地下水位中地震前兆信息提取方法研究
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摘要
地下水位观测值的影响因素包含降雨、气压、固体潮、地质构造作用等。为凸显地质构造作用对地下水位的影响,需要滤除降雨、固体潮、气压等因素的影响量。本文首先分离地下水位受固体潮、气压作用的影响量;然后依据降雨影响地下水位可以分为长期和短期变化的思路,利用基流分割方法对地下水位的两种变化进行分离,确定地下水位的降雨影响量;最后分析各分量异常与地震活动性关系,探查其中包含的地震前兆信息。本文的研究思路为地下水位观测值中地震前兆信息研究提供了一套可供尝试的系统技术方法。
Our country has established an improved seismic underground fluid observation network.Underground water level is an important earthquake precursor factor and is applied to prediction measures.The observation data of groundwater level is an integrated parameter and includes many components determined by such factors as precipitation,atmospheric pressure,Earth tide,and geological structures.To highlight the influence of tectonic forces on groundwater level and to recognize the earthquake precursor information obtained by this parameters must be separated from original observation data.Components influenced by Earth tide and atmospheric pressure can be separated on the basis of a widely used theory.The influence of climate conditions on underground water level at a watershed scale,changes of which are long-term and periodic,can be separated through smooth processing methods.On the contrary,rainfall peaks influence underground water level,which reduces the effects created by structure forces;therefore,the identification of earthquake precursor information is difficult.In order to highlight tectonic forces on groundwater level,it is necessary to separate the peak value of rainfall effects on underground water level. In our study,we regarded the observation data of groundwater level as a linear combination of all of the components.Changes caused by Earth tide and atmospheric pressure were first separated according to the BAYTAP-G procedure.Then,because quick and slow response existed in the influence of rainfall on groundwater level,these effects were distinguished by applying base flow separation methods.Changes induced by rainfall were separated from groundwater level by using base flow separation methods.By analyzing the relationships between the curve feature of every component and local seismic activities,local earthquake precursor information on groundwater level could be recognized.In this study,we selected as research objects two observation wells including the Deyang Well in Sichuan,one of China's earthquake underground fluid observation networks,the and Tuanjie-1 Well,one of the earthquake underground fluid dynamic monitoring networks located downstream of the Jinshajiang River.Based on the data of underground water level and pressure from the Deyang Well from April 1 to June 30,2008,we analyzed the changes in curves before and after the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on May 12,2008.On the basis of synchronous observation data of underground water level,rainfall,and pressure of the Tuanjie-1 Well from December 1,2010,to December 31,2011,we analyzed the effects of rainfall on water level. Results show that methods that regarded the underground water level as a linear combination of various factors and separated types of effect value from the original data were effective in practice.In addition,base flow separation methods were effective in reducing peaks of the rainfall influence on underground water level.Thus,earthquake precursor information can be identified more effectively.Once significant change occurs,whether such change is induced by earthquake activities needs to be considered.Through systematic research of a large number of typical earthquake examples,a regional earthquake precursor change model can be created,which can be used for earthquake prediction.
Our country has established an improved seismic underground fluid observation network.Underground water level is an important earthquake precursor factor and is applied to prediction measures.The observation data of groundwater level is an integrated parameter and includes many components determined by such factors as precipitation,atmospheric pressure,Earth tide,and geological structures.To highlight the influence of tectonic forces on groundwater level and to recognize the earthquake precursor information obtained by this parameters must be separated from original observation data.Components influenced by Earth tide and atmospheric pressure can be separated on the basis of a widely used theory.The influence of climate conditions on underground water level at a watershed scale,changes of which are long-term and periodic,can be separated through smooth processing methods.On the contrary,rainfall peaks influence underground water level,which reduces the effects created by structure forces;therefore,the identification of earthquake precursor information is difficult.In order to highlight tectonic forces on groundwater level,it is necessary to separate the peak value of rainfall effects on underground water level. In our study,we regarded the observation data of groundwater level as a linear combination of all of the components.Changes caused by Earth tide and atmospheric pressure were first separated according to the BAYTAP-G procedure.Then,because quick and slow response existed in the influence of rainfall on groundwater level,these effects were distinguished by applying base flow separation methods.Changes induced by rainfall were separated from groundwater level by using base flow separation methods.By analyzing the relationships between the curve feature of every component and local seismic activities,local earthquake precursor information on groundwater level could be recognized.In this study,we selected as research objects two observation wells including the Deyang Well in Sichuan,one of China's earthquake underground fluid observation networks,the and Tuanjie-1 Well,one of the earthquake underground fluid dynamic monitoring networks located downstream of the Jinshajiang River.Based on the data of underground water level and pressure from the Deyang Well from April 1 to June 30,2008,we analyzed the changes in curves before and after the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on May 12,2008.On the basis of synchronous observation data of underground water level,rainfall,and pressure of the Tuanjie-1 Well from December 1,2010,to December 31,2011,we analyzed the effects of rainfall on water level. Results show that methods that regarded the underground water level as a linear combination of various factors and separated types of effect value from the original data were effective in practice.In addition,base flow separation methods were effective in reducing peaks of the rainfall influence on underground water level.Thus,earthquake precursor information can be identified more effectively.Once significant change occurs,whether such change is induced by earthquake activities needs to be considered.Through systematic research of a large number of typical earthquake examples,a regional earthquake precursor change model can be created,which can be used for earthquake prediction.
