煤层气储层物性预测的AVO技术对地震纵波资料品质要求的探讨
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摘要
煤层的含气性及渗透性可以利用纵波AVO技术及基于各向异性理论的方位AVO技术进行研究.煤层气属于吸附气,储层厚度较薄,地震异常响应较弱,对地震资料的品质及其携带的信息量提出了更高的要求.本文对AVO与方位AVO反演理论的近似条件及模型试算结果进行了分析,提出了对地震纵波数据信噪比、入射角、偏移距分布及方位角分布等参数的要求:1.观测系统设计及野外采集时应保证地震波的有效入射角在0°~30°或更大范围内,偏移距应大中小均匀分布,避免过于集中或缺失.2.地震数据应有足够宽分布的方位角,煤层气地震勘探中应选择宽方位观测系统.3、地震资料信噪比应足够高.
The gas content and permeability of coal can be researched by the technology of P-wave AVO and azimuthal AVO which based on the anisotropy theory.Because CBM is the rock-abosorbed gas,its reservoir is thin and its seismic anomalous response is weak,higher quality seismic data become essential and more important.In this paper,AVO and Azimuthal AVO forward model trial calculation and inversion model approximate condition analyzing show that the CBM reservoir characters are more sensitive to the parameters of the S/N,distribution of angle of incidence,distribution of azimuth,distribution of offset of seismic data.So,1 it should be insured that the angle of incidence of the geometry is between 0°~30°or more,and the offset should be uniform distribution,2 seismic data should be with a wide enough azimuth scope,3 the S/N should be high enough.
The gas content and permeability of coal can be researched by the technology of P-wave AVO and azimuthal AVO which based on the anisotropy theory.Because CBM is the rock-abosorbed gas,its reservoir is thin and its seismic anomalous response is weak,higher quality seismic data become essential and more important.In this paper,AVO and Azimuthal AVO forward model trial calculation and inversion model approximate condition analyzing show that the CBM reservoir characters are more sensitive to the parameters of the S/N,distribution of angle of incidence,distribution of azimuth,distribution of offset of seismic data.So,1 it should be insured that the angle of incidence of the geometry is between 0°~30°or more,and the offset should be uniform distribution,2 seismic data should be with a wide enough azimuth scope,3 the S/N should be high enough.
引文
[1]蔚远江,杨起,刘大锰,等.我国煤层气储层研究现状及发展趋势[J].地质科技情报,2001,20(1):56~60.Wei Y J,Yang Q,Lu D M,et al.A review on studies of coal-bed methane reservoirs in China[J].Geological Science andTechnology Information,2001,20(1):56~60.
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[3]何继善,吕绍林.瓦斯突出地球物理研究[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1999.He J S,LüS L.Study on the geophysical characters of coaland gas outburst[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry PublishingHouse,1999.
[4]姚宇平,周世宁.含瓦斯煤的力学性质[J].中国矿业大学学报,1988,1:1~7.Yao Y P,Zhou S N.The mechanical property of coal contai-ning gas[J].Journal of China University ofMining&Technology,1988,1:1~7.
[5]王晓曼,彭立世,杨德超.煤的几项力学性质试验研究[J].焦作矿业学院学报,1991,24(3):46~52.Wang X M,Peng L S,Yang D C.Experimental research onsome mechanical properties of the coal[J].Journal of JiaozuoInstitute of Technology,1991,24(3):46~52.
[6]赵群,郝守玲.煤样的超声速度和衰减各向异性测试实例[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):531~534.Zhao Q,Hao S L.Anisotropy test instance of ultrasonic veloc-ity and attenuation of coal sample[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(2):531~534.
[7]孟召平,张吉昌,Tiedemann J.煤系岩石物理力学参数与声波速度之间的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1505~1510.Meng Z P,Zhang J C,Tiedemann J.Relationship betweenphysical and mechanical parameters and acoustic wave velocityof coal measures rocks[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(5):1505~1510.
