震后泥石流的激发雨量特征——以汶川地震和集集地震后泥石流为例
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摘要
对汶川地震灾区2008-2010年的暴雨泥石流以及我国台湾集集地震后2001、2004、2009台风引发的泥石流雨量过程进行了分析。结果表明,34.4 mm是震后短时间内泥石流暴发的特征雨量;临界降雨强度/持续时间的关系式表明:在相同的降雨过程下,汶川地震灾区的泥石流比集集地震灾区的泥石流要容易暴发。通过泥石流暴发时段与峰值降雨时段的时间先后关系以及与前期雨量关系的研究,将强震后泥石流分为前期雨量控制型和短历时降雨控制型。其差异主要体现在超强短历时雨强直接触发和充足的前期雨量条件下,接近或达到34.4 mm/h的雨强触发。造成不同的泥石流控制类型的原因在于两地震对泥石流影响程度差异以及激发的雨量过程特征不同。
This paper proposed a study on the rainfall of debris flows between 2000 and 2010 in Wenchuan earthquake zone,and debris flows triggered by typhoon of 2001,2004,and 2009 in Chichi earthquake zone.The analysis reveals that a rainfall intensity of 34.4 mm/h is the characteristic threshold of debris flows after a short time of strong earthquake.Both of the two relationships between mean rainfall intensity and duration in Wenchuan and Chichi earthquake zone tell us that the debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake zone can be triggered more easily when suffered a same storm.The selected debris flows after strong earthquake can be classified into pre-storm control pattern and short-duration rainfall control pattern by the relationship of the chronological order between debris flow occurrence and time of peak rainfall during a rainstorm,as well as the triggering rainfall when debris flow occurred.The short-duration rainfall control pattern refers to that debris flows were triggered by rainfall intensity far beyond 34.4 mm/h,and debris flow occurrence coincides with the peak rainfall interval.The pre-storm control pattern debris flows refers to that debris flows were triggered by a rainfall intensity close to 34.4 mm/h while cannot been triggered without insufficient rainfall even there is a larger rainfall intensity than 34.4 mm/h before the triggering rainfall interval.Finally,the reasons why these debris flows were triggered differently may attribute to the properties of strong earthquake,such as the magnitude,ground shaking duration,and influence on volume of loose materials as well as the different rainstorm.
This paper proposed a study on the rainfall of debris flows between 2000 and 2010 in Wenchuan earthquake zone,and debris flows triggered by typhoon of 2001,2004,and 2009 in Chichi earthquake zone.The analysis reveals that a rainfall intensity of 34.4 mm/h is the characteristic threshold of debris flows after a short time of strong earthquake.Both of the two relationships between mean rainfall intensity and duration in Wenchuan and Chichi earthquake zone tell us that the debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake zone can be triggered more easily when suffered a same storm.The selected debris flows after strong earthquake can be classified into pre-storm control pattern and short-duration rainfall control pattern by the relationship of the chronological order between debris flow occurrence and time of peak rainfall during a rainstorm,as well as the triggering rainfall when debris flow occurred.The short-duration rainfall control pattern refers to that debris flows were triggered by rainfall intensity far beyond 34.4 mm/h,and debris flow occurrence coincides with the peak rainfall interval.The pre-storm control pattern debris flows refers to that debris flows were triggered by a rainfall intensity close to 34.4 mm/h while cannot been triggered without insufficient rainfall even there is a larger rainfall intensity than 34.4 mm/h before the triggering rainfall interval.Finally,the reasons why these debris flows were triggered differently may attribute to the properties of strong earthquake,such as the magnitude,ground shaking duration,and influence on volume of loose materials as well as the different rainstorm.
引文
[1]钟敦伦.试论地震在泥石流活动中的作用[C]//中国科学院成都地理研究所.全国泥石流学术会议论文集(1).重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1981:30-35.
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[14]Wu H L,Chen S C,Chou T Y,et al.Debris flow disaster mitigation on early warning and evacuation after the Chichi Earthquake in Taiwan[J].The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies,2010,2:.1-13.
[15]Jan C D,Hsu Y C,Wang J S,et al.Debris flows and landslides caused by typhoon Morakot in Taiwan[M].Proceedings of the5th International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation/Mechanics,Prediction,and Assessment,Padua,Italy,June 7-11,2011,Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment-Book:Casa Editrice Universita La Sapienza,Rome,Italy,p.675-683.DOI:10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-074.
