汶川M_S8.0级地震前后ULF电磁辐射频谱特征研究
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摘要
本文基于电磁波频谱理论研究方法,对2008年四川汶川MS8.0地震前后金河、剑阁及郑州二砂三个电磁波台站的观测资料进行FFT和小波变换分析,研究了电磁辐射数据快速傅里叶频谱变化特征和在不同尺度下小波变化的分解,发现在汶川地震前确实有异常信息存在.结果表明:(1)FFT动态谱图像说明,地震前电磁波频谱变化特征较明显,在时间、频段上均显示了阶段性进程特征,且随着震中距的增大,辐射能量越小,异常出现的时间越晚;(2)小波分解显示了地震前电磁波异常信号低频部分出现的时间较早;距震中较近的台站,异常信息在高频部分相对明显;距震中稍远的台站,异常信息在低频部分相对明显.
Based on the theory of electromagnetic spectrum,we analyzed the observation data of electromagnetic radiation with FFT and wavelet transform method.The data were recorded at Jinhe and Jiange stations in Sichuan province,and at Ersha station in Zhengzhou of Henan province before and after the Wenchuan earthquake.After studying the variation of the electromagnetic spectrum from FFT transform and the wavelet decomposition at different scales,it is found that there is anomalous information before the earthquake.The results show that,first,the dynamic FFT spectrum image shows obvious variations of the electromagnetic spectrum before the earthquake,with characteristic progressive stages in both time and frequency band,and with the increase of epicentral distance,the radiation energy is smaller and the anomaly appears later.Secondly,the detailed wavelet decomposition shows that abnormal low-frequency signals appear earlier than the high-frequency anomaly;at the station near to the epicenter,the high-frequency anomaly is more apparent,while at the far station,the low-frequency anomaly is relatively more apparent.
Based on the theory of electromagnetic spectrum,we analyzed the observation data of electromagnetic radiation with FFT and wavelet transform method.The data were recorded at Jinhe and Jiange stations in Sichuan province,and at Ersha station in Zhengzhou of Henan province before and after the Wenchuan earthquake.After studying the variation of the electromagnetic spectrum from FFT transform and the wavelet decomposition at different scales,it is found that there is anomalous information before the earthquake.The results show that,first,the dynamic FFT spectrum image shows obvious variations of the electromagnetic spectrum before the earthquake,with characteristic progressive stages in both time and frequency band,and with the increase of epicentral distance,the radiation energy is smaller and the anomaly appears later.Secondly,the detailed wavelet decomposition shows that abnormal low-frequency signals appear earlier than the high-frequency anomaly;at the station near to the epicenter,the high-frequency anomaly is more apparent,while at the far station,the low-frequency anomaly is relatively more apparent.
引文
[1]Akinaga Y,Hayakawa M,Liu J Y,et al.A precursory ULFsignature for the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan.NaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences,2001,1(1-2):33-36.
[2]Harada M,Hattori K,Isezaki N.Transfer function approachto signal discrimination of ULF geomagnetic data.Physicsand Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:409-417.
[3]丁鉴海,卢振业,黄雪香.地震电磁学.北京:地震出版社,1994.Ding J H,Lu Z Y,Huang X X.Earthquake Electromagnetics(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1994.
[4]Huang Q H.One possible generation mechanism of co-seismic electric signals.Proceedings of the Japan Academy,2002,78(7B):173-178.
[5]郝锦绮,钱书清,高金田等.岩石破裂过程中的超低频电磁异常.地震学报,2003,25(1):102-111.Hao J Q,Qian S Q,Gao J T,et al.ULF electric andmagnetic anomalies accompanying the cracking of rocksample.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(1):102-111.
[6]Ren H X,Chen X F,Huang Q H.Numerical simulation ofcoseismic electromagnetic fields associated with seismic wavesdue to finite faulting in porous media.Geophys.J.Int.,2012,188(3):925-944.
[7]钱书清,郝锦绮,周建国等.岩石受压破裂的ULF和LF电磁前兆信号.中国地震,2003,19(2):109-116.Qian S Q,Hao J Q,Zhou J G,et al.Precursory electric andmagnetic signals at ULF and LF bands during the fracture ofrocks under pressure.Earthquake Research in China(inChinese),2003,19(2):109-116.
