断层相关褶皱的三维构造几何学分析:以川西三维地震工区为例
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摘要
现有的断层相关褶皱理论均基于平衡剖面原理而建立的二维几何学模型。所谓的假三维模型则是通过一系列的二维剖面复合而成的,真正意义上的三维断层相关褶皱理论尚未确立,仍然处于探索阶段。本文采用Trishear4.0和GoCad软件,分别构建一系列不同位移量的断层转折褶皱和三剪断层传播褶皱的二维正演剖面,将这些正演剖面按照一定的线性位移梯度平行排列,从而建立起断层转折褶皱和三剪断层传播褶皱的假三维理论模型并加以分析和讨论。进而选取川西南盆地中三维地震勘探所覆盖的邛西断层转折褶皱和盐井沟断层传播褶皱,作为真三维实际解释模型的两个实例。研究表明,邛西背斜是一个典型的剪切断层转折褶皱,盐井沟背斜是一个典型的三剪断层传播褶皱;断层相关褶皱的假三维理论模型与实际解释模型的对比分析,可以看出沿背斜走向的位移梯度是控制三维构造几何学特征的基本因素,然而自然界断层面几何学的复杂多变以及岩层力学性质的各向异性,是造成断层相关褶皱真三维理论模型难以建立的主要原因。
All the current fault-related fold theories are based on the principle of balanced cross sections. The pseudo-3D model is constructed with the combination of 2D cross sections, while the true 3D fault-related fold model has not been built and is still under exploration. In this paper, we use Trishear 4.0 and GoCad programs to build a series of 2D forward cross-sections including fault-bend folds and trishear fault-propagation folds with different displacements. These sections are arrayed according to settled linear displacement gradients to construct the pseudo-3D model of fault-bend fold and trishear fault-propagation fold for our analysis and discussions. Further more, we choose the Qiongxi fault-bend fold and Yanjinggou fault-propagation fold covered by 3D seismic data as the two examples for the interpretations of the true 3D models. This research indicates that the Qiongxi anticline is a typical shear fault-bend fold and the Yanjinggou anticline a typical trishear fault-propagation fold. Through the comparison between the conceptual model and the true model, we find that the strike displacement gradients are the basic factor to control the 3D geometric features, whereas, the complexities of fault geometry and rocks mechanics anisotropy are the main difficulties to construct the true 3D conceptual model of the fault-related folds.
All the current fault-related fold theories are based on the principle of balanced cross sections. The pseudo-3D model is constructed with the combination of 2D cross sections, while the true 3D fault-related fold model has not been built and is still under exploration. In this paper, we use Trishear 4.0 and GoCad programs to build a series of 2D forward cross-sections including fault-bend folds and trishear fault-propagation folds with different displacements. These sections are arrayed according to settled linear displacement gradients to construct the pseudo-3D model of fault-bend fold and trishear fault-propagation fold for our analysis and discussions. Further more, we choose the Qiongxi fault-bend fold and Yanjinggou fault-propagation fold covered by 3D seismic data as the two examples for the interpretations of the true 3D models. This research indicates that the Qiongxi anticline is a typical shear fault-bend fold and the Yanjinggou anticline a typical trishear fault-propagation fold. Through the comparison between the conceptual model and the true model, we find that the strike displacement gradients are the basic factor to control the 3D geometric features, whereas, the complexities of fault geometry and rocks mechanics anisotropy are the main difficulties to construct the true 3D conceptual model of the fault-related folds.
