水库诱发地震与构造地震震源参数特征差异性研究——以龙滩水库为例
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摘要
首先讨论龙滩库区水库蓄水与地震活动之间的关系,发现龙滩水库诱发地震特征十分明显,地震共分5丛呈丛集分布.利用库区架设的24个固定和流动台站记录的数字记录资料,在研究得到龙滩库区非弹性衰减和台站场地响应的基础上,精确测定得到了该地区总共1616个ML≥0.1级地震的震源参数,比较了水库诱发地震与构造地震震源参数特征的差异,得到了以下主要结论:1)龙滩水库地震活动与水库蓄水关系密切,不同蓄水阶段5丛的地震活动状态不同,局部断裂构造发育以及岩石透水性能影响着地震活动对蓄水过程的响应.2)龙滩水库诱发地震的地震矩M0随震级ML的增大而增大,两者之间存在较好的线性关系,统计关系为LogM0=1.07 ML+10.17.应力降与地震大小之间的关系和Nuttli的板内地震为增加应力降(ISD)模型的结果比较吻合,统计关系为LogΔσ=0.71 ML-2.89.3)龙滩水库地区地震辐射能量和地震视应力均随震级的增大而增大,后者意味着大地震是比小地震更高效率的地震能量辐射体.4)总体上不同丛地震应力降水平存在差异.地震应力降空间分布上与库水深度有较好的一致性,即库水深的区域应力降水平高.5)与同震级的构造地震相比,水库诱发地震的应力降值比前者明显偏低,大约小10倍.这可能是由于水库蓄水造成地下介质孔隙压力增大或者水的润滑作用,从而导致在一个比较低的构造应力情况下发生水库诱发地震.
In this text,we firstly discussed the relationship between the water filling and seismicity in Longtan reservoir and found that the characteristic of reservoir induced seismicity was very apparent in Longtan reservoir and these epicenters mainly distributed in 5 clusters.Digital seismic data recorded by 24 fixed and temporary stations located around the reservoir were used to study the characteristics of anelastic attenuation in this region and to obtain the site responses.After that,source parameters of 1616 earthquakes with magnitude bigger than 0.1 were calculated and the differences existing in characteristics of source parameters between reservoir induced seismicity and tectonic earthquake were discussed.Our results show that(1) Seismicity in Longtan reservoir has strong relationship with the water filling of reservoir and the activity status of seismicity for these five clusters are various in different water filling period.The response of seismicity to the water filling process is affected by the development of local faulted structure and the water permeability of the rock.(2) Seismic moment M0increases with increasing magnitude ML in Longtan reservoir and their statistical relationship is LogM0=1.07ML+10.17.Relationship between stress drop and magnitude is consistent with the result gained by Nuttli that intraplate earthquake follows the ISD model,with a statistical relationship LogΔσ=0.71ML-2.89.(3) Radiated seismic energy and apparent stress in Longtan reservoir all increase with increasing magnitude,indicating that the big earthquake is a radiator of seismic energy with more efficient rather than small earthquake.(4) In general,there are some differences in stress drop for different cluster.The distribution of stress drops has a good consistence with the water depth of reservoir,with high value of stress drop in deeper water depth.(5) Stress drops of reservoir induced seismicity are smaller than that of tectonic earthquake with same magnitude apparently,about 10 times.These results maybe indicate that the reservoir induced seismicity can occur with a lower tectonic stress due to the high hole pressure of the underground medium and the effect of the water lubrication.
In this text,we firstly discussed the relationship between the water filling and seismicity in Longtan reservoir and found that the characteristic of reservoir induced seismicity was very apparent in Longtan reservoir and these epicenters mainly distributed in 5 clusters.Digital seismic data recorded by 24 fixed and temporary stations located around the reservoir were used to study the characteristics of anelastic attenuation in this region and to obtain the site responses.After that,source parameters of 1616 earthquakes with magnitude bigger than 0.1 were calculated and the differences existing in characteristics of source parameters between reservoir induced seismicity and tectonic earthquake were discussed.Our results show that(1) Seismicity in Longtan reservoir has strong relationship with the water filling of reservoir and the activity status of seismicity for these five clusters are various in different water filling period.The response of seismicity to the water filling process is affected by the development of local faulted structure and the water permeability of the rock.(2) Seismic moment M0increases with increasing magnitude ML in Longtan reservoir and their statistical relationship is LogM0=1.07ML+10.17.Relationship between stress drop and magnitude is consistent with the result gained by Nuttli that intraplate earthquake follows the ISD model,with a statistical relationship LogΔσ=0.71ML-2.89.(3) Radiated seismic energy and apparent stress in Longtan reservoir all increase with increasing magnitude,indicating that the big earthquake is a radiator of seismic energy with more efficient rather than small earthquake.(4) In general,there are some differences in stress drop for different cluster.The distribution of stress drops has a good consistence with the water depth of reservoir,with high value of stress drop in deeper water depth.(5) Stress drops of reservoir induced seismicity are smaller than that of tectonic earthquake with same magnitude apparently,about 10 times.These results maybe indicate that the reservoir induced seismicity can occur with a lower tectonic stress due to the high hole pressure of the underground medium and the effect of the water lubrication.
