城市地震次生火灾研究综述
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摘要
地震次生火灾是最易发生、破坏性最大的地震次生灾害。详细分析了地震次生火灾起火、蔓延与震后消防扑救的特性,并据此提出了地震次生火灾研究的3个关键主题:震后起火、火灾蔓延和震后消防扑救。针对这3个主题,对国内外的相关研究进行了完整的介绍和深入的评论。通过评论,为进一步研究提出了地震次生火灾研究中的不足、难点、重点和思路。
Post-earthquake fire is the most dangerous secondary disaster following earthquake,which can cause severe losses.In this paper,the characteristics of post-earthquake fires involved in seismic ignition,fire spreading and fire suppression were described in detail,and three corresponding key topics,i.e.analysis of seismic ignition,modeling of fire spread,and analysis of fire suppression after earthquake,were proposed by authors.According to three topics,the studies at home and abroad were reviewed and discussed.From discussion,the shortages,difficulties,emphases and thinking about studies on post-earthquake fires were put forward for further research.
Post-earthquake fire is the most dangerous secondary disaster following earthquake,which can cause severe losses.In this paper,the characteristics of post-earthquake fires involved in seismic ignition,fire spreading and fire suppression were described in detail,and three corresponding key topics,i.e.analysis of seismic ignition,modeling of fire spread,and analysis of fire suppression after earthquake,were proposed by authors.According to three topics,the studies at home and abroad were reviewed and discussed.From discussion,the shortages,difficulties,emphases and thinking about studies on post-earthquake fires were put forward for further research.
引文
[1]江建华.基于G IS的复合生命线工程系统地震反应仿真分析[D].上海:同济大学,2001.
[2]神户市消防局.阪神-淡路大震灾における火灾状况,神户市域[M].神户市防灾安全公社/东京法令出版株式会社,1996.
[3]青木义次.地震时出火の概率构造[R].日本建筑学会计画系论文报告集,1990,第412号:53-60.
[4]保野健治郎,高井W行,难波义郎.ロジステイック曲线による建物火灾の延烧速度式に关する基础的研究[R].日本建筑学会论文报告集.昭和57年1月:137-144.
[5]张宝红,陈宏德.地震火灾事例调查[J].自然灾害学报,1994,3(4):39-48.
[6]曹秀丽.城市地震火灾危害及预防对策[J].城市与减灾,2002(6):28-29.
[7]刘利民.地震火灾的危害及预防[J].河南消防,1994(9):30-32.
[8]朱大明.住宅建筑防地震次生火灾的对策[J].住宅科技,1997(1):47-48.
[9]张汝良.地震后的高层建筑火灾问题[J].消防技术与产品信息,1996(2):39-41.
[10]陈宏德,张宝红.日本的地震火灾对策[J].国际地震动态,1994(10):22-26.
[11]李宏宝.城市大面积火灾的消防问题[J].消防科技,1989(1):1-3.
[12]李杰,江建华.基于G IS的城市地震次生火灾危险性分析系统[J].地震学报,2001,23(4):420-426.
[13]宋建学,李杰.地震次生火灾计算机仿真研究[J].工程抗震,1997(3):32-36.
[14]李杰,李国强.地震次生火灾预测模型研究[J].中国地震,1992,8(1):76-82.
[15]李杰,宋建学.城市火灾危险性分析[J].自然灾害学报,1995,4(2):98-103.
[16]李杰,宋健学.地震灾场的模拟与模拟控制问题研究(I)地震灾场模拟[J].地震工程与工程振动,1996,16(2):48-53.
[17]宋健学,李杰.震后城市交通系统连通性模拟[J].自然灾害学报,1996,5(1):73-78.
[18]许建东,王新茹,林建德,张宁.基于G IS的城市地震次生火灾蔓延初步研究———以福州市区为例[J].地震地质,2002,24(3):445-451.
[19]赵振东,余世舟,钟江荣.建筑物震后火灾发生与蔓延危险性分析的概率模型[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(4):183-187.
[20]余世舟,赵振东,钟江荣.基于G IS的地震次生灾害数值模拟[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(4):100-105.
[21]余世舟,赵振东,钟江荣.基于G IS确定城市地震次生火灾高危区方法的研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(2):176-180.
[22]谢旭阳,任爱珠.城市地震次生火灾蔓延模拟系统[J].消防科学与技术,2003,22(3):460-462.
[23]黄维章,张锁春,雷光耀,王贻仁.城市火灾蔓延的数学模型和计算机模拟[J].计算物理,1993,10(1):9-19.
[24]Charles Scawthorn.Earthquake-F ire Follow ing[A].Proceed ings of the Sem inar for the Appointed Actuary[C].2001.