[8]陈化然,杨冬梅,李琪等.1980年以来我国电磁辐射地震前兆信息的观测与研究.中国地震,2008,24(2):180-186.Chen H R,Yang D M,Li Q,et al.Observation and researchon seismic precursor information of electromagnetic emissions.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2008,24(2):180-186.
[9]李琪,李军辉,杨冬梅等.地磁ULF前兆信息研究简述.地震地磁观测与研究,2008,29(6):170-176.Li Q,Li J H,Yang D M,et al.The state of the art in thestudy of ULF geomagnetic variations associated with earthquakes.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(inChinese),2008,29(6):170-176.
[10]李美,卢军.地震电磁辐射前兆异常特征和异常指标关系研究.地震,2008,28(4):112-120.Li M,Lu J.Study on characteristics and index relation ofelectromagnetic precursory anomaly of earthquakes.Earthquake(in Chinese),2008,28(4):112-120.
[11]Huang Q H.Rethinking earthquake-related DC-ULFelectromagnetic phenomena:Towards a physics-based approach.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2011,11(11):2941-2949,doi:10.5194/nhess-11-2941-201.
[12]Han P,Hattori K,Huang Q,et al.Evaluation of ULFelectromagnetic phenomena associated with the 2000 IzuIslands earthquake swarm by wavelet transform analysis.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2011,11(3):965-970,doi:10.5194/nhess-11-965-2011.
[13]赵国泽,陈小斌,肖骑彬等.汶川Ms8.0级地震成因三“层次”分析—基于深部电性结构.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):553-563.Zhao G Z,Chen X B,Xiao Q B,et al.Generation mechanismof Wenchuan strong earthquake of Ms8.0inferred from EMmeasurements in three levers.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(2):553-563.
[14]赵国泽,陈小斌,王立凤等.青藏高原东边缘地壳“管流”层的电磁探测证据.科学通报,2008,53(3):345-350.Zhao G Z,Chen X B,Wang L F,et al.Evidence of crustal‘channel flow’in the eastern margin of Tibetan plateau fromMT measurements.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2008,52(12):1887-1893.
[15]Huang Q H.Retrospective investigation of geophysical datapossibly associated with the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake inSichuan,China.J.Asian Earth Sci.,2011,41(4-5):421-427,doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.05.014.
[16]钱复业,赵璧如,钱卫等.汶川8.0级地震HRT波地震短临波动前兆及HRT波地震短临预测方法—关于实现强震短临预测可能性的讨论.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(1):11-23.Qian F Y,Zhao B R,Qian W,et al.Impending HRT waveprecursors to the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake and methodsof earthquake impending prediction by using HRT wave.Sci.China Ser.D-Earth Sci.(in Chinese),2009,52(10):1572-1584,doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0124-x.
[17]高曙德,汤吉,杜学彬等.汶川8.0级地震前后电磁场的变化特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):512-525,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.005.Gao S D,Tang J,Du X B,et al.The change characteristicsof electromagnetic field before to after Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):512-525,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.005.
[18]范莹莹,杜学彬,Zlotnicki J等.汶川Ms8.0大震前的电磁现象.地球物理学报,2010,53(12):2887-2898.Fang Y Y,Du X B,Zlotnicki J,et al.The electromagneticphenomena before the Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(12):2887-2898.
[19]汤吉,詹艳,王立凤等.汶川地震强余震的电磁同震效应.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):526-534.Tang J,Zhan Y,Wang L F,et al.Electromagnetic coseismiceffect associated with aftershock of Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):526-534.
[20]张建国,刘晓灿,唐庭梅等.汶川地震前后中国大陆地磁场动态演化特征初步研究.地震研究,2009,32(3):231-234.Zhang J G,Liu X C,Tang T M,et al.Research on dynamicevolution characteristics of geomagnetic field in Chinesemainland before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),2009,32(3):231-234.