引文
[1]车用太,鱼金子.地震地下流体学[M].北京:气象出版社,2006:228-298.CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi.Underground Fluids and Earth-quake[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006:228-298.
[2]Zhang Z D,Zheng J H.Response of Water Level in Deep Wellto Earth Tide and Barometric Pressure[J].Journal of Seismo-logical Research,1993,16(4):431-439.
[3]Tamura Y,Sato T,Ooe M,et al.A Procedure for Tidal A-nalysis with A Bayesian Information Criterion[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1991,104(3):507-516.
[4]车用太,鱼金子,张大维.降雨对深井水位动态的影响[J].地震,1993,(4):8-15.CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi,ZHANG Da-wei.Influence of Pre-cipitation of Behavior of Water Level in Deep Wells[J].Earth-quake,1993,4:8-15.
[5]赵小茂,黄辅琼,王新,等.“集中降雨”与浅层承压井水位及区域地震活动关系的初步研究[J].西北地震学报,2009,31(3):259-264.ZHAO Xiao-mao,HUANG Fu-qiong,WANG Xin,et al.Preliminary Study on Relationship among the ConcentratedRainfall,Groundwater Level and Regional Seismicity[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2009,31(3):259-264.
[6]魏焕,张昭栋,耿杰,等.井水位气压加卸载响应比[J].西北地震学报,2003,25(1):82-85.WEI Huan,ZHANG Zhao-dong,GENG Jie,et al.The Load/Unload Response Ratio of Water Level to Change of Air Pres-sure[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2003,25(1):82-85.
[7]陈宗显,詹钱登.降雨引致地下水位变化之研究——以那菝、六甲与东和地下水位站为例[D].台湾:国立成功大学,2006.Tsung-Hsien Chen,Chyan-Deng Jan.Study on Rainfall-In-duced Groundwater Water Level Variation——Case Study atthe Naba,Liujar,and Donher Well Stations[D].Taiwan:Na-tional Chengkung Univ.,2006.
[8]余贵坤.降雨量与深井水位变动的关系研究[A]∥台湾地区地球物理研讨会[G].台北:中国地球物理学会,1986:165-173.YU Gui-kun.Study of Change Relations between Rainfall andDeep Well Water Level[A]∥Geophysical Seminar in Taiwan[G].Taibei:The Geophysical Society of China,1986:165-173.
[9]张昭栋,郑金涵,冯初刚.井水位的固体潮效应和气压效应与含水层参数间的定量关系[J].西北地震学报,1989,11(3):47-52.ZHANG Zhao-dong,ZHENG Jin-han,FENG Chu-gang.Quantitative Relationship between the Earth Tide Effect ofWell Water Level,the Barometric Pressure Effect and the Pa-rameters of Aquifers[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1989,11(3):47-52.
[10]车用太,鱼金子,赵苹.地震地下流体物理化学动态形成的基础理论问题[J].国际地震动态,1995,6(12):6-10.CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi,ZHAO Ping.Basic TheoreticalStudies on the Physicochemical Variations of Seismic Subsur-face Fluids[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1995,6(12):6-10.
[11]Matsumoto N.Regression Analysis for Anomalous Changesof Ground Water Level Due to Earthquakes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19(12):1193-1196.
