松散浅层结构的地震噪声探测综述
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摘要
地表松散的浅层结构是造成地震场地作用、加剧强震破坏的主要因素。通过探测了解浅层结构是评估场地作用、进行场地分类、预防和减轻地震灾害的重要环节。地震噪声随时随地存在,其能量分布在很宽的频带范围内,故近几年地震噪声探测被广泛应用于深层和浅层结构研究。在地表浅层结构研究中,相对于主动源探测,利用地震噪声可以比较廉价地实现较深范围的探测,并适用于更多的场地。本文将概述地震噪声浅层探测的数据采集方式和几种常用的数据处理方法,及其最近几年的发展趋势。
The near-surface soft structures can cause the seismic site effects which are the main reasons to intensify the earthquake hazard.So the investigation of the near-surface structure is a key step to site effects evaluation,site classification and seismic hazard prevention and reduction.Seismic noises are extensively used as sources in deep and shallow structures studies in recent years because they exist anytime and anywhere with relative wide spectral energy distribution.The investigation of shallow structure with seismic noise can be economically performed to deeper range comparing to active source exploration,and can be carried out in noisy site.This paper shortly reviews the most typical noise exploration methods in shallow structures,including data collection,processing and their most recent development.
The near-surface soft structures can cause the seismic site effects which are the main reasons to intensify the earthquake hazard.So the investigation of the near-surface structure is a key step to site effects evaluation,site classification and seismic hazard prevention and reduction.Seismic noises are extensively used as sources in deep and shallow structures studies in recent years because they exist anytime and anywhere with relative wide spectral energy distribution.The investigation of shallow structure with seismic noise can be economically performed to deeper range comparing to active source exploration,and can be carried out in noisy site.This paper shortly reviews the most typical noise exploration methods in shallow structures,including data collection,processing and their most recent development.
引文
陈棋福、刘澜波、王伟君等,2009,利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应,科学通报,53(18),2229～2235。
何正勤、丁志峰、贾辉等,2007,用微动中的面波信息探测地壳浅部的速度结构,地球物理学报,50(2),492～498。
王伟君、刘澜波、陈棋福等,2009,应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构,地球物理学报,52(6),1515～1525。
王伟君、陈棋福、齐诚等,2011,利用噪声HVSR方法探测近地表结构的可能性和局限性——以保定地区为例,地球物理学报,54(7),1783～1797。
谢晓峰、赵伯明、柴炽章等,2007,用HV谱比法推测银川市区沉积层基底分布特征,中国地震,23(4),359～365。
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Cho I,Tada T,Shinozaki Y,2006b,Centerless circular array method:Inferring phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in broadwavelength ranges using microtremor records.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:12PP.
Cho I,Tada T,Shinozaki Y,2008,A new method of microtremor exploration using miniature seismic arrays:Quick estimation ofaverage shear velocities of the shallow soil.Butsuri-Tansa,(61),457～468.
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Fh D,Kind F,Giardini D,2003,Inversion of localS-wave velocity structures from average H/V ratios,and their use for theestimation of site-effects.Journal of Seismology,7(4),449～467.
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Cho I,Tada T,Shinozaki Y,2006a,A generic formulation for microtremor exploration methods usingthree-component records froma circular array.Geophysical Journal International,165(1),236～258.
Cho I,Tada T,Shinozaki Y,2006b,Centerless circular array method:Inferring phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in broadwavelength ranges using microtremor records.Journal of Geophysical Research,111:12PP.
Cho I,Tada T,Shinozaki Y,2008,A new method of microtremor exploration using miniature seismic arrays:Quick estimation ofaverage shear velocities of the shallow soil.Butsuri-Tansa,(61),457～468.
Claerbout J F,1968,Synthesis of a layered medium from its acoustic transmission response.Geophysics,33(2),264～269.
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Delgado J,Lopez C,Giner J,et al,2000,Microtremors as a geophysical exploration tool:applications and limitations.Pure andApplied Geophysics,157(9),1445～1462.
Fh D,Wathelet M,Kristekova M,et al,2009,Using ellipticity information for site characterisation,NERIES JRA4“Geotechnical Site Characterization”,taskB2-D4,final report.