[21]张建国,刘晓灿,姚丽等.汶川8.0级大地震前电磁扰动异常变化特征初步研究.地震地磁观测与研究,2010,31(5):56-60.Zhang J G,Liu X C,Yao L,et al.Study on anomalouschange characters of electromagnetic disturbance before theWenchuan earthquake with Ms8.0.Seismological andGeomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2010,31(5):56-60.
[22]李美,卢军,常媛等.汶川8.0级地震前高碑店和宁晋台超低频电磁辐射异常特征分析.国际地震动态,2009,(7):76-82.Li M,Lu J,Chang Y,et al.ULF electromagnetic anomalyobserved at Gaobeidian and Ningjin seismic stations beforeWenchuan 8.0earthquake.Recent Developments in WorldSeismology(in Chinese),2009,(7):76-82.
[23]郑治真.波谱分析基础.北京:地震出版社,1979.Zheng Z Z.Spectroscopy Analysis Basics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1979.
[24]Morlet J,Arens G,Forgeau I,et al.Wave propagation andsampling theory.Geophysics,1982,47(1):203-211.
[25]Mallat S G.A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition:The wavelet representation.IEEETransactionsonPatternAnalysisandMachineIntelligence,1989,11(7):674-693.
[26]郑治真,沈萍,杨选辉等.小波变换及其MATLAB工具的应用.北京:地震出版社,2001.Zheng Z Z,Shen P,Yang X X,et al.Wavelet Transformand Its Application of MATLAB Tool(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2001.
[27]张建国,关华平.张北6.2级地震前电磁波频谱分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2010,30(A01):29-32.Zhang J G,Guan H P.Analysis of electromagnetic spectrumbefore Zhangbei Ms6.2earthquake.Journal of Geodesy andGeodynamics(in Chinese),2010,30(Z1):29-32.
[28]朱涛.DEMETER卫星观测的LF/MF电场频谱特征初步研究.地震学报,2010,32(4):476-489.Zhu T.A preliminary study on characteristics of averagepower spectrum density of LF/MF electric field observed byDEMETER satellite.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2010,32(4):476-489.
[29]Akinaga Y,Hayakawa M,Liu J Y,et al.A precursory ULFsignature for the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan.NaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences,2001,1(1-2):33-36.
[30]Hattori K.ULF geomagnetic changes associated with largeearthquakes.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,2004,15(3):329-360.
[31]丁跃军,陈化然,张建国.汶川8.0级地震前电磁辐射异常变化特征初步研究.地震地磁观测与研究,2009,30(3):11-15.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-3246.2009.03.003.Ding Y J,Chen H R,Zhang J G.The preliminary researchon anomalous variation character of electromagnetic radiationbefore the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Seismological andGeomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2009,30(3):11-15.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-3246.2009.03.003.
[32]Huang Q H,Ikeya M.Seismic electromagnetic signals(SEMS)explained by a simulation experiment usingelectromagnetic waves.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,1998.109(3-4):107-114.
[33]张建国,刘晓灿,马新欣等.玉树7.1级地震前后电磁辐射小波变换分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2011,31(6):32-38.Zhang J G,Liu X C,Ma X X,et al.Wavelet transform ofeletromagnetic radiation before and after Yushu Ms7.1earthquake.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2011,31(6):32-38.
[34]黄清华,林玉风.地震电信号选择性数值模拟及可能影响因素.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):535-543,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.007.Huang Q H,Lin Y F.Numerical simulation of selectivity ofseismic electric signal and its possible influences.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):535-543,doi:10.3969/i.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.007.
[2]Harada M,Hattori K,Isezaki N.Transfer function approachto signal discrimination of ULF geomagnetic data.Physicsand Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:409-417.
[3]丁鉴海,卢振业,黄雪香.地震电磁学.北京:地震出版社,1994.Ding J H,Lu Z Y,Huang X X.Earthquake Electromagnetics(inChinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1994.
[4]Huang Q H.One possible generation mechanism of co-seismic electric signals.Proceedings of the Japan Academy,2002,78(7B):173-178.
[5]郝锦绮,钱书清,高金田等.岩石破裂过程中的超低频电磁异常.地震学报,2003,25(1):102-111.Hao J Q,Qian S Q,Gao J T,et al.ULF electric andmagnetic anomalies accompanying the cracking of rocksample.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(1):102-111.