引文
[1]秦嘉政,刘丽芳,钱晓东.水库诱发地震活动特征及其预测方法研究.地震研究,2009,32(2):105-113.Qin J Z,Liu L F,Qian X D.Research on characteristics andprediction of reservoir induced seismicity.Journal ofSeismological Research(in Chinese),2009,32(2):105-113.
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[4]Gough D I and Gough W I.Load-induced earthquakes at LakeKariba,2.Geophys.J.R.Astro.Soc.1970,21:79-101.
[5]Raleigh C B,Healy J H and Bredehoeft J D.Faulting andcrustal stress at Rangely,Colorado.AGU GeophysicalMonograph,1972,16:275-284.
[6]Raleigh C B,Healy J H and Bredehoeft J D.An Experiment inEarthquake Control at Rangely,Colorado.Science,1976,191:1230-1237.
[7]Gupta H K.The present status of reservoir induced seismicityinvestigations with special emphasis on Koyna earthquakes.Tectonophysics,1985,118(3):257-279.
[8]Ross A,Foulger G R and Julian B R.Source processes ofindustrially-induced earthquakes at The Geysers geothermalarea,California.GEOPHYSICS,1999,64(6):1877-1889.
[9]Fehler M C and Phillips W S.Simultaneous inversion for Qand source parameters of microearthquakes accompanyinghydraulic fracturing in granitic rock.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1991,81(2):553-575.
[10]Abercrombie R E and Leary P.Source parameters of smallearthquakes recorded at 2.5km depth,Cajon Pass SouthernCalifornia:implications for earthquake scaling.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1993,20(14):1511-1514.
[11]周昕,钟羽云,傅建武,等.珊溪水库地震与构造地震波谱时-频特征的对比研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(4):86-91.Zhou X,Zhong Y Y,Fu J W,et al.Contrast of time-frequency characteristics of wave spectrum between Shanxireservoir induced earthquake and tectonic earthquake.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2006,26(4):86-91(inChinese)
[12]Atkinson G M and Mereu R F.The shape of ground motionattenuation curves in Southeastern Canada.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1992,82(5):2014-2031
[13]黄玉龙,郑斯华,刘杰,等.广东地区地震波衰减和场地响应的研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(1):54-61Huang Y L,Zheng S H,Liu J,et al.Attenuation OfGround Motion And Site Response In Guangdong Region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(1):54-61.
[14]刘杰,郑斯华,黄玉龙.利用遗传算法反演非弹性衰减系数、震源参数和场地响应.地震学报,2003,25(2):211-218.Liu J,Zheng S H,Huang Y L.The inversion of anelasticcoefficient,source parameters and site respond using geneticalgorithm.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2003,25(2):211-218(in Chinese).
[15]华卫,陈章立,郑斯华.2008年汶川8.0级地震序列震源参数分段特征的研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):365-371.HUA Wei,CHEN Zhang-li,ZHENG Si-hua.A study onsegmentation characteristics of aftershock source parametersof Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake in 2008.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),009,52(2):365-371.
[16]Moya C A,Aguirre J and Irikura K.Inversion of sourceparameters and site effects from strong ground motionrecords using genetic algorithms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(4):977-992.
[17]Brune J N.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic wavesfrom earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1970,75:4997-5009.
[18]Brune J N.Correction.J.Geophys.Res.,1971,76(20):5002.
[19]Stork A L and Ito H.Source Parameter Scaling for SmallEarthquakes Observed at the Western Nagano 800-m-DeepBorehole,Central Japan.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2004,94(5):1781-1794.
[20]Izutani Y and Kanamori H.Scale-dependence of seismicenergy to moment ratio for strike-slip earthquake in Japan.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(20):4007-4010.
[21]Ide S and Beroza G C.Does apparent stress vary withearthquake size?.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(7):3349-3352.
[22]华卫.中小地震震源参数定标关系研究[D].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,2007.Hua W.Study on Scaling Relations of Source Parameters forModerate and Small Earthquak[D].Beijing:Institute ofGeophysics,China Earthquake Administration,2007
[23]郭培兰,姚宏,袁媛.龙滩水库地震危险性分析.高原地震,2006,18(4):17-23.Guo P L,Yao H,Yuan Y.Analysis on potential seismic riskin Longtan reservoir.Plateau Earthquake Research(inChinese),2006,18(4):17-23
[24]Randall M J.The spectral theory of seismic sources.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1973,63(3):1133-1144.