[16]Chen J C,Huang W S,Jan C D,et al.Rainfall Conditions for the Initiation of Debris Flows during Typhoon Morakot in the Chen-Yu-Lan Watershed in Central Taiwan[M].Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation/Mechanics,Prediction,and Assessment,Padua,Italy,June 7-11,2011,Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment-Book:Casa Editrice Universita La Sapienza,Rome,Italy,p.31-36.DOI:10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-004.
[17]Hu K H,Cui P,Wang C C,et al.Characteristic rainfall for warning of debris flows.Journal of Mountain Science,2010,7(3):207-214.
[18]周荣军,黄润秋,雷建成,等.四川汶川8.0级地震地表破裂与震害特点[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11):2173-2184.
[19]Zeng Y,Chen C H.Fault rupture process of the 20 September1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,Earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2001,91:1088-1098.
[20]王裕宜,邹仁元.泥石流启动与渗透系数的相关研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,3(4):76-82.
[21]崔鹏,杨坤,陈杰.前期降雨量对泥石流形成的贡献-以蒋家沟泥石流形成为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(1):11-15.
[2]崔鹏,庄建琦,陈兴长,等.汶川地震区震后泥石流活动特征与防治对策[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2010,42(5):10-19.
[3]Shieh C L,Chen Y S,TSAI Y J,et al.Variability in rainfall threshold for debris flow after Chi-Chi earthquake in central Taiwan,China[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2009,24:177-188.
[4]游勇,陈兴长,柳金峰.四川绵竹清平乡文家沟“8·13”特大泥石流灾害[J].灾害学,2011,26(4):68-72.
[5]Ma C,Hu KH,Tian M.Comparison of debris-flow volume and activity under different formation conditions[J].Natural Hazards.doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0557-6.2013.02.010.
[6]铁永波,唐川.四川省北川县暴雨泥石流的发育与汶川地震的响应特征[J].灾害学,2011,26(4):73-75.
[7]许强.四川省8·13特大泥石流灾害、成因与启示[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(5):596-608.
[8]苏鹏程,韦方强,冯汉中,等.“8·13”四川清平群发性泥石流灾害成因及其影响[J].山地学报,2011,29(3):337-347.
[9]Tang C,van Asch TWJ,Chang M,et al.Catastrophic Debris flows on 13 August 2010 in the Qingping area,southwestern China:the combined effects of a strong earthquake and subsequent rainstorms[J].Geomorphology.2012,(139/140):559-576.
[10]余斌,马煜,张健楠,等.汶川地震后四川省都江堰市龙池镇群发泥石流灾害[J].山地学报,2011,29(6):738-746.
[11]Tang C,Zhu J,Ding J,et al.Catastrophic debris flows triggered by a 14 August 2010 rainfall at the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Landslide,2011,8:485-497.
[12]Chen H.Controlling factors of hazardous debris flow in Taiwan[J].Quaternary International,2006,147:3-15.
[13]Huang C C.Critical rainfall for typhoon-induced debris flows in the Western Foothills,Taiwan[J].Geomorphology,2013,185:87-85.
[14]Wu H L,Chen S C,Chou T Y,et al.Debris flow disaster mitigation on early warning and evacuation after the Chichi Earthquake in Taiwan[J].The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies,2010,2:.1-13.
[15]Jan C D,Hsu Y C,Wang J S,et al.Debris flows and landslides caused by typhoon Morakot in Taiwan[M].Proceedings of the5th International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation/Mechanics,Prediction,and Assessment,Padua,Italy,June 7-11,2011,Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment-Book:Casa Editrice Universita La Sapienza,Rome,Italy,p.675-683.DOI:10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-074.
[16]Chen J C,Huang W S,Jan C D,et al.Rainfall Conditions for the Initiation of Debris Flows during Typhoon Morakot in the Chen-Yu-Lan Watershed in Central Taiwan[M].Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Debris Flow Hazards Mitigation/Mechanics,Prediction,and Assessment,Padua,Italy,June 7-11,2011,Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment-Book:Casa Editrice Universita La Sapienza,Rome,Italy,p.31-36.DOI:10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-004.
[17]Hu K H,Cui P,Wang C C,et al.Characteristic rainfall for warning of debris flows.Journal of Mountain Science,2010,7(3):207-214.
[18]周荣军,黄润秋,雷建成,等.四川汶川8.0级地震地表破裂与震害特点[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11):2173-2184.
[19]Zeng Y,Chen C H.Fault rupture process of the 20 September1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,Earthquake[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2001,91:1088-1098.
[20]王裕宜,邹仁元.泥石流启动与渗透系数的相关研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,3(4):76-82.
[21]崔鹏,杨坤,陈杰.前期降雨量对泥石流形成的贡献-以蒋家沟泥石流形成为例[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(1):11-15.
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