2010年M_S7.1级玉树地震同震库仑应力变化以及对2011年M_S5.2级囊谦地震的影响
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摘要
2010年4月14日青海省玉树藏族自治州发生MS7.1级地震.和传统的板内地震相比,玉树MS7.1级地震的余震具有数量少、震级大的特点.研究玉树地震主震与余震之间的关系,对于我们了解余震的发震机理具有十分重要的参考价值.本文利用弹性位错理论和分层岩石圈模型,计算玉树地震引起的同震及震后黏弹松弛应力场变化,讨论MS7.1级玉树地震对余震分布的影响以及与2011年囊谦MS5.2级地震之间的触发关系.结果显示,玉树地震导致了四处明显的库仑应力增强的扇区,2010年4月13日至6月17日的870次ML>1.0级余震主要分布于主震破裂面附近区域以及破裂面东北端的应力增强扇区.分析玉树地震对余震分布的影响时,有效摩擦系数以及计算深度的选取对计算结果的影响较小,是否考虑区域构造应力场的影响较大.考虑区域构造应力场时,占总数86.7%的余震位于库仑应力增强区,地震应力触发理论较好地解释了余震的分布.选取囊谦地震震源机制解的两个节面作为库仑应力计算中的接收断层参数,并且考虑不同黏滞系数下的玉树地震同震及震后黏弹松弛效应,模型计算结果均表明囊谦地震位于玉树地震所导致应力影区,仅依靠地震的静态、震后黏弹松弛应力触发理论,无法解释囊谦地震的发生,说明该次地震可能是一次独立的事件.
A moderate and widely felt earthquake of MS7.1 occurred on April 14,2010 in Yushu district of Qinghai province,China.Comparing with typical intraplate earthquakes,the exceptional characteristic of aftershock sequence of Yushu earthquake is that the aftershocks are exceptionally sparse and strong for such a moderate earthquake.Thus,the relationship between the MS7.1 mainshock and its aftershocks should provide us a good opportunity to investigate the mechanism of aftershock occurrences.Based on the elastic dislocation theory and multilayer lithospheric model,we calculate the coseismic static and postseismic viscoelastic relaxation stress changes induced by the Yushu earthquake,analyze its influence on aftershocks distribution,and discuss the interaction between MS7.1 Yushu earthquake and 2011 MS5.2 Nangqên earthquake.The results show that the coseismic stress changes induced by Yushu earthquake obviously raised the stress accumulation in four regions.Analyzing the relationship between Coulomb stress changes and aftershocks distribution,the numerical result is insensitive to the effective coefficient of friction and calculated depth,but more sensitive to the effect of regional stress.Taking the regional stress into account,86.7% of total aftershocks located in the regions with increased Coulomb stress.The aftershock distribution of Yushu earthquake could be well explained by the earthquake stress triggering theory.Taking the two nodal planes of the focal mechanism of Nangqên earthquake as the receiver fault,we calculate the coseismic and postseismic stress changes with different viscosities.The numerical results indicate that the hypocenter of Nangqên earthquake always locates in the stress shadow,which means the theories of static and viscoelastic relaxation stress triggering can not explain the occurrence of Nangqên earthquake.So,we propose that the Nangqên earthquake could be an independent event.