[25]Kanamori H and Brodsky E E.The physics of earthquakes.Rep.Prog.Phys.,2004,67(8):1429-1496.
[26]Kanamori H and Rivera L.Static and Dynamic ScalingRelations for Earthquakes and Their Implications for RuptureSpeed and Stress Drop.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2004,94(1):314-319.
[27]杨志高,张晓东.紫坪铺水库地区蓄水前后视应力标度率变化研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(12):2861-2868.Yang Z G,Zhang X D.T he transition of apparent stressscaling law before and after impounding in Zipingpu reservoirregion.Chinese J.Geophys.(inchinese),2010,53(12):2861-2868.
[28]陈翰林,赵翠萍,修济刚等.龙滩水库地震精定位及活动特征研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(8):2035-2043.Chen H,Zhao C P,Xiu J G,etal.Study on preciserelocation of Longtan reservoir earthquakes and its seismicactivity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(8):2035-2043.
[29]丁原章等.水库诱发地震.地震出版社,1989.Ding Y Z,et al.Reservoir Induced Seismicity(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1989
[30]张爱民,李强.双差定位法在三峡库区地震定位中的应用.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(3):73-77.Zhang A M,Li Q.Application of double-difference locationmethod to earthquakes in three gorges reservoir area.Journalof Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2006,26(3):73-77.
[31]周斌,薛世峰,邓志辉等.水库诱发地震时空演化与库水加卸载及渗透过程的关系——以紫坪铺水库为例.地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2651-2670.Zhou B,Xue S F,Deng Z H,et al.Relationship between theevolution of reservoir-induced seismicity in space-time and theprocess of reservoir water body load-unloading and waterinfiltration—a case study of Zipingpu reservoir.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(11):2651-2670.
[32]Nuttli O W.Average seismic source-parameter relations formid-plate earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1983,73(2):519-535.
[33]Sibson,R..Interactions between temperature and pore-fluidpressure during earthquake faulting and a mechanism forpartial or total stress relief.Nature Phys.Sci.,1973,243:66-68.
[34]Brodsky,E.E.and Kanamori,H.Elastohydrodynamiclubrication of faults.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(8):16357-16374.Haimson B C.岩性、非均匀性、地形和断层对水压致裂原地应力测量的影响及正确的数据解释和支持测量结果的独立证据的重要性.国际地震动态,2011,385(1)13-16.Haimson B C.The effect of lithology,inhomogeneity,topography,and faults,on in situ stress measurements byhydraulic fracturing,and the importance of correct datainterpretation and independent evidence in support of results.Recent developments in world seismology,2011,385(1)13-16.
[2]Simpson D W,Leith W S,and Scholz C H.Two types ofreservoir-induced seismicity.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1988,78(6):2025-2040.
[3]Gough D I and Gough W I.Stress and deflection in the lithospherenear Lake Kariba,1.Geophys.J.R.Astro.Soc.1970,21:65-78.
[4]Gough D I and Gough W I.Load-induced earthquakes at LakeKariba,2.Geophys.J.R.Astro.Soc.1970,21:79-101.
[5]Raleigh C B,Healy J H and Bredehoeft J D.Faulting andcrustal stress at Rangely,Colorado.AGU GeophysicalMonograph,1972,16:275-284.
[6]Raleigh C B,Healy J H and Bredehoeft J D.An Experiment inEarthquake Control at Rangely,Colorado.Science,1976,191:1230-1237.
[7]Gupta H K.The present status of reservoir induced seismicityinvestigations with special emphasis on Koyna earthquakes.Tectonophysics,1985,118(3):257-279.
[8]Ross A,Foulger G R and Julian B R.Source processes ofindustrially-induced earthquakes at The Geysers geothermalarea,California.GEOPHYSICS,1999,64(6):1877-1889.
[9]Fehler M C and Phillips W S.Simultaneous inversion for Qand source parameters of microearthquakes accompanyinghydraulic fracturing in granitic rock.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1991,81(2):553-575.
[10]Abercrombie R E and Leary P.Source parameters of smallearthquakes recorded at 2.5km depth,Cajon Pass SouthernCalifornia:implications for earthquake scaling.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1993,20(14):1511-1514.
[11]周昕,钟羽云,傅建武,等.珊溪水库地震与构造地震波谱时-频特征的对比研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(4):86-91.Zhou X,Zhong Y Y,Fu J W,et al.Contrast of time-frequency characteristics of wave spectrum between Shanxireservoir induced earthquake and tectonic earthquake.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2006,26(4):86-91(inChinese)
[12]Atkinson G M and Mereu R F.The shape of ground motionattenuation curves in Southeastern Canada.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1992,82(5):2014-2031
[13]黄玉龙,郑斯华,刘杰,等.广东地区地震波衰减和场地响应的研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(1):54-61Huang Y L,Zheng S H,Liu J,et al.Attenuation OfGround Motion And Site Response In Guangdong Region.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(1):54-61.