[6]Ren H X,Chen X F,Huang Q H.Numerical simulation ofcoseismic electromagnetic fields associated with seismic wavesdue to finite faulting in porous media.Geophys.J.Int.,2012,188(3):925-944.
[7]钱书清,郝锦绮,周建国等.岩石受压破裂的ULF和LF电磁前兆信号.中国地震,2003,19(2):109-116.Qian S Q,Hao J Q,Zhou J G,et al.Precursory electric andmagnetic signals at ULF and LF bands during the fracture ofrocks under pressure.Earthquake Research in China(inChinese),2003,19(2):109-116.
[8]陈化然,杨冬梅,李琪等.1980年以来我国电磁辐射地震前兆信息的观测与研究.中国地震,2008,24(2):180-186.Chen H R,Yang D M,Li Q,et al.Observation and researchon seismic precursor information of electromagnetic emissions.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2008,24(2):180-186.
[9]李琪,李军辉,杨冬梅等.地磁ULF前兆信息研究简述.地震地磁观测与研究,2008,29(6):170-176.Li Q,Li J H,Yang D M,et al.The state of the art in thestudy of ULF geomagnetic variations associated with earthquakes.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research(inChinese),2008,29(6):170-176.
[10]李美,卢军.地震电磁辐射前兆异常特征和异常指标关系研究.地震,2008,28(4):112-120.Li M,Lu J.Study on characteristics and index relation ofelectromagnetic precursory anomaly of earthquakes.Earthquake(in Chinese),2008,28(4):112-120.
[11]Huang Q H.Rethinking earthquake-related DC-ULFelectromagnetic phenomena:Towards a physics-based approach.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2011,11(11):2941-2949,doi:10.5194/nhess-11-2941-201.
[12]Han P,Hattori K,Huang Q,et al.Evaluation of ULFelectromagnetic phenomena associated with the 2000 IzuIslands earthquake swarm by wavelet transform analysis.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2011,11(3):965-970,doi:10.5194/nhess-11-965-2011.
[13]赵国泽,陈小斌,肖骑彬等.汶川Ms8.0级地震成因三“层次”分析—基于深部电性结构.地球物理学报,2009,52(2):553-563.Zhao G Z,Chen X B,Xiao Q B,et al.Generation mechanismof Wenchuan strong earthquake of Ms8.0inferred from EMmeasurements in three levers.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2009,52(2):553-563.
[14]赵国泽,陈小斌,王立凤等.青藏高原东边缘地壳“管流”层的电磁探测证据.科学通报,2008,53(3):345-350.Zhao G Z,Chen X B,Wang L F,et al.Evidence of crustal‘channel flow’in the eastern margin of Tibetan plateau fromMT measurements.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2008,52(12):1887-1893.
[15]Huang Q H.Retrospective investigation of geophysical datapossibly associated with the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake inSichuan,China.J.Asian Earth Sci.,2011,41(4-5):421-427,doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.05.014.
[16]钱复业,赵璧如,钱卫等.汶川8.0级地震HRT波地震短临波动前兆及HRT波地震短临预测方法—关于实现强震短临预测可能性的讨论.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(1):11-23.Qian F Y,Zhao B R,Qian W,et al.Impending HRT waveprecursors to the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake and methodsof earthquake impending prediction by using HRT wave.Sci.China Ser.D-Earth Sci.(in Chinese),2009,52(10):1572-1584,doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0124-x.
[17]高曙德,汤吉,杜学彬等.汶川8.0级地震前后电磁场的变化特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):512-525,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.005.Gao S D,Tang J,Du X B,et al.The change characteristicsof electromagnetic field before to after Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):512-525,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.005.
[18]范莹莹,杜学彬,Zlotnicki J等.汶川Ms8.0大震前的电磁现象.地球物理学报,2010,53(12):2887-2898.Fang Y Y,Du X B,Zlotnicki J,et al.The electromagneticphenomena before the Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(12):2887-2898.