A moderate and widely felt earthquake of MS7.1 occurred on April 14,2010 in Yushu district of Qinghai province,China.Comparing with typical intraplate earthquakes,the exceptional characteristic of aftershock sequence of Yushu earthquake is that the aftershocks are exceptionally sparse and strong for such a moderate earthquake.Thus,the relationship between the MS7.1 mainshock and its aftershocks should provide us a good opportunity to investigate the mechanism of aftershock occurrences.Based on the elastic dislocation theory and multilayer lithospheric model,we calculate the coseismic static and postseismic viscoelastic relaxation stress changes induced by the Yushu earthquake,analyze its influence on aftershocks distribution,and discuss the interaction between MS7.1 Yushu earthquake and 2011 MS5.2 Nangqên earthquake.The results show that the coseismic stress changes induced by Yushu earthquake obviously raised the stress accumulation in four regions.Analyzing the relationship between Coulomb stress changes and aftershocks distribution,the numerical result is insensitive to the effective coefficient of friction and calculated depth,but more sensitive to the effect of regional stress.Taking the regional stress into account,86.7% of total aftershocks located in the regions with increased Coulomb stress.The aftershock distribution of Yushu earthquake could be well explained by the earthquake stress triggering theory.Taking the two nodal planes of the focal mechanism of Nangqên earthquake as the receiver fault,we calculate the coseismic and postseismic stress changes with different viscosities.The numerical results indicate that the hypocenter of Nangqên earthquake always locates in the stress shadow,which means the theories of static and viscoelastic relaxation stress triggering can not explain the occurrence of Nangqên earthquake.So,we propose that the Nangqên earthquake could be an independent event.
引文
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[2]张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2010年青海玉树地震震源过程.中国科学D辑,2010,40(7):819-821.Zhang Y,Xu L S,Chen Y T.Source process of the 2010Yushu,Qinghai,earthquake.Sci.China Earth Sci.,2010,53(9):1249-1251,doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4045-5.
[3]陈立春,王虎,冉勇康等.玉树Ms7.1级地震地表破裂与历史大地震.科学通报,2010,55(31):1200-1205.Chen L C,Wang H,Ran Y K,et al.The Ms7.1Yushuearthquake surface ruptures and historical earthquakes.Chinese Sci.Bull.(in Chinese),2010,55,doi:10.1007/s11434-010-0293-1.
[4]Shan B,Xiong X,Zheng Y,et al.The co-seismic Coulombstress change and expected seismicity rate caused by 14April2010 Ms=7.1Yushu,China,earthquake.Tectonophysics,2011,510(3-4):345-353,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.08.003.
[5]Stein R S.Earthquake conversations.Sci.Am.,2003,288(1):72-79.
[6]单斌,熊熊,郑勇等.2008年5月12日Mw7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化.中国科学D辑,2009,39(5):537-545.Shan B,Xiong X,Zheng Y,et al.Stress changes on majorfaults caused by Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,May 12,2008.Sci.China Earth Sci.,2009,52(5):593-601.
[7]King G C P,Stein R S,Lin J.Static stress changes and thetriggering of earthquakes.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1994,84(3):935-953.
[8]Stein R S.The role of stress transfer in earthquakeoccurrence.Nature,1999,402(6762):605-609.
[9]Deng J S,Sykes L R.Evolution of the stress field in southernCalifornia and triggering of moderate-size earthquakes:a 200-year perspective.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B5):9859-9886.
[10]Deng J,Sykes L R.Stress evolution in southern Californiaand triggering of moderate-,small-,and micro-size earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B11):24411-24435.
[11]Hardebeck J L,Nazareth J J,Hauksson E.The static stresschange triggering model;constraints from two southernCalifornia aftershock sequences.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B10):24427-24437.
[12]Wang W H,Chen C H.Static stress transferred by the 1999Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake:effects on the stability of thesurrounding fault systems and aftershock triggering with a 3Dfault-slip model.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2001,91(5):1041-1052.
[13]Marsan D,Bean C J.Seismicity response to stressperturbations,analysed for a world-wide catalogue.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,154(1):179-195.
[14]Jaeger J C,Cook N G.Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics.3rd ed.London:Chapman&Hall,1979.
[15]Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting.New York:Cambridge University Press,1990:439.
[16]Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faultsin a half-space.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1992,82(2):1018-1040.
[17]Parsons T,Stein R S,Simpson R W,et al.Stress sensitivityof fault seismicity:a comparison between limited-offsetoblique and major strike-slip faults.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104(B9):20183-20202.