[8]赵秋芳.煤层震波参数测试与研究[硕士论文].合肥:安徽理工大学,2005.Zhao Q F.Study and test on the coal-wave parameters[D].Hefei:Anhui University of Science&Technology,2005.
[9]梁冰,章梦涛,潘一山,等.瓦斯对煤的力学性质及力学响应影响的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1995.Liang B,Zhang M T,Pan Y S,et al.The experimental re-search on the effect of gas on mechanical properties and me-chanical response of coal[J].Chinese Jounal of GeotechnicalEngineering,17(5):12~18.
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[11]Antonio C.B.Ramos等著,朱海龙译.在煤层甲烷储层中应用三维AVO分析和模拟作裂缝探测[J].石油物探译丛,1998,6:59~72.Antonio C.B.Ramos′s writing,Zhu Hailong′s translations.The application on fracture detection with 3-D AVO technolo-gy in CBM reservoir[J].Overseas Petrogeophysics,1998,6:59~72.
[12]彭苏萍,高云峰.含煤地层振幅随偏移距变化正演模型研究[J].科学通报,2005,50(增刊Ⅰ):131~137.Peng S P,Gao Y F.Study on the AVO forward modeling ofthe coal-bearing strata[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50,S[Ⅰ]:131~137.
[13]刘洋,董敏煜.各向异性介质中的方位AVO[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(3):260~267.Liu Y,Dong M Y.Azimuthal AVO in anisotropic medium[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1999,34(3):260~267.
[14]黄伟传,杨长春,王彦飞.利用叠前地震数据预测裂缝储层的应用研究[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5):1602~1606.Huang W C,Yang C C.The application of Pre-stack seismicdata in predicting the fractured reservoir.Progress in Geo-physics,2007,22(5):1602~1606.
[15]王永刚,朱兆林.裂缝各向异性介质中P~SV转换波正演模拟[J].石油物探,2005,44(1):24~28.Wang Y G,Zhu Z L.Forward modeling of P-SV wave infractured anisotropy medium[J].Geophysical ProspectingFor Petrole,2005,44(1):24~28.
[16]杨勤勇,赵群,王世星,等.纵波方位各向异性及其在裂缝检测中的应用[J].石油物探,2006,45(2):177~181.Yang Q Y,Zhao Q,Wang S X.P-wave azimuthal anisotropyand its application in detection of fractures[J].GeophysicalProspecting for Petroleum,2006,45(2):177~181.
[17]朱兆林,赵爱国.裂缝介质的纵波方位AVO反演研究[J].石油物探,2005,44(5):499~503.Zhu Z L,Zhao A G.Azimuthal AVO inversion of P-wave infractured medium[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petrole-um,2005,44(5):499~503.
[18]苑书金,于常青.各向异性介质中的弹性阻抗及其反演[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):520~523.Yuan S J,Yu C Q.Elastic impedance and seismic inversion inanisotropic media[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(2):520~523.
[19]孟召平,郭彦省,王赟,等.基于地震属性的煤层厚度预测模型及其应用[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(2):512~517.Meng Z P,Guo Y S,Wang Y,et al.Prediction models ofcoal thickness based on seismic attributions and their applica-tions[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(2):512~517.
[20]彭晓波,彭苏萍,詹阎,等.P波方位AVO在煤层裂缝探测中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2960~2965.Peng X B,Peng S P,Zhan Y,et al.P-wave azimuthal AVOanalysis of fracture detection in coal-bed and its application toengineering[J].Chinese Journal of rock mechanics and engi-neering,2005,24(16):2960~2965.
[21]彭苏萍,高云峰,杨瑞召,等.AVO探测煤层瓦斯富集的理论探讨和初步实践—以淮南煤田为例[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(6):1475~1485.Peng S P,Gao Y F,Yang R Z,et al.Theory and applicationof AVO for detection of coalbed methane—a case from theHuainan coalfield[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(6):1475~1485.
