非重复性采集随时间推移地震勘探实例研究
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摘要
随时间推移地震(TL)勘探已经逐步成为油田开发中重要的监控方法和油田管理工具。从其成功的研究实例分布看,它主要集中在海上和少数陆上油田中。而陆上的成功实例又主要集中在埋深较浅的重油注气热采方式的油田中,这表明该项技术仍存在一些应用限制和应用条件。为此,针对中国西部某油田1991年和2001年两次采集的地震数据进行了时移地震处理技术的研究。解释和开发验证表明,陆上时移地震数据仅通过互均衡处理难以克服非重复性采集因素的影响,仍需要特殊的针对非重复性因素的处理技术才能有效地克服其影响;同时还应充分考虑陆上近地表空间变化的影响,尽可能获得相对保持了储层振幅、频率、相位和波形的提高分辨率处理的成像结果。在此基础上进行时移地震信息结合地质和开发的综合解释,才可能获得剩余油气的分布以及解决开发中的问题。
Time-lapse (TL) seismic exploration has already become an important tool in oilfield development and management.Now,its successful cases are mainly distributed in offshore oilfields and a few onshore oilfields.The successful onshore cases focus on shal- lowly buried heavy-oil reservoirs with steam-flood and thermal re- covery,indicating that the application of this technique is still lim- ited by certain conditions.To solve this problem,the research on TL seismic processing technique has been carried out based on seis- mic data acquired in 1991 and 2001 from an oilfield in western Chi- na.Both data interpretation and oil development practice prove that it is difficult to overcome the non-repeatability impact only through applying cross-equalization to onshore TL seismic data, however,a certain special processing technique aiming at non-re- peatability can effectively remove the impact.At the same time, the space-varying influence from near surface should be fully taken into consideration so as to obtain the imaging results of which the resolution is improved and the reservoir amplitude,frequency, phase,and waveform are well preserved.Only by doing so,can the integrated data interpretation of TL seismic exploration,geolo- gy,and exploitation depict the distribution of the residual oil/gas and solve the problems in oil development.
Time-lapse (TL) seismic exploration has already become an important tool in oilfield development and management.Now,its successful cases are mainly distributed in offshore oilfields and a few onshore oilfields.The successful onshore cases focus on shal- lowly buried heavy-oil reservoirs with steam-flood and thermal re- covery,indicating that the application of this technique is still lim- ited by certain conditions.To solve this problem,the research on TL seismic processing technique has been carried out based on seis- mic data acquired in 1991 and 2001 from an oilfield in western Chi- na.Both data interpretation and oil development practice prove that it is difficult to overcome the non-repeatability impact only through applying cross-equalization to onshore TL seismic data, however,a certain special processing technique aiming at non-re- peatability can effectively remove the impact.At the same time, the space-varying influence from near surface should be fully taken into consideration so as to obtain the imaging results of which the resolution is improved and the reservoir amplitude,frequency, phase,and waveform are well preserved.Only by doing so,can the integrated data interpretation of TL seismic exploration,geolo- gy,and exploitation depict the distribution of the residual oil/gas and solve the problems in oil development.