[19]汤吉,詹艳,王立凤等.汶川地震强余震的电磁同震效应.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):526-534.Tang J,Zhan Y,Wang L F,et al.Electromagnetic coseismiceffect associated with aftershock of Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):526-534.
[20]张建国,刘晓灿,唐庭梅等.汶川地震前后中国大陆地磁场动态演化特征初步研究.地震研究,2009,32(3):231-234.Zhang J G,Liu X C,Tang T M,et al.Research on dynamicevolution characteristics of geomagnetic field in Chinesemainland before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),2009,32(3):231-234.
[21]张建国,刘晓灿,姚丽等.汶川8.0级大地震前电磁扰动异常变化特征初步研究.地震地磁观测与研究,2010,31(5):56-60.Zhang J G,Liu X C,Yao L,et al.Study on anomalouschange characters of electromagnetic disturbance before theWenchuan earthquake with Ms8.0.Seismological andGeomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2010,31(5):56-60.
[22]李美,卢军,常媛等.汶川8.0级地震前高碑店和宁晋台超低频电磁辐射异常特征分析.国际地震动态,2009,(7):76-82.Li M,Lu J,Chang Y,et al.ULF electromagnetic anomalyobserved at Gaobeidian and Ningjin seismic stations beforeWenchuan 8.0earthquake.Recent Developments in WorldSeismology(in Chinese),2009,(7):76-82.
[23]郑治真.波谱分析基础.北京:地震出版社,1979.Zheng Z Z.Spectroscopy Analysis Basics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1979.
[24]Morlet J,Arens G,Forgeau I,et al.Wave propagation andsampling theory.Geophysics,1982,47(1):203-211.
[25]Mallat S G.A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition:The wavelet representation.IEEETransactionsonPatternAnalysisandMachineIntelligence,1989,11(7):674-693.
[26]郑治真,沈萍,杨选辉等.小波变换及其MATLAB工具的应用.北京:地震出版社,2001.Zheng Z Z,Shen P,Yang X X,et al.Wavelet Transformand Its Application of MATLAB Tool(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,2001.
[27]张建国,关华平.张北6.2级地震前电磁波频谱分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2010,30(A01):29-32.Zhang J G,Guan H P.Analysis of electromagnetic spectrumbefore Zhangbei Ms6.2earthquake.Journal of Geodesy andGeodynamics(in Chinese),2010,30(Z1):29-32.
[28]朱涛.DEMETER卫星观测的LF/MF电场频谱特征初步研究.地震学报,2010,32(4):476-489.Zhu T.A preliminary study on characteristics of averagepower spectrum density of LF/MF electric field observed byDEMETER satellite.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2010,32(4):476-489.
[29]Akinaga Y,Hayakawa M,Liu J Y,et al.A precursory ULFsignature for the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan.NaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences,2001,1(1-2):33-36.
[30]Hattori K.ULF geomagnetic changes associated with largeearthquakes.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,2004,15(3):329-360.
[31]丁跃军,陈化然,张建国.汶川8.0级地震前电磁辐射异常变化特征初步研究.地震地磁观测与研究,2009,30(3):11-15.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-3246.2009.03.003.Ding Y J,Chen H R,Zhang J G.The preliminary researchon anomalous variation character of electromagnetic radiationbefore the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Seismological andGeomagnetic Observation and Research(in Chinese),2009,30(3):11-15.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-3246.2009.03.003.
[32]Huang Q H,Ikeya M.Seismic electromagnetic signals(SEMS)explained by a simulation experiment usingelectromagnetic waves.Physics of the Earth and PlanetaryInteriors,1998.109(3-4):107-114.
[33]张建国,刘晓灿,马新欣等.玉树7.1级地震前后电磁辐射小波变换分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2011,31(6):32-38.Zhang J G,Liu X C,Ma X X,et al.Wavelet transform ofeletromagnetic radiation before and after Yushu Ms7.1earthquake.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2011,31(6):32-38.
[34]黄清华,林玉风.地震电信号选择性数值模拟及可能影响因素.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):535-543,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.007.Huang Q H,Lin Y F.Numerical simulation of selectivity ofseismic electric signal and its possible influences.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):535-543,doi:10.3969/i.issn.0001-5733.2010.03.007.
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