[22]张爱敏,汪洋,赵世尊.不同厚度煤层AVO特征及模型研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,1997,26(3):36~41.Zhang A M,Wang Y,Zhao S Z.Study on the AVO modeland AVO character of coal seams with different thickness[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,1997,26(3):36~41.
[23]David Gray.Seismic Anisotropy in Coal Beds[J].2006CSPG-CSEG-CWLS Comvention:519~524.
[24]谢桂生,包吉山.横向各向同性介质中弹性波模拟及波场特征研究.石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(6):806~614.Xie G S,Bao J S.Elastic wave simulation and the wave fieldcharacter study in azimuthal isotropic medium[J].Oil Geo-physical Prospecting,1996,31(6):806~614
[25]高云峰.AVO技术在煤层煤层气富集部位检测中的应用——以淮南煤田为例[博士学位论文].北京:中国矿业大学,2003.Gao Y F.The application of AVO technology on the detec-tion of CBM enrichment area—a case from the Huainancoalfield[D].Bei Jing:China University of Mining&Tech-nology,2003.
[26]董守华.煤弹性各向异性系数测试与P波方位各向异性裂缝评价技术[博士学位论文].徐州:中国矿业大学,2004.Dong S H.Coal elastic anisotropy coefficient measurementand its crack evaluation technology of P-wave[D].Xu Zhou:China University of Mining&Technology,2004.
[27]赵明金,尚新民,王元庆,等.三维地震观测系统对AVO处理的影响[J].物探与化探,2003,27(1):55~58.Zhao M J,Shang X M,Wang Y Q.The influence of the 3Dseismic observational system upon AVO processing[J].Geo-physical and Geochemical Exploration,2003,27(1):55~58.
[28]董守华.地震资料煤层横向预测与评价方法[M].中国矿业大学出版社,2004.Dong S H.Lateral prediction and evaluation method withseismic data upon coal seams[M].China University of Mining&Technology Publishing house,2004.
[29]吴何珍,符力耘,兰晓雯.基于随机介质模型的储层非均质性分析[J].地球物理学进展.2008,23(3):793~799.Wu H Z,Fu L Y,Lan X W.Analysis of reservoir heteroge-neity based on random media models[J].Progress in Geo-physics.2008,23(03):793~799.
[30]程冰洁,李小凡,徐天吉.含流体裂缝介质中地震波场数值模拟[J].地球物理学进展.2007,22(5):1370~1374.Cheng B J,Li X F,Xu T J.Numerical modeling of the seis-mic wave-field in cracked media with liquid[J].Progress inGeophysics.2007,22(5):1370~1374.
[31]夏红敏,王尚旭,李生杰.含气地层的AVO响应分析——以苏4井为例[J].石油物探.2006,45(04):357~361.Xia H M,Wang S X,Li S J.AVO analysis on gas-bearinglayer[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum.2006,45(04):357~361.
[2]刘贻军,娄建青.中国煤层气储层特征及开发技术探讨[J].天然气工业,2004,24(1):68~71.Liu Y J,Lou J Q.Study on reservoir characteristics and devel-opment technology of coal-bed gas in China[J].Natural GasIndustry,2004,24(1):68~71.
[3]何继善,吕绍林.瓦斯突出地球物理研究[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1999.He J S,LüS L.Study on the geophysical characters of coaland gas outburst[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry PublishingHouse,1999.
[4]姚宇平,周世宁.含瓦斯煤的力学性质[J].中国矿业大学学报,1988,1:1~7.Yao Y P,Zhou S N.The mechanical property of coal contai-ning gas[J].Journal of China University ofMining&Technology,1988,1:1~7.
[5]王晓曼,彭立世,杨德超.煤的几项力学性质试验研究[J].焦作矿业学院学报,1991,24(3):46~52.Wang X M,Peng L S,Yang D C.Experimental research onsome mechanical properties of the coal[J].Journal of JiaozuoInstitute of Technology,1991,24(3):46~52.
