空间信息技术在地震次生灾害防治中的应用
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摘要
地震灾害是毁灭性自然灾害之一,通常给灾区带来巨大的经济和社会影响。地震发生后,次生灾害的快速、有效防御和治理是减小经济损失、营救人们生命和财产安全的关键途径。空间信息技术的发展和在抗震救灾工作中的应用表明其具备实时获取灾区数据、覆盖范围广、自动化程度高、可快速制定专题方案等特点,已成为地震次生灾害防御和治理的一项有效的高科技技术与手段。各种新型遥感传感器,如合成孔径雷达、无人低空平台、机载激光平台等,在灾情监测、高精度地面数据获取中显现出了超越传统救灾方案的优越性。空间信息技术的有效集成能够实现复杂天气情况下、救援人员无法到达区域灾情的统计与分析,实时制定科学应急抢险策略。重点阐述了空间信息技术在地震次生灾害防治中的应用和发展,针对汶川地震的实际应用进行综合分析和介绍,并对其发展趋势做出展望。
Earthquake is one of catastrophically destructive disasters and generally brings about giant impact on society and economy in disaster areas.After an earthquake occurs,quick and effective prevention and treatment of earthquake-induced disasters is the key to reduce economic loss,rescue life and property.Development of spatial information technology and its application in earthquake relief work show it has characteristics of real-time data acquisition of disaster area,large covering scope,high degree of automation,available to work out a special scheme rapidly etc,and has become an effective high-tech means in prevention of earthquake-induced disasters.Various types of remote sensors and transducers,such as synthetic aperture radar,unmanned low altitude radar,airborne laser platform etc.,appear superiorities surpassing traditional means in disaster situation monitoring,high-accuracy land surface data acquisition.Through effective integration of spatial information technology,analysis and statistics of a disaster can be achieved under complicated condition and unreachable area for rescuers,so a scientific emergency scheme will be prepared in time.This paper puts emphasis on the application of spatial information technology in secondary disasters and its development,and in the light of practical application in Wenchuan Earthquake,makes a comprehensive analysis and introduction and a prospect of its future development tendency.
Earthquake is one of catastrophically destructive disasters and generally brings about giant impact on society and economy in disaster areas.After an earthquake occurs,quick and effective prevention and treatment of earthquake-induced disasters is the key to reduce economic loss,rescue life and property.Development of spatial information technology and its application in earthquake relief work show it has characteristics of real-time data acquisition of disaster area,large covering scope,high degree of automation,available to work out a special scheme rapidly etc,and has become an effective high-tech means in prevention of earthquake-induced disasters.Various types of remote sensors and transducers,such as synthetic aperture radar,unmanned low altitude radar,airborne laser platform etc.,appear superiorities surpassing traditional means in disaster situation monitoring,high-accuracy land surface data acquisition.Through effective integration of spatial information technology,analysis and statistics of a disaster can be achieved under complicated condition and unreachable area for rescuers,so a scientific emergency scheme will be prepared in time.This paper puts emphasis on the application of spatial information technology in secondary disasters and its development,and in the light of practical application in Wenchuan Earthquake,makes a comprehensive analysis and introduction and a prospect of its future development tendency.
引文
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[2]Masashi Matsuoka,Fumio Yamazaki.Use of SAR Intensity Im-agery for Earthquake Damage Detection∥2nd Work shop on Ap-plication of Remote Sensing Technologies for Dis aster Response,Newport Beach,CA,USA,2004:125.
[3]张景发,谢礼立,陶夏新.典型震害遥感图像的模型分析.自然灾害学报,2001,10(2):89~95.
[4]张景发,谢礼立,陶夏新.建筑物震害遥感图像的变化检测与震害评估.自然灾害学报,2002,11(2):59~64.
[5]尹京苑,柳稼航.单新建.基于图像结构信息的城市房屋震害特征自动提取技术.遥感信息,2004,(1):27~30.
[6]王晓青,张景发,单新建等.震害遥感快速识别与损失评估系统的开发研究,见:中国遥感应用协会.中国遥感应用协会文集.北京:宇航出版社,2003.
[7]王晓青.基于GIS的地震现场灾害损失评估地理信息系统研究.自然灾害学报,2004,13(1):118~125.
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