人工阶梯-深潭防治地震区泥石流的探索
|
摘要
阶梯-深潭是山区河流中常见的一种具有高效消能作用的河床结构。2009年采用人工阶梯-深潭系统对文家沟滑坡体上的新生泥石流沟治理进行野外治理实验。在主沟上游段人工构筑33级阶梯-深潭,经历当年几次暴雨,由于通过在深潭内耗散水流的大部分能量,阻止了沟谷下切并有效地控制了泥石流的发生。对野外实验和数值模拟的结果分析表明,在一定的流量下,阶梯-深潭发育的河流系统有助于单位时间内单位重量水流能量耗散率将趋于最小,可以提升河流系统的稳定性。在地震区的泥石流沟内构筑阶梯-深潭系统有利于加速其稳定的进程,并减少灾害的发生。
A step-pool system is a geomorphologic phenomenon occurring in high-gradient mountain streams. Field experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool system on the Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large volume debris flows in 2009. 33 artificial step-pools were constructed in upstream of the new Wenjiagou channel. During the flood season of 2009,the step-pool system dissipated most of flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion,so the rainstorm floods did not trigger debris flows. Analysis proved that energy-dissipation rate of water-flow may tend towards to minimum in the river system with step-pool,thus the river system is more stable. It is beneficial for stability of the gullies and mitigating debris flows when step-pools were constructed in the channels.
A step-pool system is a geomorphologic phenomenon occurring in high-gradient mountain streams. Field experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool system on the Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large volume debris flows in 2009. 33 artificial step-pools were constructed in upstream of the new Wenjiagou channel. During the flood season of 2009,the step-pool system dissipated most of flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion,so the rainstorm floods did not trigger debris flows. Analysis proved that energy-dissipation rate of water-flow may tend towards to minimum in the river system with step-pool,thus the river system is more stable. It is beneficial for stability of the gullies and mitigating debris flows when step-pools were constructed in the channels.
引文
[1]谢洪,王士革,孔纪名.“5.12”汶川地震次生山地灾害的分布与特点[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):396-401.XIE Hong,WANG Shige,KONG Jiming.Distribution and characteristics of mountain hazards induced by the earthquake of may 12 in Wenchuan,China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(4):396-401.
[2]陈晓清,李智广,崔鹏,等.5.12汶川地震重灾区水土流失初步估算[J].山地学报,2009,27(1):122-127.CHEN Xiaoqing,LI Zhiguang,CUI Peng,et al.Estimation of soil erosion caused by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2009,27(1):122-127.
[3]WANG Zhaoyin,Cui Peng,Wang Ruiyu.Mass movements triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake and management strategies of quake lakes[J].Intl.J.River Basin Management,2009,7(1):1-12.
[4]曹叔尤,刘兴年,黄尔,等.地震背景下的川江流域泥沙与河床演变问题研究进展[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):26-34.CAO Shuyou,LIU Xingnian,HUANG Er,et al.Advances in studies of river sediment and fluvial processes of the Upper-Yangtze river in earthquake background[J].Joumal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2009,41(3):26-34.
[5]徐江,王兆印.阶梯—深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.XU Jiang,WANG Zhaoyin.Formation and mechanism of step-pool system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004(10):48-55.
[6]Wohl E,Thompson D.Velocity characteristics along a small step-pool channel[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.2000,25:353-367.
[7]Lenzi M.A.Stream bed stabilization using boulder check dams that mimic step-pool morphology features in northern Italy[J].Geomorphology,2002,45:243-260.
[8]Nickolotsky A.,Pavlowsky R.T..Morphology of steppools in a wilderness headwater stream:The importance of standardizing geomorphic measurements[J].Geomorphology,2007,83:294-306.
[9]Todd M.,Mike L.Natural channel design of step-pool watercourses using the“key-stone”concept[C].ASCE conference process,2003,18:1-11.
[10]Wang Z.Y.,Xu J.,Li C Z.Development of step-pool sequence and its effects in resistance and stream bed stability[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2004,19(3):161-171.
[11]崔鹏.泥石流起动条件及机理的试验研究[J].科学通报,1991,21:1650-1652.CUI Peng.Study on conditions and mechanisms of debris flow initiation by means of experiment[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1991,21:1 650-1 652.
[12]Abrahams A D,Li G,Atkinson J F.Step-pool stream:Adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J].Water Resources Research,1995,31(10):2593-2602.
[13]王兆印,漆力健,王旭昭.消能结构防治泥石流研究-以文家沟为例[J].水利学报,2012,43(3):253-263.WANG Zhaoyin,QI Lijian,WANG Xuzhao.Debris flow control with energy dissipation structures-experiences from Wenjiagou[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(3):253-263.
[14]张康,王兆印,余国安,等.城市泥石流沟的治理启示—以深沟为例[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(12):1269-1275.ZHANG Kang,WANG Zhaoyin,YU Guoan,et al.Control and restoration of debris flow gully near the city:A case study of Shengou Creek[J].Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(12):1269-1275.