[6]赵群,郝守玲.煤样的超声速度和衰减各向异性测试实例[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):531~534.Zhao Q,Hao S L.Anisotropy test instance of ultrasonic veloc-ity and attenuation of coal sample[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(2):531~534.
[7]孟召平,张吉昌,Tiedemann J.煤系岩石物理力学参数与声波速度之间的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(5):1505~1510.Meng Z P,Zhang J C,Tiedemann J.Relationship betweenphysical and mechanical parameters and acoustic wave velocityof coal measures rocks[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(5):1505~1510.
[8]赵秋芳.煤层震波参数测试与研究[硕士论文].合肥:安徽理工大学,2005.Zhao Q F.Study and test on the coal-wave parameters[D].Hefei:Anhui University of Science&Technology,2005.
[9]梁冰,章梦涛,潘一山,等.瓦斯对煤的力学性质及力学响应影响的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1995.Liang B,Zhang M T,Pan Y S,et al.The experimental re-search on the effect of gas on mechanical properties and me-chanical response of coal[J].Chinese Jounal of GeotechnicalEngineering,17(5):12~18.
[10]冯三利,叶建平.中国煤层气勘探开发技术研究进展[J].中国煤田地质,2003,15(6):19~23.Feng S L,Ye J P.Progress in China′s CBM exploration andexploitation technical researches[J].Coal Geology of China,2003,15(6):19~23
[11]Antonio C.B.Ramos等著,朱海龙译.在煤层甲烷储层中应用三维AVO分析和模拟作裂缝探测[J].石油物探译丛,1998,6:59~72.Antonio C.B.Ramos′s writing,Zhu Hailong′s translations.The application on fracture detection with 3-D AVO technolo-gy in CBM reservoir[J].Overseas Petrogeophysics,1998,6:59~72.
[12]彭苏萍,高云峰.含煤地层振幅随偏移距变化正演模型研究[J].科学通报,2005,50(增刊Ⅰ):131~137.Peng S P,Gao Y F.Study on the AVO forward modeling ofthe coal-bearing strata[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50,S[Ⅰ]:131~137.
[13]刘洋,董敏煜.各向异性介质中的方位AVO[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(3):260~267.Liu Y,Dong M Y.Azimuthal AVO in anisotropic medium[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1999,34(3):260~267.
[14]黄伟传,杨长春,王彦飞.利用叠前地震数据预测裂缝储层的应用研究[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5):1602~1606.Huang W C,Yang C C.The application of Pre-stack seismicdata in predicting the fractured reservoir.Progress in Geo-physics,2007,22(5):1602~1606.
[15]王永刚,朱兆林.裂缝各向异性介质中P~SV转换波正演模拟[J].石油物探,2005,44(1):24~28.Wang Y G,Zhu Z L.Forward modeling of P-SV wave infractured anisotropy medium[J].Geophysical ProspectingFor Petrole,2005,44(1):24~28.
[16]杨勤勇,赵群,王世星,等.纵波方位各向异性及其在裂缝检测中的应用[J].石油物探,2006,45(2):177~181.Yang Q Y,Zhao Q,Wang S X.P-wave azimuthal anisotropyand its application in detection of fractures[J].GeophysicalProspecting for Petroleum,2006,45(2):177~181.
[17]朱兆林,赵爱国.裂缝介质的纵波方位AVO反演研究[J].石油物探,2005,44(5):499~503.Zhu Z L,Zhao A G.Azimuthal AVO inversion of P-wave infractured medium[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petrole-um,2005,44(5):499~503.
[18]苑书金,于常青.各向异性介质中的弹性阻抗及其反演[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):520~523.Yuan S J,Yu C Q.Elastic impedance and seismic inversion inanisotropic media[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(2):520~523.
