油藏动态监测技术:时延(四维)地震述评
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摘要
近年来 ,时延地震 (又称四维地震 )油藏动态监测技术发展迅速 ,已成为一种新的油藏管理工具 ,在许多油田 ,尤其是海上大油田已进行了多方面的应用 ,取得了良好效益。岩石物理研究的深化和相关技术的发展 ,促使时延地震的应用领域不断扩大、精度日益提高。目前 ,时延地震除监测采油变化和驱油效果及流体前缘、寻找死油区外 ,还用来监测断层封堵或渗漏性。其资料采集的关键是提高可重复性和信噪比。为了确保最终的地震差异是由储层中流体的变化所引起 ,资料处理中进一步发展和应用了互均化、归一化和面元重组等技术和新老数据同步处理原则。资料解释在直接解释、反演与属性分析基础上 ,发展了地震史匹配和动态油藏描述 ,并与其他学科和技术有机结合、综合分析 ,以减少解释的多解性。在降低项目投资风险与可行性分析方面 ,也有明显进展。在开展时延地震项目时 ,应充分考虑该技术的应用条件和局限性。随着研究的深入、技术的进步和应用实践的增多 ,时延地震将会显示出更加美好的应用前景。
Time-lapse seismic (4D seismic) technology, a reservoir dynamic monitoring technology rapidly developed in recent years, has become a new tool for reservoir management,and has widely been applied in many oilfields,especially offshore oilfields. The application of this technology is continuously enlarging and the accuracy is continuously increasing with the deepening of study on petrophysical properties and the development of relevant technologies. Currently, time-lapse seismic technology is used to monitor changes of oil recovery, oil displacement efficiency and fluid front, to identify areas with bypassed oil, as well as to monitor sealing capacity or leakage of faults. The key to seismic acquisition is to improve repeatability and signal-to-noise ratio. New technologies,such as cross equalization, normalization and bin parameter recombination and the principle of synchronous processing of new and old data,are applied so as to ensure that the final seismic differences are the only results of fluid flow changes in reservoirs. Based on direct interpretation, reversion and property analysis, seismic history match and dynamic reservoir description are developed as seismic interpretation technologies and are used in combination with other subjects and technologies to reduce non-uniqueness of interpretation. Remarkable progresses have also been made in respect of lowering investment risk of projects and feasibility study. The application conditions and limitations of the technology should be considered when carrying out time-lapse seismic projects. With the deepening of research on time-lapse seismic techniques and enriching of experiences, time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring will progress more rapidly and will more widely be applied.
Time-lapse seismic (4D seismic) technology, a reservoir dynamic monitoring technology rapidly developed in recent years, has become a new tool for reservoir management,and has widely been applied in many oilfields,especially offshore oilfields. The application of this technology is continuously enlarging and the accuracy is continuously increasing with the deepening of study on petrophysical properties and the development of relevant technologies. Currently, time-lapse seismic technology is used to monitor changes of oil recovery, oil displacement efficiency and fluid front, to identify areas with bypassed oil, as well as to monitor sealing capacity or leakage of faults. The key to seismic acquisition is to improve repeatability and signal-to-noise ratio. New technologies,such as cross equalization, normalization and bin parameter recombination and the principle of synchronous processing of new and old data,are applied so as to ensure that the final seismic differences are the only results of fluid flow changes in reservoirs. Based on direct interpretation, reversion and property analysis, seismic history match and dynamic reservoir description are developed as seismic interpretation technologies and are used in combination with other subjects and technologies to reduce non-uniqueness of interpretation. Remarkable progresses have also been made in respect of lowering investment risk of projects and feasibility study. The application conditions and limitations of the technology should be considered when carrying out time-lapse seismic projects. With the deepening of research on time-lapse seismic techniques and enriching of experiences, time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring will progress more rapidly and will more widely be applied.