引文
Allmendinger RW.1998.Inverse and forward numerical modeling oftrishear fault-propagation folds.Tectonics,17(4):640-656
Burchfiel BC,Chen Z,Liu Y and Royden LH.1995.Tectonics of theLongmen Shan and adjacent regions,Central China.Int.Geol.Rev.,37:661-735
Burchfiel BC.2004.2003presidential address:New technology,new geological challenges.GSA Today,14:4-9
Chen HL,Yang SF,Xiao AC,Pan ZZ,Cheng XG,Chen JJ,Fan MTand Tian DW.2006.Deformation characteristics and time ofCenozoic thrust belt in southern margin of Jiuquan basin.Oil&GasGeology,27(4):488-494(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen HL,Luo JC,Guo QY,Liao L,Xiao ZY,Cheng XG and Yang SF.2009.Deformation history and tectonic evolution of southeasternTarim basin in Mesozoic and Cenozoic.Geotectonica etMetallogenia,33(1):38-45(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen ZX,Jia D,Zhang Q,Wei GQ,Li BL,Wei DT and Shen Y.2005.Balanced cross-section analysis of the fold-thrust belt of theLongmen Mountains.Acta Geologica Sinica,79(1):38-45(inChinese with English abstract)
Coward MP and Potts GJ.1983.Complex strain patterns developed at thefrontal and lateral tips to shear zones and thrust zones.Journal ofStructural Geology,5:383-395
Dahlstrom CA.1969.Balanced cross sections.Canadian Journal of EarthSciences,6:743-757
Dischinger JD and Mitra S.2006.Three-dimensional structural model ofthe Painter and East Painter reservoir structures,Wyoming fold andthrust belt.AAPG Bulletin,90(8):1171-1185
Elliott D.1976.The motion of thrust sheets.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,81:949-963
Ernesto OC and Allmendinger RW.2001.Pseudo3-D modeling oftrishear fault-propagation folding.Journal of structural Geology,23:1-2
Erslev EA.1991.Trishear fault-propagation folding.Geology,19:617-620
Fischer MP,Woodward MB and Mitchell MM.1992.The kinematics ofbreak-thrust folds.J.Struc.Geol.,143:335-342
Fischer MP and Wilkerson MS.2000.Predicting the orientation of jointsfrom fold shape:Results of pseudo-three-dimensional modeling andcurvature analysis.Geology,28(1):15-18
Guan SW,Wang X,Yang SF,Zhao WD,Xu F and Lei GL.2003.3-Dstructural analysis on the Kuqa's Qiulitag anticline zone of thesouthern Tianshan Mountains,China.Geological Review,49(5):464-473(in Chinese with English abstract)
He DF,Yin C,Du SK,Shi X and Ma HS.2004.Characteristics ofstructural segmentation of foreland thrust belts:A case study of thefault belts in the northwestern margin of Junggar basin.Earth ScienceFrontiers,11(3):91-101(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jia D,Chen ZX,Jia CZ,Wei GQ,Li BL,Zhang Q,Wei DT and ShenY.2003.Structural features of the Longmen Shan fold and thrustbelt and develoment of the western Sichuan foreland basin,CentralChina.Geological Journal of China Universities,19(3):402-410(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jia D,Wei GQ Chen ZX,Li BL,Zeng Q and Yang G.2006.LongmenShan fold-thrust belt and its relation to western Sichuan basin inCentral China:New insights from hydrocarbon exploration.AAPGBulletin,90:1425-1447
Jia QP,Jia D,Luo L,Chen ZX,Li YQ,Deng F,Sun SS and Li HB.2009.Three-dimensional evolutionary models of the Qiongxistructures,southwestern Sichuan basin,China:Evidence fromseismic interpretation and geomorphology.Acta Geologica Sinica,83(2):372-385
Li BL,Jia CZ and Pang XQ.2007.The spatial distribution of theforeland thrust tectonic deformation in the circum-Tibetan Plateaubasin and range system.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(9):1200-1207(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li YQ,Jia D,Luo L,Jia QP,Chen ZX,Deng F,Sun SS and ZhangYY.2007.Three dimension construction and magnetic fabricanalysis of the Yanjinggou fault-propagation fold in western Sichuan,China.Earth Science Frontiers,14(4):74-84
Liu S and Dixon JM.1991.Centrifuge modelling of thrust faulting:Structural variation along strike in fold-thrust belts.Tectonophysics,188:39-62
