.
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