[19]孟召平,郭彦省,王赟,等.基于地震属性的煤层厚度预测模型及其应用[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(2):512~517.Meng Z P,Guo Y S,Wang Y,et al.Prediction models ofcoal thickness based on seismic attributions and their applica-tions[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2006,49(2):512~517.
[20]彭晓波,彭苏萍,詹阎,等.P波方位AVO在煤层裂缝探测中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2960~2965.Peng X B,Peng S P,Zhan Y,et al.P-wave azimuthal AVOanalysis of fracture detection in coal-bed and its application toengineering[J].Chinese Journal of rock mechanics and engi-neering,2005,24(16):2960~2965.
[21]彭苏萍,高云峰,杨瑞召,等.AVO探测煤层瓦斯富集的理论探讨和初步实践—以淮南煤田为例[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(6):1475~1485.Peng S P,Gao Y F,Yang R Z,et al.Theory and applicationof AVO for detection of coalbed methane—a case from theHuainan coalfield[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(6):1475~1485.
[22]张爱敏,汪洋,赵世尊.不同厚度煤层AVO特征及模型研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,1997,26(3):36~41.Zhang A M,Wang Y,Zhao S Z.Study on the AVO modeland AVO character of coal seams with different thickness[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,1997,26(3):36~41.
[23]David Gray.Seismic Anisotropy in Coal Beds[J].2006CSPG-CSEG-CWLS Comvention:519~524.
[24]谢桂生,包吉山.横向各向同性介质中弹性波模拟及波场特征研究.石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(6):806~614.Xie G S,Bao J S.Elastic wave simulation and the wave fieldcharacter study in azimuthal isotropic medium[J].Oil Geo-physical Prospecting,1996,31(6):806~614
[25]高云峰.AVO技术在煤层煤层气富集部位检测中的应用——以淮南煤田为例[博士学位论文].北京:中国矿业大学,2003.Gao Y F.The application of AVO technology on the detec-tion of CBM enrichment area—a case from the Huainancoalfield[D].Bei Jing:China University of Mining&Tech-nology,2003.
[26]董守华.煤弹性各向异性系数测试与P波方位各向异性裂缝评价技术[博士学位论文].徐州:中国矿业大学,2004.Dong S H.Coal elastic anisotropy coefficient measurementand its crack evaluation technology of P-wave[D].Xu Zhou:China University of Mining&Technology,2004.
[27]赵明金,尚新民,王元庆,等.三维地震观测系统对AVO处理的影响[J].物探与化探,2003,27(1):55~58.Zhao M J,Shang X M,Wang Y Q.The influence of the 3Dseismic observational system upon AVO processing[J].Geo-physical and Geochemical Exploration,2003,27(1):55~58.
[28]董守华.地震资料煤层横向预测与评价方法[M].中国矿业大学出版社,2004.Dong S H.Lateral prediction and evaluation method withseismic data upon coal seams[M].China University of Mining&Technology Publishing house,2004.
[29]吴何珍,符力耘,兰晓雯.基于随机介质模型的储层非均质性分析[J].地球物理学进展.2008,23(3):793~799.Wu H Z,Fu L Y,Lan X W.Analysis of reservoir heteroge-neity based on random media models[J].Progress in Geo-physics.2008,23(03):793~799.
[30]程冰洁,李小凡,徐天吉.含流体裂缝介质中地震波场数值模拟[J].地球物理学进展.2007,22(5):1370~1374.Cheng B J,Li X F,Xu T J.Numerical modeling of the seis-mic wave-field in cracked media with liquid[J].Progress inGeophysics.2007,22(5):1370~1374.
[31]夏红敏,王尚旭,李生杰.含气地层的AVO响应分析——以苏4井为例[J].石油物探.2006,45(04):357~361.Xia H M,Wang S X,Li S J.AVO analysis on gas-bearinglayer[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum.2006,45(04):357~361.
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