[12]陈晓东,孙和平.一种新的重力潮汐数据预处理和分析方法[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(3):83-87.CHEN Xiao-dong,SUN He-ping.New Method for Pre-pro-cessing and Analyzing Tidal Gravity Observations[J].Jour-nal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2002,22(3):83-87.
[13]Hamparsum Bozdogan.Akaike's Information Criterion andRecent Developments in Information Complexity[J].Journalof Mathematical Psychology,2000,44(1):62-91.
[14]束龙仓.地下水动态预测方法及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2010:15-30.SHULong-cang.Methods of Forecast in Groundwater Leveland Their Application[M].Beijing:China Water PowerPress,2010:15-30.
[15]叶镇国.土木工程水文学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000:17-18.YE Zhen-guo.Civil Engineering Hydrology[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2000:17-18.
[16]Neitsch S L,Arnold J G,Kiniry J R,et al.Soil and Water As-sessment Tool Theoretical Documentation:Version 2000[R].College Station,Texas:Texas Water Resources Institute Re-port TR-192,2002.
[17]Jia J,Wang W K,Duan L,et al.Comparative Study of BaseFlow Separation Methods——Taking Huaxian Station ofWeihe River for Example[R].International Symposium onWater Resource and Environmental Protection(ISWREP),2011:1000-1003.
[18]Peter R F,Vijay K G.A physically Based Filter for Separa-ting Base Flow from Streamflow Time Series[J].Water Re-sources Research,2001,37(11):2709-2722.
[19]林凯荣,陈晓宏,江涛,等.数字滤波进行基流分割的应用研究[J].水力发电,2008,34(6):28-30.LIN Kai-rong,CHEN Xiao-hong,JIANG Tao,et al.Appli-cation and Study on Base Flow Separation Using Digital Fil-ters[J].Water Power,2008,34(6):28-30.
[20]黄国如.流量过程线的自动分割方法探讨[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(1):73-78.HUANG Guo-ru.Base Flow Separation from Daily Flow Hy-drograph Using Automated Techniques[J].Journal of Irriga-tion and Drainage,2007,26(1):73-78.
[21]董晓华,邓霞,薄会娟,等.平滑最小值法与数字滤波法在流域径流分割中的应用比较[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2010,32(2):1-4.DONG Xiao-hua,DENG Xia,BO Hui-juan,et al.A Com-parison between Smoothed Minimma and Digital FilteringMethods Applied to Catchment Baseflow Separation[J].Journal of China Three Gorges Univ.(Natural Sciences),2010,32(2):1-4.
[22]高玲,林元武,杨明波.延庆五里营井稀有气体地球化学特征[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(3):274-276,288.GAO Ling,LIN Yuan-wu,YANG Ming-bo.GeochemistryCharacteristics of the Minor Gases in Wuliying Well at Yan-qing County,Beijing[J].Northwestern Seismological Jour-nal,2012,34(3):274-276,288.
[2]Zhang Z D,Zheng J H.Response of Water Level in Deep Wellto Earth Tide and Barometric Pressure[J].Journal of Seismo-logical Research,1993,16(4):431-439.
[3]Tamura Y,Sato T,Ooe M,et al.A Procedure for Tidal A-nalysis with A Bayesian Information Criterion[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1991,104(3):507-516.
[4]车用太,鱼金子,张大维.降雨对深井水位动态的影响[J].地震,1993,(4):8-15.CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi,ZHANG Da-wei.Influence of Pre-cipitation of Behavior of Water Level in Deep Wells[J].Earth-quake,1993,4:8-15.
[5]赵小茂,黄辅琼,王新,等.“集中降雨”与浅层承压井水位及区域地震活动关系的初步研究[J].西北地震学报,2009,31(3):259-264.ZHAO Xiao-mao,HUANG Fu-qiong,WANG Xin,et al.Preliminary Study on Relationship among the ConcentratedRainfall,Groundwater Level and Regional Seismicity[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2009,31(3):259-264.
[6]魏焕,张昭栋,耿杰,等.井水位气压加卸载响应比[J].西北地震学报,2003,25(1):82-85.WEI Huan,ZHANG Zhao-dong,GENG Jie,et al.The Load/Unload Response Ratio of Water Level to Change of Air Pres-sure[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2003,25(1):82-85.
[7]陈宗显,詹钱登.降雨引致地下水位变化之研究——以那菝、六甲与东和地下水位站为例[D].台湾:国立成功大学,2006.Tsung-Hsien Chen,Chyan-Deng Jan.Study on Rainfall-In-duced Groundwater Water Level Variation——Case Study atthe Naba,Liujar,and Donher Well Stations[D].Taiwan:Na-tional Chengkung Univ.,2006.