Lu HF,Jia CZ,Jia D,Chen CM,Liu ZH,Wang GQ and Wang SL.2001.Features of the thrust wedge of deformation belt in Kuqa rejuvenation foreland basin.Geological Journal of ChinaUniversities,7(3):257-271(in Chinese with English abstract)
Rowan MG and Linares R.2000.Fold-evolution matrices and axial-surface analysis of fault-bend folds:Application to the Medinaanticline,eastern Cordillera,Colombia.American Association ofPetroleum Geologists Bulletin,84:741-764
Shaw JH,Hook SC and Suppe J.1994.Structural trend analysis by axial-surface mapping.American Association of Petroleum GeologistsBulletin,78:700-721
Strayer LM and Suppe J.2002.Out-of-plane motion of a thrust sheetduring along-strike propagation of a thrust ramp:A distinct-elementapproach.Journal of Structural Geology,24:637-650
Suppe J.1983.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding.AmericanJournal of Science,283:684-721
Suppe J and Medwedeff DA.1990.Geometry and kinematics of faultpropagation folding.Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae83:409-454
Suppe J,Connors CD,and Zhang YK.2004.Shear fault-bend folding.In:McClay KR(ed.).Thrust and Hydrocarbon Systems.AAPGMemoir,82:303-323
Wang X,Jia CZ and Yang SF.2002.Geometry and kinematics of theKuqa fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tianshan.Chinese Journalof Geology,37(3):372-384(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei GQ and Jia CZ.1998.Structural characteristics and oil&gas ofthrust belts in Tarim basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,19(1):11-17(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wheeler RL.1980.Cross-strike structural discontinuities:Possibleexploration tool for natural gas in the Appalachian overthrust belt.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,64:2166-2178
Wilkerson MS,Medwedeff DA and Marshak S.1991.Geometricalmodeling of fault-related folds:A pseudo-three-dimensionalapproach.Journal of Structural Geology,13(7):801-812
Wilkerson MS,Apotria TG and Farid T.2002.Interpreting the geologicmap expression of contractional fault-related fold terminations:Lateral/oblique ramps versus displacement gradients.Journal ofStructural Geology,24:593-607
Wilkerson MS,Smaltz SM,Bowman DR,Fischer MP and Higuera-DiazIC.2007.2-D and3-D modeling of detachment folds with hinterlandinflation:A natural example from the Monterrey Salient,northeasternMexico.Journal of Structural Geology,29:73-85
Xiao AC,Jia CZ,Yang SF,Wei GQ,Chen HL and Zhang CS.2000a.The kinematics characters of the thrust-fold belts western frontregions in southern Tianshan,China.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,18(3):439-444(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xiao AC,Yang SF,Chen HL,Jia CZ and Wei GQ.2000b.Structuralcharacteristics of thrust system in the front of the west KunlunMountains.Earth Science Frontiers,7(Suppl.):128-136(in Chinese with English abstract)
陈汉林,杨树锋,肖安成,潘正中,程晓敢,陈建军,范铭涛,田多文.2006.酒泉盆地南缘新生代冲断带的变形特征和变形时间.石油与天然气地质,27(4):488-494
陈汉林,罗俊成,郭群英,廖林,肖中尧,程晓敢,杨树锋,王步清.2009.塔里木盆地东南缘中新生代变形史与构造演化.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):38-45
陈竹新,贾东,张惬,魏国齐,李本亮,魏东涛,沈扬.2005.龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带的平衡剖面分析.地质学报,79(1):38-45
管树巍,汪新,杨树峰,赵卫东,徐峰,雷刚林.2003.南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析.地质论评,49(5):464-473
何登发,尹成,杜社宽,石昕,马辉树.2004.前陆冲断带构造分段特征———以准葛尔盆地西北缘断裂构造带为例.地学前缘,11(3):91-101
贾东,陈竹新,贾承造,魏国齐,李本亮,张惬,魏东涛,沈扬.2003.龙门山前陆冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,19(3):402-410
李本亮,贾承造,庞雄奇,管树巍,杨庚,石昕,李传新.2007.环青藏高原盆山体系内前陆冲断构造变形的空间变化规律.地质学报,81(9):1200-1207
卢华复,贾承造,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,王胜利.2001.库车再生前路盆地冲断构造楔特征,高校地质学报,7(3):257-271
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.2002.南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学.地质科学,37(3):372-384
魏国齐,贾承造.1998.塔里木盆地逆冲带构造特征与油气.石油学报,19(1):11-17
肖安成,贾承造,杨树锋,魏国齐,陈汉林,张春生.2000a.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征.沉积学报,18(3):439-444