引文
1 孙建国编译.时延地震的现状及发展方向[A].见:新星石油物探研究所.SEG第68届年会论文摘要[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2000.145～154
2 LeeDS .关于热监测的综合地震研究[J].傅启岳译.国外油气勘探,1997,9(5):622～629
3 HordtA .Afirstattemptatmonitoringundergroundgasstoragebymeansoftime lapsemultichanneltransientelectromagnetics[J].Geo physics,2000,48(3):489～505
4 BeasleyCJ ,ChambersRE ,WorkmanRL ,etal.Repeatabilityof3Docean bottomcableseismicsurveys[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1281～1285
5 GreavesRJ ,FulpTJ.Three dimensionalseismicmonitoringofanen hancedoilrecoveryprocess[J].Geophysics,1987,52:1175～1187
6 高林.SEG第70届年会暨2000年国际展览会综述[A].见:新星石油物探研究所.SEG第70届年会论文概要[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.1～9
7 PaulJ ,HicksJ.油藏模拟在时间推移地震(4D)分析中的应用[J].冯弘译.国外油气勘探,1998,10(5):632～635
8 LarsS ,SignerC ,VeireHH ,etal.利用4D地震技术检测流动屏障[A].王新红译.见:新星石油物探研究所.SEG第70届年会论文概要[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.239～242
9 邓辉,吕威亮(编译).四维地震及油藏检测中的应用实例[J].石油物探译丛,1998,(2):38～41
10 DemshurDM .4D需要精确的岩石和流体资料[J].范伟粹译.国外油气勘探,1997,11(6):754～756
11 WangZhijing(Zee).地震岩石物理学基本准则[J].王炳章译.石油物探译丛,2001,(4):1～20
12 易维启,李明,云美厚,等.时移地震方法概论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.1～23,64～78
13 邓怀群,刘雯林,王晓琦.时间推移地震技术[J].勘探家,1999,4(3):40～44
14 黄绪德.油气层的物理特征[J].石油物探译丛,1998,(2):1～16
15 云美厚.油田注水开采地震监测理论研究[J].石油物探,1997,36(3):46～55
16 DomenicoSN .Effectofbrine gasmixtureonvelocityinanunconsol idatedsandreservoir[J].Geophysics,1976,41:882～894
17 NurA .Four dimensionalseismologyand(true)directdetectionofhydrocarbons:thepetrophysicalbasis[J].TheLeadingEdge,1989,8(9):30～36
18 JohnstadSE ,SeymourRH ,SmithPJ.SeismicreservoirmonitoringovertheOsebergfieldduringtheperiod1989～1992[J].FirstBreak,1995,13:169～183
19 MeunierJ ,HuguetF .Cere laRonde:alaboratoryfortime lapseseis micmonitoringintheParisBasin[J].TheLeadingEdge,1998,17:1388～1394
20 WaiteMW ,SigitR .SeismicmonitoringoftheDuristeam flood:ap plicationtoreservoirmanagement[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1275～1278
21 WangZ ,CatesME ,LanganRT .SeismicmonitoringofaCO2 floodinacarbonatereservoir:arockphysicsstudy[J].Geophysics,1998,63:1604～1617
22 SonnelandL ,VeireHH ,RaymondB ,etal.Seismicreservoirmoni toringonGullfaks[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1247～1252
23 WangZ .Feasibilityoftime lapseseismicreservoirmonitoring:thephysicalbasis[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1327～1329
24 EmilJ .Improvingtherepeatabilityfor4Dtime lapseseismic[J].FirstBreak,2001,19(1):32～37
25 KristiansenP ,ChristeP ,BouskaJ,etal.Foionaven油田的4D :二个设计者对4D的处理与分析[A].赵剑敏译.见:新星石油物探研究所.SEG第70届年会论文概要[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.230～234
26 TuckerB .Time lapse(4D)seismicmonitoringofprimaryproductionofturbiditereservoirsatSouthTimbalierBlock295,offshoreLouisiana,GulfofMexico[J].Geophysics,2000,65(2):351～367
27 陈小宏,牟永光.四维地震油藏监测技术及其应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(6):707～715
28 凌云,高军,张汝杰,等.随时间推移(TL)地震勘探处理方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2):173～179
29 张国才,李清仁,朱丽波,等.时延地震方法初探[J].石油物探,2002,41(3):269～274
30 JohnstonDH .利用老地震资料在墨西哥湾Lena油田进行综合时延研究[J].吴龙丽,郭良川译.石油物探译丛,2000,(5):82～94
31 张山,刘清林,赵群,等.微地震检测技术在油田开发中的应用[J].石油物探,2002,41(2):226-231
32 JohnstonDH ,McKennyRS ,VerbeekJ ,etal.Time lapseseismicanalysisofFulmarField[J].TheLeadingEdge,1998,17:1420～1428
33 JenkinsSD ,WaiteMW ,BeeMF .Time lapsemonitoringoftheDuristeamflood:apilotandcasestudy[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1267～1273
34 阎世信,曾忠.地球物理勘探技术的发展及需求[J].中国石油勘探,2002,7(2):36～42
35 ParrRS .Developmentof4DreservoirmanagementwestofShetland[J].WorldOil,2000,221(9):39～47
36 庄东海,许云,乌达巴拉.四维地震及其实施要求[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(4):361～364
37 WangZ ,HirscheWK ,SedgwickG .Seismicmonitoringofwaterfloods:apetrophysicalstudy[J].Geophysics,1991,56:1614～1623