引文
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10 Liu E R,Vlastos S,Li X Y,et al.Modeling seismic wave propagation during fluid injection in a fractured network:Effects of pore fluid pressure on time-lapse seismic signatures[J].The Leading Edge 2004,23(8): 778～783
11 Kok Y C,Ngu C K,Zhu H.Time-lapse feasibility study over carbonate gas field[J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2520～2521
12 Saunders M,Howe D,Kommedal J.Source signature repeatability and source array directivity:Measure- ments from the Valhall 4D survey[J].Expanded Ab- stracts of 74~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2004,37～40
13 Wever A,Spetzler J.Criteria for source and receiver positioning in time-lapse seismic acquisition[J].Ex- panded Abstracts of 73~(th) Annual Intemat SEG Mtg, 2319～2322
14 Liu W,Houck R T.2005,Simulation of multi-azimuth data acquisition and 4D seismic imaging repeatability [J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2398～2401
15 Kommedal J H,Barkved O I.4D repeatability beyond twice-using variance[J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2526～2529
16 Campbell S,Ricketts T A,Davies D M,et al.Improved 4D seismic repeatability:a west of shetlands towed streamer acquisition case history[J].Expanded Ab- stracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005, 2394～2397
17 Ross C P,Altan M S.Time-lapse seismic monitoring: Some shortcoming in nonuniform processing[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(6):931～937
18 Porter-Hirsche J,Hirsche K.Repeatability study of land data acquisition and processing for time lapse seis- mic[J].Expanded Abstracts of 68~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1998,9～11
19 Ross C P,Cunningham G B,Weber D P.Inside the cross-equalization black box[J].The Leading Edge, 1996,15(11):1233～1240
20 Rickett J E,Lumley D E.Cross-equalization data pro- cessing for time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring:A case study from the Gulf of Mexico[J].Geophysics, 2004,69(4):1015～1025
21 Lecerf D,Reiser C.High resolution processing for time-lapse seismic[J].Expanded Abstracts of 74~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2004,2208～2211
22 Huang X R,Jones T C,Berni A.Reprocessing of time-lapse seismic data improves seismic history matc- hing[J].Expanded Abstracts of 69~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1999,1703～1706
23 Li G P,Purdue G,Weber S,et al.Effective processing of nonrepeatable 4-D seismic data to monitor heavy oil SAGD steam flood at East Senlac,Saskatchewan, Canada[J].The Leading Edge,2001,20(1):54～62
24 Veire H H,Borgos H G,Landro M.Stochastic inver- sion of pressure and saturation changes from time- lapse seismic data[J].Expanded Abstracts of 73~(rd) An- nual Internat SEG Mtg,2003,1378～1381
25 Landro M,Veire H H,Duffaut K,et al.Discrimination between pressure and fluid saturation changes from marine muhicomponent time-lapse seismic data [J]. Geophysics,2003,68(5):1592～1599
26 Lumley D E.Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring [J].Geophysics,2001,66(1):50～53
27 Tura A.Time-lapse seismic:Are we there yet? [J]. Expanded Abstracts of 73~(rd) Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 2003,2395～2398
28凌云,高军．张汝杰等．TL地震勘探处理方法研究[J]．石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2):173～179
29 Lumley D E,Behrens R A,Wang Z J.Assessing the technical risk of a 4-D seismic Project[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(9):1287～1292
30 Lumley D,Cole S,Meadows M,et al.A risk analysis spreadsheet for both time-lapse VSP and 4-D seismic reservoir monitoring[J].Expanded Abstracts of 70~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2000,1647～1650
31凌云,周熙襄．自适应可控震源地表一致性反褶积[J]．石油地球物理勘探,1994,29(3):306～315
32凌云研究组．叠前相对保持振幅、频率、相位和波形的地震数据处理与评价研究[J]．石油地球物理勘探, 2004,39(5):543～552
33高军,凌云,周兴元等．时频域球面发散与吸收补偿[J]．石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(6):856～866
34凌云,高军,吴琳．时频空间域球面发散与吸收补偿[J]．石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(2):176～182
35凌云,高军,张汝杰．地表一致性变步长预测反褶积与沙丘鸣震的压制[J]．石油地球物理勘探,1998,33 (1):23～31
2 Wang Z J,Nur A.Effect of temperature on wave ve- locities in sands and sandstones with heavy hydrocar- bons[J].Expanded Abstracts of 56~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1986,3～5
3 Nur A.Four-dimensional seismology and (true) direct detection of hydrocarbons:The petrophysical basis [J].The Leading Edge 1989,8(9):30～36
4 Jenkins S D,Waite M W,Bee M F.Time-lapse monito- ring of the Duri steamflood:A pilot and case study [J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(9):1267～1274
5 Sigit R,Morse P J,Kimber K D.4-D seismic that works:A successful large scale application,Duri Steamflood,Sumatra,Indonesia[J].Expanded Ab- stracts of 67~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1997,2055～2058