肖安成,杨树锋,陈汉林,贾承造,魏国齐.2000b.西昆仑山前冲断系的结构特征.地学前缘,7(增刊):128-136
Burchfiel BC,Chen Z,Liu Y and Royden LH.1995.Tectonics of theLongmen Shan and adjacent regions,Central China.Int.Geol.Rev.,37:661-735
Burchfiel BC.2004.2003presidential address:New technology,new geological challenges.GSA Today,14:4-9
Chen HL,Yang SF,Xiao AC,Pan ZZ,Cheng XG,Chen JJ,Fan MTand Tian DW.2006.Deformation characteristics and time ofCenozoic thrust belt in southern margin of Jiuquan basin.Oil&GasGeology,27(4):488-494(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen HL,Luo JC,Guo QY,Liao L,Xiao ZY,Cheng XG and Yang SF.2009.Deformation history and tectonic evolution of southeasternTarim basin in Mesozoic and Cenozoic.Geotectonica etMetallogenia,33(1):38-45(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen ZX,Jia D,Zhang Q,Wei GQ,Li BL,Wei DT and Shen Y.2005.Balanced cross-section analysis of the fold-thrust belt of theLongmen Mountains.Acta Geologica Sinica,79(1):38-45(inChinese with English abstract)
Coward MP and Potts GJ.1983.Complex strain patterns developed at thefrontal and lateral tips to shear zones and thrust zones.Journal ofStructural Geology,5:383-395
Dahlstrom CA.1969.Balanced cross sections.Canadian Journal of EarthSciences,6:743-757
Dischinger JD and Mitra S.2006.Three-dimensional structural model ofthe Painter and East Painter reservoir structures,Wyoming fold andthrust belt.AAPG Bulletin,90(8):1171-1185
Elliott D.1976.The motion of thrust sheets.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,81:949-963
Ernesto OC and Allmendinger RW.2001.Pseudo3-D modeling oftrishear fault-propagation folding.Journal of structural Geology,23:1-2
Erslev EA.1991.Trishear fault-propagation folding.Geology,19:617-620
Fischer MP,Woodward MB and Mitchell MM.1992.The kinematics ofbreak-thrust folds.J.Struc.Geol.,143:335-342
Fischer MP and Wilkerson MS.2000.Predicting the orientation of jointsfrom fold shape:Results of pseudo-three-dimensional modeling andcurvature analysis.Geology,28(1):15-18
Guan SW,Wang X,Yang SF,Zhao WD,Xu F and Lei GL.2003.3-Dstructural analysis on the Kuqa's Qiulitag anticline zone of thesouthern Tianshan Mountains,China.Geological Review,49(5):464-473(in Chinese with English abstract)
He DF,Yin C,Du SK,Shi X and Ma HS.2004.Characteristics ofstructural segmentation of foreland thrust belts:A case study of thefault belts in the northwestern margin of Junggar basin.Earth ScienceFrontiers,11(3):91-101(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jia D,Chen ZX,Jia CZ,Wei GQ,Li BL,Zhang Q,Wei DT and ShenY.2003.Structural features of the Longmen Shan fold and thrustbelt and develoment of the western Sichuan foreland basin,CentralChina.Geological Journal of China Universities,19(3):402-410(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jia D,Wei GQ Chen ZX,Li BL,Zeng Q and Yang G.2006.LongmenShan fold-thrust belt and its relation to western Sichuan basin inCentral China:New insights from hydrocarbon exploration.AAPGBulletin,90:1425-1447
Jia QP,Jia D,Luo L,Chen ZX,Li YQ,Deng F,Sun SS and Li HB.2009.Three-dimensional evolutionary models of the Qiongxistructures,southwestern Sichuan basin,China:Evidence fromseismic interpretation and geomorphology.Acta Geologica Sinica,83(2):372-385
Li BL,Jia CZ and Pang XQ.2007.The spatial distribution of theforeland thrust tectonic deformation in the circum-Tibetan Plateaubasin and range system.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(9):1200-1207(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li YQ,Jia D,Luo L,Jia QP,Chen ZX,Deng F,Sun SS and ZhangYY.2007.Three dimension construction and magnetic fabricanalysis of the Yanjinggou fault-propagation fold in western Sichuan,China.Earth Science Frontiers,14(4):74-84
Liu S and Dixon JM.1991.Centrifuge modelling of thrust faulting:Structural variation along strike in fold-thrust belts.Tectonophysics,188:39-62