38 LumleyDE ,
2 LeeDS .关于热监测的综合地震研究[J].傅启岳译.国外油气勘探,1997,9(5):622～629
3 HordtA .Afirstattemptatmonitoringundergroundgasstoragebymeansoftime lapsemultichanneltransientelectromagnetics[J].Geo physics,2000,48(3):489～505
4 BeasleyCJ ,ChambersRE ,WorkmanRL ,etal.Repeatabilityof3Docean bottomcableseismicsurveys[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1281～1285
5 GreavesRJ ,FulpTJ.Three dimensionalseismicmonitoringofanen hancedoilrecoveryprocess[J].Geophysics,1987,52:1175～1187
6 高林.SEG第70届年会暨2000年国际展览会综述[A].见:新星石油物探研究所.SEG第70届年会论文概要[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.1～9
7 PaulJ ,HicksJ.油藏模拟在时间推移地震(4D)分析中的应用[J].冯弘译.国外油气勘探,1998,10(5):632～635
8 LarsS ,SignerC ,VeireHH ,etal.利用4D地震技术检测流动屏障[A].王新红译.见:新星石油物探研究所.SEG第70届年会论文概要[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.239～242
9 邓辉,吕威亮(编译).四维地震及油藏检测中的应用实例[J].石油物探译丛,1998,(2):38～41
10 DemshurDM .4D需要精确的岩石和流体资料[J].范伟粹译.国外油气勘探,1997,11(6):754～756
11 WangZhijing(Zee).地震岩石物理学基本准则[J].王炳章译.石油物探译丛,2001,(4):1～20
12 易维启,李明,云美厚,等.时移地震方法概论[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.1～23,64～78
13 邓怀群,刘雯林,王晓琦.时间推移地震技术[J].勘探家,1999,4(3):40～44
14 黄绪德.油气层的物理特征[J].石油物探译丛,1998,(2):1～16
15 云美厚.油田注水开采地震监测理论研究[J].石油物探,1997,36(3):46～55
16 DomenicoSN .Effectofbrine gasmixtureonvelocityinanunconsol idatedsandreservoir[J].Geophysics,1976,41:882～894
17 NurA .Four dimensionalseismologyand(true)directdetectionofhydrocarbons:thepetrophysicalbasis[J].TheLeadingEdge,1989,8(9):30～36
18 JohnstadSE ,SeymourRH ,SmithPJ.SeismicreservoirmonitoringovertheOsebergfieldduringtheperiod1989～1992[J].FirstBreak,1995,13:169～183
19 MeunierJ ,HuguetF .Cere laRonde:alaboratoryfortime lapseseis micmonitoringintheParisBasin[J].TheLeadingEdge,1998,17:1388～1394
20 WaiteMW ,SigitR .SeismicmonitoringoftheDuristeam flood:ap plicationtoreservoirmanagement[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1275～1278
21 WangZ ,CatesME ,LanganRT .SeismicmonitoringofaCO2 floodinacarbonatereservoir:arockphysicsstudy[J].Geophysics,1998,63:1604～1617
22 SonnelandL ,VeireHH ,RaymondB ,etal.Seismicreservoirmoni toringonGullfaks[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1247～1252
23 WangZ .Feasibilityoftime lapseseismicreservoirmonitoring:thephysicalbasis[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1327～1329
24 EmilJ .Improvingtherepeatabilityfor4Dtime lapseseismic[J].FirstBreak,2001,19(1):32～37
25 KristiansenP ,ChristeP ,BouskaJ,etal.Foionaven油田的4D :二个设计者对4D的处理与分析[A].赵剑敏译.见:新星石油物探研究所.SEG第70届年会论文概要[C].北京:石油工业出版社,2002.230～234
26 TuckerB .Time lapse(4D)seismicmonitoringofprimaryproductionofturbiditereservoirsatSouthTimbalierBlock295,offshoreLouisiana,GulfofMexico[J].Geophysics,2000,65(2):351～367
27 陈小宏,牟永光.四维地震油藏监测技术及其应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(6):707～715
28 凌云,高军,张汝杰,等.随时间推移(TL)地震勘探处理方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2):173～179
29 张国才,李清仁,朱丽波,等.时延地震方法初探[J].石油物探,2002,41(3):269～274
30 JohnstonDH .利用老地震资料在墨西哥湾Lena油田进行综合时延研究[J].吴龙丽,郭良川译.石油物探译丛,2000,(5):82～94
31 张山,刘清林,赵群,等.微地震检测技术在油田开发中的应用[J].石油物探,2002,41(2):226-231
32 JohnstonDH ,McKennyRS ,VerbeekJ ,etal.Time lapseseismicanalysisofFulmarField[J].TheLeadingEdge,1998,17:1420～1428
33 JenkinsSD ,WaiteMW ,BeeMF .Time lapsemonitoringoftheDuristeamflood:apilotandcasestudy[J].TheLeadingEdge,1997,16:1267～1273
34 阎世信,曾忠.地球物理勘探技术的发展及需求[J].中国石油勘探,2002,7(2):36～42
35 ParrRS .Developmentof4DreservoirmanagementwestofShetland[J].WorldOil,2000,221(9):39～47
36 庄东海,许云,乌达巴拉.四维地震及其实施要求[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(4):361～364
37 WangZ ,HirscheWK ,SedgwickG .Seismicmonitoringofwaterfloods:apetrophysicalstudy[J].Geophysics,1991,56:1614～1623
38 LumleyDE ,
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