西沙海区碳酸盐台地地震反射特征及沉积模式
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摘要
随着南海海盆的持续扩张,西沙海区整体沉降,从早中新世起西沙碳酸盐台地开始发育,而且在台地之上生长了不同类型的生物礁。通过地震识别认为,西沙海区生物礁在地震剖面上表现为顶底强振幅的丘形连续反射、内部弱振幅杂乱反射;碳酸盐台地表现为顶部强振幅连续平行反射、底部界面局部模糊、内部强弱相间亚平行连续反射。通过对西沙海区地层层序的分析以及大量地震资料的解释认为,在西沙碳酸盐台地的发育早期它受基底构造的控制,而在后期主要受多期海平面变化的影响,其发育演化经历了初始生长—加积—出露—二次生长—淹没等一系列阶段,复杂的演化过程也使西沙碳酸盐岩具有较好的储集条件和油气远景。
Xisha area subsided along with the seafloor spreading of the South China Sea,carbonate platform and different types of reef began developed from Early Miocene in this area.Based on the seismic analysis,reefs in Xisha area show high-amplitude moundy continuous reflection at the top and the bottom,chaotic reflection inside the reef,carbonate platform shows high-amplitude continuous sub-parallel reflection at the top and a partly obscure bottom boundary,the internal reflection shows high-amplitude reflection interbedded with weak-amplitude reflection.Based on the stratigraphic sequence analysis in Xisha area and the seismic interpretation,the development of Xisha carbonate platforms was mainly controlled by the basement structure at the early stage and then mainly controlled by the relative sea-level fluctuation,so Xisha carbonate platforms experienced several development stages such as initial establishment stage,aggradation stage,exposure stage and flooding stage.The complicated development process makes the carbonate reservoir to have favorable reservoir properties and hydrocarbon potential.
Xisha area subsided along with the seafloor spreading of the South China Sea,carbonate platform and different types of reef began developed from Early Miocene in this area.Based on the seismic analysis,reefs in Xisha area show high-amplitude moundy continuous reflection at the top and the bottom,chaotic reflection inside the reef,carbonate platform shows high-amplitude continuous sub-parallel reflection at the top and a partly obscure bottom boundary,the internal reflection shows high-amplitude reflection interbedded with weak-amplitude reflection.Based on the stratigraphic sequence analysis in Xisha area and the seismic interpretation,the development of Xisha carbonate platforms was mainly controlled by the basement structure at the early stage and then mainly controlled by the relative sea-level fluctuation,so Xisha carbonate platforms experienced several development stages such as initial establishment stage,aggradation stage,exposure stage and flooding stage.The complicated development process makes the carbonate reservoir to have favorable reservoir properties and hydrocarbon potential.
引文
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[30]魏喜,贾承造,孟卫工,等.西沙海域新近纪以来生物礁分布规律及油气勘探方向探讨[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(3):308—312.
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[2]邱燕,陈泓君.南海新生代第三纪生物礁层序地层学分析[J].南海地质研究,1999(11):53—66.
[3]魏喜,邓晋福,谢文彦,等.南海盆地演化对生物礁的控制及礁油气藏潜力分析[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):245—252.
[4]SATTLER U,ZAMPETTI V,SCHLAGER W,et al.Late leaching under deep burial conditions:a case study from the Miocene Zhujiangcarbonate reservoir,South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21(8):977—992.
[5]MOLDOVANYI E P,WALL F M,ZHANG Jun-yan.Regional exposure events and platform evolution of Zhujiang formation carbonates,Pearl River Mouth Basin:evidence from primary and diagenetic seismic facies[Z].American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Tulsa inOklahoma,USA,AAPG Memoir 63.1995.125—140.
[6]岳大力,吴胜和,林承焰,等.流花11-1油田礁灰岩油藏沉积-成岩演化模式[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(4):518—529.
[7]BELOPOLSKY A V,DROXLER A W.Imaging Tertiary carbonate systems-the Maldives,Indian Ocean:insights into carbonate se-quence interpretation[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22:646—652.