6 Wang Z J,Hirsche W K,Sedgwick G.Seismic moni- toring of water floods?—A petrophysical study[J]. Geophysics,1991,56(10):1614～1623
7 Anderson R N,Poulanger A,He W,et al.4-D time- lapse seismic monitoring in the south Timbalier 295 field,Gulf of Mexico[J].Expanded Abstracts of 67~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1997,868～871
8 Johnston D H,McKenny R S,Burkhart T D.Time- lapse seismic analysis of the North Sea Fulmar Field [J].Expanded Abstracts of 67~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1997,890～893
9 Angerer E,Crampin S,Li X Y,et al.Time-lapse seismic changes in a CO_2 injection process in a frac- tured reservoir[J].Expanded Abstracts of 70~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2000,1532～1535
10 Liu E R,Vlastos S,Li X Y,et al.Modeling seismic wave propagation during fluid injection in a fractured network:Effects of pore fluid pressure on time-lapse seismic signatures[J].The Leading Edge 2004,23(8): 778～783
11 Kok Y C,Ngu C K,Zhu H.Time-lapse feasibility study over carbonate gas field[J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2520～2521
12 Saunders M,Howe D,Kommedal J.Source signature repeatability and source array directivity:Measure- ments from the Valhall 4D survey[J].Expanded Ab- stracts of 74~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2004,37～40
13 Wever A,Spetzler J.Criteria for source and receiver positioning in time-lapse seismic acquisition[J].Ex- panded Abstracts of 73~(th) Annual Intemat SEG Mtg, 2319～2322
14 Liu W,Houck R T.2005,Simulation of multi-azimuth data acquisition and 4D seismic imaging repeatability [J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2398～2401
15 Kommedal J H,Barkved O I.4D repeatability beyond twice-using variance[J].Expanded Abstracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005,2526～2529
16 Campbell S,Ricketts T A,Davies D M,et al.Improved 4D seismic repeatability:a west of shetlands towed streamer acquisition case history[J].Expanded Ab- stracts of 75~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2005, 2394～2397
17 Ross C P,Altan M S.Time-lapse seismic monitoring: Some shortcoming in nonuniform processing[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(6):931～937
18 Porter-Hirsche J,Hirsche K.Repeatability study of land data acquisition and processing for time lapse seis- mic[J].Expanded Abstracts of 68~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1998,9～11
19 Ross C P,Cunningham G B,Weber D P.Inside the cross-equalization black box[J].The Leading Edge, 1996,15(11):1233～1240
20 Rickett J E,Lumley D E.Cross-equalization data pro- cessing for time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring:A case study from the Gulf of Mexico[J].Geophysics, 2004,69(4):1015～1025
21 Lecerf D,Reiser C.High resolution processing for time-lapse seismic[J].Expanded Abstracts of 74~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2004,2208～2211
22 Huang X R,Jones T C,Berni A.Reprocessing of time-lapse seismic data improves seismic history matc- hing[J].Expanded Abstracts of 69~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,1999,1703～1706
23 Li G P,Purdue G,Weber S,et al.Effective processing of nonrepeatable 4-D seismic data to monitor heavy oil SAGD steam flood at East Senlac,Saskatchewan, Canada[J].The Leading Edge,2001,20(1):54～62
24 Veire H H,Borgos H G,Landro M.Stochastic inver- sion of pressure and saturation changes from time- lapse seismic data[J].Expanded Abstracts of 73~(rd) An- nual Internat SEG Mtg,2003,1378～1381
25 Landro M,Veire H H,Duffaut K,et al.Discrimination between pressure and fluid saturation changes from marine muhicomponent time-lapse seismic data [J]. Geophysics,2003,68(5):1592～1599
26 Lumley D E.Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring [J].Geophysics,2001,66(1):50～53
27 Tura A.Time-lapse seismic:Are we there yet? [J]. Expanded Abstracts of 73~(rd) Annual Internat SEG Mtg, 2003,2395～2398
28凌云,高军．张汝杰等．TL地震勘探处理方法研究[J]．石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(2):173～179
29 Lumley D E,Behrens R A,Wang Z J.Assessing the technical risk of a 4-D seismic Project[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(9):1287～1292
30 Lumley D,Cole S,Meadows M,et al.A risk analysis spreadsheet for both time-lapse VSP and 4-D seismic reservoir monitoring[J].Expanded Abstracts of 70~(th) Annual Internat SEG Mtg,2000,1647～1650
31凌云,周熙襄．自适应可控震源地表一致性反褶积[J]．石油地球物理勘探,1994,29(3):306～315
32凌云研究组．叠前相对保持振幅、频率、相位和波形的地震数据处理与评价研究[J]．石油地球物理勘探, 2004,39(5):543～552
33高军,凌云,周兴元等．时频域球面发散与吸收补偿[J]．石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(6):856～866
34凌云,高军,吴琳．时频空间域球面发散与吸收补偿[J]．石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(2):176～182
35凌云,高军,张汝杰．地表一致性变步长预测反褶积与沙丘鸣震的压制[J]．石油地球物理勘探,1998,33 (1):23～31
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