[8]余贵坤.降雨量与深井水位变动的关系研究[A]∥台湾地区地球物理研讨会[G].台北:中国地球物理学会,1986:165-173.YU Gui-kun.Study of Change Relations between Rainfall andDeep Well Water Level[A]∥Geophysical Seminar in Taiwan[G].Taibei:The Geophysical Society of China,1986:165-173.
[9]张昭栋,郑金涵,冯初刚.井水位的固体潮效应和气压效应与含水层参数间的定量关系[J].西北地震学报,1989,11(3):47-52.ZHANG Zhao-dong,ZHENG Jin-han,FENG Chu-gang.Quantitative Relationship between the Earth Tide Effect ofWell Water Level,the Barometric Pressure Effect and the Pa-rameters of Aquifers[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1989,11(3):47-52.
[10]车用太,鱼金子,赵苹.地震地下流体物理化学动态形成的基础理论问题[J].国际地震动态,1995,6(12):6-10.CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi,ZHAO Ping.Basic TheoreticalStudies on the Physicochemical Variations of Seismic Subsur-face Fluids[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1995,6(12):6-10.
[11]Matsumoto N.Regression Analysis for Anomalous Changesof Ground Water Level Due to Earthquakes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1992,19(12):1193-1196.
[12]陈晓东,孙和平.一种新的重力潮汐数据预处理和分析方法[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(3):83-87.CHEN Xiao-dong,SUN He-ping.New Method for Pre-pro-cessing and Analyzing Tidal Gravity Observations[J].Jour-nal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2002,22(3):83-87.
[13]Hamparsum Bozdogan.Akaike's Information Criterion andRecent Developments in Information Complexity[J].Journalof Mathematical Psychology,2000,44(1):62-91.
[14]束龙仓.地下水动态预测方法及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2010:15-30.SHULong-cang.Methods of Forecast in Groundwater Leveland Their Application[M].Beijing:China Water PowerPress,2010:15-30.
[15]叶镇国.土木工程水文学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000:17-18.YE Zhen-guo.Civil Engineering Hydrology[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2000:17-18.
[16]Neitsch S L,Arnold J G,Kiniry J R,et al.Soil and Water As-sessment Tool Theoretical Documentation:Version 2000[R].College Station,Texas:Texas Water Resources Institute Re-port TR-192,2002.
[17]Jia J,Wang W K,Duan L,et al.Comparative Study of BaseFlow Separation Methods——Taking Huaxian Station ofWeihe River for Example[R].International Symposium onWater Resource and Environmental Protection(ISWREP),2011:1000-1003.
[18]Peter R F,Vijay K G.A physically Based Filter for Separa-ting Base Flow from Streamflow Time Series[J].Water Re-sources Research,2001,37(11):2709-2722.
[19]林凯荣,陈晓宏,江涛,等.数字滤波进行基流分割的应用研究[J].水力发电,2008,34(6):28-30.LIN Kai-rong,CHEN Xiao-hong,JIANG Tao,et al.Appli-cation and Study on Base Flow Separation Using Digital Fil-ters[J].Water Power,2008,34(6):28-30.
[20]黄国如.流量过程线的自动分割方法探讨[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(1):73-78.HUANG Guo-ru.Base Flow Separation from Daily Flow Hy-drograph Using Automated Techniques[J].Journal of Irriga-tion and Drainage,2007,26(1):73-78.
[21]董晓华,邓霞,薄会娟,等.平滑最小值法与数字滤波法在流域径流分割中的应用比较[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2010,32(2):1-4.DONG Xiao-hua,DENG Xia,BO Hui-juan,et al.A Com-parison between Smoothed Minimma and Digital FilteringMethods Applied to Catchment Baseflow Separation[J].Journal of China Three Gorges Univ.(Natural Sciences),2010,32(2):1-4.
[22]高玲,林元武,杨明波.延庆五里营井稀有气体地球化学特征[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(3):274-276,288.GAO Ling,LIN Yuan-wu,YANG Ming-bo.GeochemistryCharacteristics of the Minor Gases in Wuliying Well at Yan-qing County,Beijing[J].Northwestern Seismological Jour-nal,2012,34(3):274-276,288.
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