[15]Yang Chih Ted,Song Charles C.S.Theory of minimum rate of energy dissipation[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.ASCE,1976,102(5):559-568.
[16]钱小蓉,陈山林,艾南山,等.小流域侵蚀地貌过程与耗散结构[J].水土保持通报,1986,6:12-20.QIAN Xiaorong,CHEN Shanlin,AI Nanshan,et al.Geomorphologic erosion process and dissipative structure in Small watershed[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1986,6:12-20.
[17]冯泽深,高甲荣.基于能量概念的泥石流减灾新思路[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2009,20(1):27-31.FENG Zeshen,GAO Jiarong.A new viewpoint of debris flow disaster mitigation based on energy conception[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2009,20(1):27-31.
[18]陈晓清,崔鹏,唐邦兴,等.具有风景区泥石流治理特色的土木工程措施[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(2):79-84.CHEN Xiaoqing,CUI Peng,TANG Bangxing,et al.Civil engineering techniques of debris flow control in national parks[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2006,17(2):79-84.
[2]陈晓清,李智广,崔鹏,等.5.12汶川地震重灾区水土流失初步估算[J].山地学报,2009,27(1):122-127.CHEN Xiaoqing,LI Zhiguang,CUI Peng,et al.Estimation of soil erosion caused by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2009,27(1):122-127.
[3]WANG Zhaoyin,Cui Peng,Wang Ruiyu.Mass movements triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake and management strategies of quake lakes[J].Intl.J.River Basin Management,2009,7(1):1-12.
[4]曹叔尤,刘兴年,黄尔,等.地震背景下的川江流域泥沙与河床演变问题研究进展[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2009,41(3):26-34.CAO Shuyou,LIU Xingnian,HUANG Er,et al.Advances in studies of river sediment and fluvial processes of the Upper-Yangtze river in earthquake background[J].Joumal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2009,41(3):26-34.
[5]徐江,王兆印.阶梯—深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.XU Jiang,WANG Zhaoyin.Formation and mechanism of step-pool system[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2004(10):48-55.
[6]Wohl E,Thompson D.Velocity characteristics along a small step-pool channel[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.2000,25:353-367.
[7]Lenzi M.A.Stream bed stabilization using boulder check dams that mimic step-pool morphology features in northern Italy[J].Geomorphology,2002,45:243-260.
[8]Nickolotsky A.,Pavlowsky R.T..Morphology of steppools in a wilderness headwater stream:The importance of standardizing geomorphic measurements[J].Geomorphology,2007,83:294-306.
[9]Todd M.,Mike L.Natural channel design of step-pool watercourses using the“key-stone”concept[C].ASCE conference process,2003,18:1-11.
[10]Wang Z.Y.,Xu J.,Li C Z.Development of step-pool sequence and its effects in resistance and stream bed stability[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2004,19(3):161-171.
[11]崔鹏.泥石流起动条件及机理的试验研究[J].科学通报,1991,21:1650-1652.CUI Peng.Study on conditions and mechanisms of debris flow initiation by means of experiment[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1991,21:1 650-1 652.
[12]Abrahams A D,Li G,Atkinson J F.Step-pool stream:Adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J].Water Resources Research,1995,31(10):2593-2602.
[13]王兆印,漆力健,王旭昭.消能结构防治泥石流研究-以文家沟为例[J].水利学报,2012,43(3):253-263.WANG Zhaoyin,QI Lijian,WANG Xuzhao.Debris flow control with energy dissipation structures-experiences from Wenjiagou[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(3):253-263.
[14]张康,王兆印,余国安,等.城市泥石流沟的治理启示—以深沟为例[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(12):1269-1275.ZHANG Kang,WANG Zhaoyin,YU Guoan,et al.Control and restoration of debris flow gully near the city:A case study of Shengou Creek[J].Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(12):1269-1275.
[15]Yang Chih Ted,Song Charles C.S.Theory of minimum rate of energy dissipation[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.ASCE,1976,102(5):559-568.
[16]钱小蓉,陈山林,艾南山,等.小流域侵蚀地貌过程与耗散结构[J].水土保持通报,1986,6:12-20.QIAN Xiaorong,CHEN Shanlin,AI Nanshan,et al.Geomorphologic erosion process and dissipative structure in Small watershed[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1986,6:12-20.
[17]冯泽深,高甲荣.基于能量概念的泥石流减灾新思路[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2009,20(1):27-31.FENG Zeshen,GAO Jiarong.A new viewpoint of debris flow disaster mitigation based on energy conception[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2009,20(1):27-31.
[18]陈晓清,崔鹏,唐邦兴,等.具有风景区泥石流治理特色的土木工程措施[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(2):79-84.CHEN Xiaoqing,CUI Peng,TANG Bangxing,et al.Civil engineering techniques of debris flow control in national parks[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2006,17(2):79-84.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心