[25]W ai-Fah Chen,Charles Scrawthorn.Earthquake Engineering Handbook[M].CRC Press,2003.
[26]Scawthorn C,Yamada Y,Iemura H.A Model for urban post-earthquake fire hazard[J].D isasters.1981,5(2):125-132.
[27]Scawthorn C.F ire follow ing earthquake[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings of The F irst International Sym fosium[C].1986:971-979.
[28]Sek izawa A.Post-earthquake fires and firefighting activities in the early stage in the 1995 G reatHansh in earthquake[A].Th irteenth M eeting ofthe UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:289-302.
[29]Masam i Kobayash i.Urban post-earthquake fires in Japan[A].Proceed ings-U.S.-JapanW orkshop on Urban Earthquake Hazards Reduction,1985:121-133.
[30]OHNISHI Kazuysh i.Causes of the seism ic fires follow ing the G reatHansh in-Awaji earthquake-survey[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panelon F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:337-344.
[31]Scawthorn C.F ires follow ing the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:337-345.
[32]Evans D D,W alton W D,Mowrer FW.Progress report on fires follow ing the Northridge earthquake[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panelon F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:273-281.
[33]Hokugo Ak ih iko.Progress report on fires follow ing the 1995 G reatHansh in-Awaji earthquake[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ireResearch and Safety[C].1996,2:283-287.
[34]Borden FW.The 1994 Northridge earthquake and the fires that followed[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:303-312.
[35]The January 17,1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu(Kobe)earthquake:performance of structures,lifelines,and fire proctection system s[R].NIST SpecialPub lication 901.
[36]Federal Em ergency Managem ent Agency.HAZUS99 User's and Techn ical Manuals[M].National Institute of Bu ild ing Sciences,W ash ington,D.C.1999.
[37]KajiH idek i,Komura Tetsuya.An event tree model for estimation of fire outbreak risks in case of large-scale earthquake[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings of The F irst International Sym fosium[C].1986:931-940.
[38]P ittsW M.W ind effects on fires[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1991,17:83-134.
[39]Namba Josh iro,Yasuno Ken jiro.A study on the fire spread model ofwooden bu ild ings in Japan[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings of TheF irst International Sym fosium[C].1986:881-890.
[40]H imoto Keisuke,Takeyosh i Takeyosh i.A prelim inary model for urban fire spread-bu ild ing fire behavior under the influence of external heat andw ind[A].Th irteenth M eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].2000,2:309-319.
[41]H imoto Keisuke,Tanaka Takeyosh i.A physically-based model for urban fire spread[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings ofThe Seven Interna-tional Sym fosium[C].2002:129-140.
[42]Ren A Z,X ie X Y.The simu lation of post-earthquake fire-prone area based on G IS[J].Journal of F ire Sciences,2004,22(5):421-439.
[43]Trifunac M D,Todorovska M I.The Northridge,Californ ia,earthquake of 1994:fire ign ition by strong shak ing[J].Soil Dynam ics and Earth-quake Engineering,1998;17(2):165-175.
[2]神户市消防局.阪神-淡路大震灾における火灾状况,神户市域[M].神户市防灾安全公社/东京法令出版株式会社,1996.
[3]青木义次.地震时出火の概率构造[R].日本建筑学会计画系论文报告集,1990,第412号:53-60.
[4]保野健治郎,高井W行,难波义郎.ロジステイック曲线による建物火灾の延烧速度式に关する基础的研究[R].日本建筑学会论文报告集.昭和57年1月:137-144.
[5]张宝红,陈宏德.地震火灾事例调查[J].自然灾害学报,1994,3(4):39-48.
[6]曹秀丽.城市地震火灾危害及预防对策[J].城市与减灾,2002(6):28-29.
[7]刘利民.地震火灾的危害及预防[J].河南消防,1994(9):30-32.
[8]朱大明.住宅建筑防地震次生火灾的对策[J].住宅科技,1997(1):47-48.
[9]张汝良.地震后的高层建筑火灾问题[J].消防技术与产品信息,1996(2):39-41.
[10]陈宏德,张宝红.日本的地震火灾对策[J].国际地震动态,1994(10):22-26.
[11]李宏宝.城市大面积火灾的消防问题[J].消防科技,1989(1):1-3.
[12]李杰,江建华.基于G IS的城市地震次生火灾危险性分析系统[J].地震学报,2001,23(4):420-426.
[13]宋建学,李杰.地震次生火灾计算机仿真研究[J].工程抗震,1997(3):32-36.
[14]李杰,李国强.地震次生火灾预测模型研究[J].中国地震,1992,8(1):76-82.