[8]BELOPOLSKY A,DROXLER A.Seismic expressions of prograding bank margins:Middle Miocene,Maldives,Indian Ocean[Z].Ameri-can Association of Petroleum Geologists,Tulsa in Oklahoma,USA,AAPG Memoir 81.2004.267—290.
[9]王崇友,何希贤,裘松余.西沙群岛西永一井碳酸盐岩地层与微体古生物的初步研究[J].石油实验地质,1979(1):23—39.
[10]张明书.西沙群岛西永1井礁相第四纪地层的划分[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1990,10(2):57—64.
[11]孟祥营.西沙群岛晚中新世以来有孔虫生物地层界限及古环境变化[J].微体古生物学报,1989,6(4):345—356.
[12]何起祥,张明书.中国西沙礁相地质[M].北京:科学出版社,1986.
[13]韩春瑞,孟祥营.西沙晚中新世以来礁相地层中有孔虫动物群的分布及其意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1990,10(2):65—80.
[14]徐国强,吕炳全,王红罡.新生代南海北部碳酸盐台地的淹没事件研究[J].同济大学学报,2002,30(1):35—40.
[15]吴时国,喻普之.海底构造学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[16]金钟,徐世浙,李全兴.南海海盆海山古地磁及海盆的形成演化[J].海洋学报,2004,26(5):83—93.
[17]陈国威.南海生物礁及礁油气藏形成的基本特征[J].海洋地质动态,2003,19(8):32—37.
[18]蔡峰,许红.西沙——南海北部晚第三纪生物礁的比较沉积学研究[J].沉积学报,1996,14(4):61—69.
[19]邱燕,王英民.南海第三纪生物礁分布与古构造和古环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2001,21(1):65—73.
[20]魏喜,邓晋福,谢文彦,等.南海盆地演化对生物礁的控制及礁油气勘探潜力分析[J].地学前缘,2005,12(3):245—252.
[21]许红,张金川,等.西沙群岛中新世生物礁矿物相研究及其意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1994,14(4):15—23.
[22]许红,蔡峰,等.西沙中新世生物礁演化与藻类的造礁作用[J].科学通报,1999,44(13):1435—1439.
[23]张明书,刘建,李绍全,等.西沙群岛西琛一井礁序列成岩作用研究[J].地质学报,1997,71(3):236—244.
[24]EPTING M.Sedimentology of Miocene carbonate buildups,central Luconia,offshore Sarawak[J].Bulletin Geological Society of Malay-sia,1980,12:17—30.
[25]EPTING M.The Miocene carbonate buildups of central Luconia,offshore Sarawak[Q].BALLY A M.Atlas of Seismic Stratigra-phy.American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Tulsa in Oklahoma,USA:AAPG Studies in Geology.1989.168—173.
[26]VAHRENKAMP V C.Miocene carbonates of Luconia Province,offshore Sarawak:implication for regional geology and reservoir proper-ties from strontium isotope stratigraphy[Z].American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Tulsa in Oklahoma,USA:Petronas Researchand Technology Forum.1998.
[27]VAHRENKAMP V C.Sr-isotope stratigraphy of Miocene carbonates,Luconia Province,Sarawak,Malaysia:implications for platformgrowth and demise and regional reservoir behavior[Z].American Association of Petroleum Geologists,Tulsa in Oklahoma,USA.In A-merican Association of Petroleum Geologists 1998 Annual Meeting.1998.
[28]SUN S Q,ESTEBAN M.Paleoclimatic controls on sedimentation diagenesis and reservoir quality:lessons from Miocene carbonates[J].AAPG Bulletin,1994,78:519—543.
[29]ERLICH R N,BARRETT S F,JU G B.Seismic and geologic characteristics of drowning events on carbonate platforms[J].AAPG Bulle-tin,74:1523—1537.
[30]魏喜,贾承造,孟卫工,等.西沙海域新近纪以来生物礁分布规律及油气勘探方向探讨[J].石油地球物理勘探,2008,43(3):308—312.
[31]WU Shi-guo,YUAN Sheng-qiang,ZHANG Gong-cheng,et al.Seismic characterisitics of a reef carbonate reservoir and implications forhydrocarbon exploration in deepwater of the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2008,1—7.
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