Fh D,Kind F,Giardini D,2003,Inversion of localS-wave velocity structures from average H/V ratios,and their use for theestimation of site-effects.Journal of Seismology,7(4),449～467.
Fh D,Stamm G,HavenithH-B,2008,Analysis of three-component ambient vibration array measurements.Geophysical JournalInternational,172(1),199～213.
Flores-Estrella H,Yussim S,Lomnitz C,2007,Seismic response of the Mexico City Basin:A review of twenty years of research.Natural Hazards,40(2),357～372.
Foti S,Parolai S,Albarello D,et al,2011,Application ofSurface-wave methods for seismic site characterization.Surveys inGeophysics,32(6),777～825.
Gouédard P,Cornou C,Roux P,2008,Phase-velocity dispersion curves and small-scale geophysics using noise correlationslantstack technique.Geophysical Journal International,172(3),971～981.
Hasselmann K,1963,A statistical analysis of the generation of microseisms.Reviews of Geophysics,1(2),177～210.
Henstridge J D,1979,A signal processing method for circular arrays.Geophysics,44(2),179～184.
Hobiger M,BardP-Y,Cornou C,et al,2009,Single station determination of Rayleigh wave ellipticity by using the randomdecrement technique(RayDec).Geophys.Res.Lett.,36(14),L14303.
Holzer T L,1994,Predicting earthquake effects—learning from northridge and Loma Prieta.Science,265(5176),1182～1183.
Ibs-von Seht M,Wohlenberg J,1999,Microtremor measurements used to map thickness of soft sediments.Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,89(1),250～259.
Kawase H,2003,Site effects on strong ground motions.International Handhook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology,PartB.Edited by Lee W H K,Kanamori,H,Jennings P C,Kissinglinger C.Academic press,New York.
Khler A,Ohrnberger M,Scherbaum F,et al,2007,Assessing the reliability of the modifiedthree-component spatialautocorrelation technique.Geophysical Journal International,168(2),779～796.
Kudo K,Kanno T,Okada H,et al,2002,Site-specific issues for strong ground motions during the kocaeli,Turkey,Earthquakeof17August1999,as Inferred from Array Observations of Microtremors and Aftershocks.Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,92(1),448～465.
Lacoss R T,Kelly E J,Toksoz M N,1969,Estimation of seismic noise structure using arrays.Geophysics,34(1),21～38.
Langston C A,2011,Wave-field continuation and decomposition for passive seismic imaging under deep unconsolidated sediments.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,101(5),2176～2190.
Ling S,Okada H,1993,An extended use of the spatial autocorrelation method for the estimation of structure using microtremors,in Proc.of the89th SEGJ Conference,Nagoya,Japan,12-14October1993,Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan,44～48(in Japanese).
Lobkis O I,Weaver R L,2001,On the emergence of the Green's function in the correlations of a diffuse field.The Journal of theAcoustical Society of America,110(6),3011.
Longuet-Higgins M S,1950,A theory of the origin of microseisms.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of london.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,243(857),1～35.
Louie J N,2001,Faster,Better:Shear-wave velocity to100meters depth from refraction microtremor arrays.Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,91(2),347～364.
Malischewsky P G,Scherbaum F,Lomnitz C,et al,2008,The domain of existence of progradeRayleigh-wave particle motion forsimple models.Wave Motion,45(4),556-564.
Morikawa H,Sawada S,Akamatsu J,2004,A method to estimate phase velocities of rayleigh waves using microseismssimultaneously observed at two sites.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,94(3),961～976.
Nakamura Y,1989,A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface.Quarterly Report Railway Tech Res Inst,30(1),25～30.
Nakamura Y,2009,Basic structure of QTS(HVSR)and examples of applications.Increasing Seismic Safety by CombiningEngineering Technologies and Seismological Data,33-51.
Nawa K,Suda N,Fukao Y,et al,1998,Incessant excitation of the Earth's free oscillations.Earth Planets Space,50(1),3～8.
O'Connell D R H,Turner J P,2011,Interferometric multichannel analysis of surface waves(IMASW).Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,101(5),2122～2141.
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