[15]李杰,宋建学.城市火灾危险性分析[J].自然灾害学报,1995,4(2):98-103.
[16]李杰,宋健学.地震灾场的模拟与模拟控制问题研究(I)地震灾场模拟[J].地震工程与工程振动,1996,16(2):48-53.
[17]宋健学,李杰.震后城市交通系统连通性模拟[J].自然灾害学报,1996,5(1):73-78.
[18]许建东,王新茹,林建德,张宁.基于G IS的城市地震次生火灾蔓延初步研究———以福州市区为例[J].地震地质,2002,24(3):445-451.
[19]赵振东,余世舟,钟江荣.建筑物震后火灾发生与蔓延危险性分析的概率模型[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(4):183-187.
[20]余世舟,赵振东,钟江荣.基于G IS的地震次生灾害数值模拟[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(4):100-105.
[21]余世舟,赵振东,钟江荣.基于G IS确定城市地震次生火灾高危区方法的研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(2):176-180.
[22]谢旭阳,任爱珠.城市地震次生火灾蔓延模拟系统[J].消防科学与技术,2003,22(3):460-462.
[23]黄维章,张锁春,雷光耀,王贻仁.城市火灾蔓延的数学模型和计算机模拟[J].计算物理,1993,10(1):9-19.
[24]Charles Scawthorn.Earthquake-F ire Follow ing[A].Proceed ings of the Sem inar for the Appointed Actuary[C].2001.
[25]W ai-Fah Chen,Charles Scrawthorn.Earthquake Engineering Handbook[M].CRC Press,2003.
[26]Scawthorn C,Yamada Y,Iemura H.A Model for urban post-earthquake fire hazard[J].D isasters.1981,5(2):125-132.
[27]Scawthorn C.F ire follow ing earthquake[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings of The F irst International Sym fosium[C].1986:971-979.
[28]Sek izawa A.Post-earthquake fires and firefighting activities in the early stage in the 1995 G reatHansh in earthquake[A].Th irteenth M eeting ofthe UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:289-302.
[29]Masam i Kobayash i.Urban post-earthquake fires in Japan[A].Proceed ings-U.S.-JapanW orkshop on Urban Earthquake Hazards Reduction,1985:121-133.
[30]OHNISHI Kazuysh i.Causes of the seism ic fires follow ing the G reatHansh in-Awaji earthquake-survey[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panelon F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:337-344.
[31]Scawthorn C.F ires follow ing the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:337-345.
[32]Evans D D,W alton W D,Mowrer FW.Progress report on fires follow ing the Northridge earthquake[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panelon F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:273-281.
[33]Hokugo Ak ih iko.Progress report on fires follow ing the 1995 G reatHansh in-Awaji earthquake[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ireResearch and Safety[C].1996,2:283-287.
[34]Borden FW.The 1994 Northridge earthquake and the fires that followed[A].Th irteenthM eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].1996,2:303-312.
[35]The January 17,1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu(Kobe)earthquake:performance of structures,lifelines,and fire proctection system s[R].NIST SpecialPub lication 901.
[36]Federal Em ergency Managem ent Agency.HAZUS99 User's and Techn ical Manuals[M].National Institute of Bu ild ing Sciences,W ash ington,D.C.1999.
[37]KajiH idek i,Komura Tetsuya.An event tree model for estimation of fire outbreak risks in case of large-scale earthquake[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings of The F irst International Sym fosium[C].1986:931-940.
[38]P ittsW M.W ind effects on fires[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,1991,17:83-134.
[39]Namba Josh iro,Yasuno Ken jiro.A study on the fire spread model ofwooden bu ild ings in Japan[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings of TheF irst International Sym fosium[C].1986:881-890.
[40]H imoto Keisuke,Takeyosh i Takeyosh i.A prelim inary model for urban fire spread-bu ild ing fire behavior under the influence of external heat andw ind[A].Th irteenth M eeting of the UJNR Panel on F ire Research and Safety[C].2000,2:309-319.
[41]H imoto Keisuke,Tanaka Takeyosh i.A physically-based model for urban fire spread[A].F irst Safety Science-Proceed ings ofThe Seven Interna-tional Sym fosium[C].2002:129-140.
[42]Ren A Z,X ie X Y.The simu lation of post-earthquake fire-prone area based on G IS[J].Journal of F ire Sciences,2004,22(5):421-439.
[43]Trifunac M D,Todorovska M I.The Northridge,Californ ia,earthquake of 1994:fire ign ition by strong shak ing[J].Soil Dynam ics and Earth-quake Engineering,1998;17(2):165-175.
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