[14]刘杰,郑斯华,黄玉龙.利用遗传算法反演非弹性衰减系数、震源参数和场地响应.地震学报,2003,25(2):211-218.Liu J,Zheng S H,Huang Y L.The inversion of anelasticcoefficient,source parameters and site respond using geneticalgorithm.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2003,25(2):211-218(in Chinese).
[15]华卫,陈章立,郑斯华.2008年汶川8.0级地震序列震源参数分段特征的研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):365-371.HUA Wei,CHEN Zhang-li,ZHENG Si-hua.A study onsegmentation characteristics of aftershock source parametersof Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake in 2008.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),009,52(2):365-371.
[16]Moya C A,Aguirre J and Irikura K.Inversion of sourceparameters and site effects from strong ground motionrecords using genetic algorithms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2000,90(4):977-992.
[17]Brune J N.Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic wavesfrom earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1970,75:4997-5009.
[18]Brune J N.Correction.J.Geophys.Res.,1971,76(20):5002.
[19]Stork A L and Ito H.Source Parameter Scaling for SmallEarthquakes Observed at the Western Nagano 800-m-DeepBorehole,Central Japan.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2004,94(5):1781-1794.
[20]Izutani Y and Kanamori H.Scale-dependence of seismicenergy to moment ratio for strike-slip earthquake in Japan.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(20):4007-4010.
[21]Ide S and Beroza G C.Does apparent stress vary withearthquake size?.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(7):3349-3352.
[22]华卫.中小地震震源参数定标关系研究[D].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,2007.Hua W.Study on Scaling Relations of Source Parameters forModerate and Small Earthquak[D].Beijing:Institute ofGeophysics,China Earthquake Administration,2007
[23]郭培兰,姚宏,袁媛.龙滩水库地震危险性分析.高原地震,2006,18(4):17-23.Guo P L,Yao H,Yuan Y.Analysis on potential seismic riskin Longtan reservoir.Plateau Earthquake Research(inChinese),2006,18(4):17-23
[24]Randall M J.The spectral theory of seismic sources.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1973,63(3):1133-1144.
[25]Kanamori H and Brodsky E E.The physics of earthquakes.Rep.Prog.Phys.,2004,67(8):1429-1496.
[26]Kanamori H and Rivera L.Static and Dynamic ScalingRelations for Earthquakes and Their Implications for RuptureSpeed and Stress Drop.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2004,94(1):314-319.
[27]杨志高,张晓东.紫坪铺水库地区蓄水前后视应力标度率变化研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(12):2861-2868.Yang Z G,Zhang X D.T he transition of apparent stressscaling law before and after impounding in Zipingpu reservoirregion.Chinese J.Geophys.(inchinese),2010,53(12):2861-2868.
[28]陈翰林,赵翠萍,修济刚等.龙滩水库地震精定位及活动特征研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(8):2035-2043.Chen H,Zhao C P,Xiu J G,etal.Study on preciserelocation of Longtan reservoir earthquakes and its seismicactivity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(8):2035-2043.
[29]丁原章等.水库诱发地震.地震出版社,1989.Ding Y Z,et al.Reservoir Induced Seismicity(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1989
[30]张爱民,李强.双差定位法在三峡库区地震定位中的应用.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(3):73-77.Zhang A M,Li Q.Application of double-difference locationmethod to earthquakes in three gorges reservoir area.Journalof Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2006,26(3):73-77.
[31]周斌,薛世峰,邓志辉等.水库诱发地震时空演化与库水加卸载及渗透过程的关系——以紫坪铺水库为例.地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2651-2670.Zhou B,Xue S F,Deng Z H,et al.Relationship between theevolution of reservoir-induced seismicity in space-time and theprocess of reservoir water body load-unloading and waterinfiltration—a case study of Zipingpu reservoir.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(11):2651-2670.
[32]Nuttli O W.Average seismic source-parameter relations formid-plate earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1983,73(2):519-535.
[33]Sibson,R..Interactions between temperature and pore-fluidpressure during earthquake faulting and a mechanism forpartial or total stress relief.Nature Phys.Sci.,1973,243:66-68.
[34]Brodsky,E.E.and Kanamori,H.Elastohydrodynamiclubrication of faults.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(8):16357-16374.Haimson B C.岩性、非均匀性、地形和断层对水压致裂原地应力测量的影响及正确的数据解释和支持测量结果的独立证据的重要性.国际地震动态,2011,385(1)13-16.Haimson B C.The effect of lithology,inhomogeneity,topography,and faults,on in situ stress measurements byhydraulic fracturing,and the importance of correct datainterpretation and independent evidence in support of results.Recent developments in world seismology,2011,385(1)13-16.
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