[18]Heidbach O,Ben-Avraham Z.Stress evolution and seismichazard of the Dead Sea Fault System.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2007,257(1-2):299-312.
[19]Xiong X,Shan B,Zheng Y,et al.Stress transfer and itsimplication for earthquake hazard on the Kunlun Fault,Tibet.Tectonophysics,2010,482(1-4):216-225.
[20]Wang R J.A simple orthonormalization method for stableand efficient computation of Green′s functions.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1999,89(3):733-741.
[21]Wang R J,Lorenzo-Matín F,Roth F.PSGRN/PSCMP-anew code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory.Comput.Geosci.,2006,32(4):527-541.
[22]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology.2nd ed.California:University Science Books,2002:73.
[23]王有学,钱辉.青海东部地壳速度结构特征研究.地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2000,7(4):568-579.Wang Y X,Qian H.Study of crustal velocity structure ineast Qinghai.Earth Science Frontiers(China University ofGeosciences,Beijing)(in Chinese),2000,7(4):568-579.
[24]Chen Y L,Niu F L,Liu R F,et al.Crustal structurebeneath China from receiver function analysis.J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115:B03307,doi:10.1029/2009JB006386.
[25]王未来,吴建平,房立华.2010年玉树Ms7.1地震及其余震的双差定位研究.中国科学D辑,2012,42(7):1037-1046.Wang W L,Wu J P,Fang L H.Relocating of the mainshockand its aftershock of 2010 Ms7.1 Yushu earthquake bydouble difference method.Sci.China Earth Sci.(inChinese),2012,42(7):1037-1046.
[26]Freed A M.Earthquake triggering by static,dynamic,andpostseismic stress transfer.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,2005,33(1):335-367.
[27]Pollitz F F,Bürgmann R,Segall P.Joint estimation ofafterslip rate and postseismic relaxation following the 1989Loma Prieta earthquake.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B11):26975-26992.
[28]邵志刚,傅容珊,薛霆虓等.昆仑山Ms8.1级地震震后变形场数值模拟与成因机理探讨.地球物理学报,2008,51(3):805-816.Shao Z G,Fu R S,Xue T X,et al.The numerical simulationand discussion on mechanism of postseismic deformation afterKunlun Ms8.1earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(3):805-816.
[29]Zhao L S,Helmberger D V.Source estimation frombroadband regional seismograms.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1994,84(1):91-104.
[30]Zhu L P,Helmberger D V.Advancement in sourceestimation techniques using broadband regional seismograms.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1996,86(5):1634-1641.
[31]韦生吉,倪四道,崇加军等.2003年8月16日赤峰地震:一个可能发生在下地壳的地震?地球物理学报,2009,52(1):111-119.Wei S J,Ni S D,Chong J J,et al.The 16 August 2003Chifeng earthquake:Is it a lower crust earthquake?ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1):111-119.
[32]郑勇,马宏生,吕坚等.汶川地震强余震(Ms≥5.6)的震源机制解及其与发震构造的关系.中国科学D辑,2009,39(4):413-426.Zheng Y,Ma H S,LüJ,et al.Source mechanism of strongaftershocks(Ms≥5.6)of the 2008/05/12 Wenchuanearthquake and the implication for seismotectonics.Sci.China Earth Sci.,2009,52(6):739-753.
[33]Zheng Y,Ni S D,Xie Z,et al.Strong aftershocks in thenorthern segment of the Wenchuan earthquake rupture zoneand their seismotectonic implications.Earth Planets Space,2010,62(11):881-886.
[34]罗艳,倪四道,曾祥方等.汶川地震余震区东北端一个余震序列的地震学研究.中国科学D辑,2010,40(6):677-687.Luo Y,Ni S D,Zeng X F,et al.A shallow aftershocksequence in the north-eastern end of the Wenchuanearthquake aftershock zone.Sci.China Earth Sci.,2010,53(11):1655-1664.
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