Lu HF,Jia CZ,Jia D,Chen CM,Liu ZH,Wang GQ and Wang SL.2001.Features of the thrust wedge of deformation belt in Kuqa rejuvenation foreland basin.Geological Journal of ChinaUniversities,7(3):257-271(in Chinese with English abstract)
Rowan MG and Linares R.2000.Fold-evolution matrices and axial-surface analysis of fault-bend folds:Application to the Medinaanticline,eastern Cordillera,Colombia.American Association ofPetroleum Geologists Bulletin,84:741-764
Shaw JH,Hook SC and Suppe J.1994.Structural trend analysis by axial-surface mapping.American Association of Petroleum GeologistsBulletin,78:700-721
Strayer LM and Suppe J.2002.Out-of-plane motion of a thrust sheetduring along-strike propagation of a thrust ramp:A distinct-elementapproach.Journal of Structural Geology,24:637-650
Suppe J.1983.Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding.AmericanJournal of Science,283:684-721
Suppe J and Medwedeff DA.1990.Geometry and kinematics of faultpropagation folding.Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae83:409-454
Suppe J,Connors CD,and Zhang YK.2004.Shear fault-bend folding.In:McClay KR(ed.).Thrust and Hydrocarbon Systems.AAPGMemoir,82:303-323
Wang X,Jia CZ and Yang SF.2002.Geometry and kinematics of theKuqa fold-and-thrust belt in the southern Tianshan.Chinese Journalof Geology,37(3):372-384(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wei GQ and Jia CZ.1998.Structural characteristics and oil&gas ofthrust belts in Tarim basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,19(1):11-17(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wheeler RL.1980.Cross-strike structural discontinuities:Possibleexploration tool for natural gas in the Appalachian overthrust belt.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,64:2166-2178
Wilkerson MS,Medwedeff DA and Marshak S.1991.Geometricalmodeling of fault-related folds:A pseudo-three-dimensionalapproach.Journal of Structural Geology,13(7):801-812
Wilkerson MS,Apotria TG and Farid T.2002.Interpreting the geologicmap expression of contractional fault-related fold terminations:Lateral/oblique ramps versus displacement gradients.Journal ofStructural Geology,24:593-607
Wilkerson MS,Smaltz SM,Bowman DR,Fischer MP and Higuera-DiazIC.2007.2-D and3-D modeling of detachment folds with hinterlandinflation:A natural example from the Monterrey Salient,northeasternMexico.Journal of Structural Geology,29:73-85
Xiao AC,Jia CZ,Yang SF,Wei GQ,Chen HL and Zhang CS.2000a.The kinematics characters of the thrust-fold belts western frontregions in southern Tianshan,China.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,18(3):439-444(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xiao AC,Yang SF,Chen HL,Jia CZ and Wei GQ.2000b.Structuralcharacteristics of thrust system in the front of the west KunlunMountains.Earth Science Frontiers,7(Suppl.):128-136(in Chinese with English abstract)
陈汉林,杨树锋,肖安成,潘正中,程晓敢,陈建军,范铭涛,田多文.2006.酒泉盆地南缘新生代冲断带的变形特征和变形时间.石油与天然气地质,27(4):488-494
陈汉林,罗俊成,郭群英,廖林,肖中尧,程晓敢,杨树锋,王步清.2009.塔里木盆地东南缘中新生代变形史与构造演化.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):38-45
陈竹新,贾东,张惬,魏国齐,李本亮,魏东涛,沈扬.2005.龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带的平衡剖面分析.地质学报,79(1):38-45
管树巍,汪新,杨树峰,赵卫东,徐峰,雷刚林.2003.南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析.地质论评,49(5):464-473
何登发,尹成,杜社宽,石昕,马辉树.2004.前陆冲断带构造分段特征———以准葛尔盆地西北缘断裂构造带为例.地学前缘,11(3):91-101
贾东,陈竹新,贾承造,魏国齐,李本亮,张惬,魏东涛,沈扬.2003.龙门山前陆冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,19(3):402-410
李本亮,贾承造,庞雄奇,管树巍,杨庚,石昕,李传新.2007.环青藏高原盆山体系内前陆冲断构造变形的空间变化规律.地质学报,81(9):1200-1207
卢华复,贾承造,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,王胜利.2001.库车再生前路盆地冲断构造楔特征,高校地质学报,7(3):257-271
汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.2002.南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学.地质科学,37(3):372-384
魏国齐,贾承造.1998.塔里木盆地逆冲带构造特征与油气.石油学报,19(1):11-17
肖安成,贾承造,杨树锋,魏国齐,陈汉林,张春生.2000a.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征.沉积学报,18(3):439-444
肖安成,杨树锋,陈汉林,贾承造,魏国齐.2000b.西昆仑山前冲断系的结构特征.地学前缘,7(增刊):128-136
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