尼日尔三角洲深水区层序地层及地震相研究
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摘要
中新世至上新世,研究区发育深海平原和陆坡坡脚沉积。缺少反映海平面变化的上超特征和削截现象,很难利用地震反射终止类型(上超、顶超、削截)进行层序界面识别。文中利用深水区沉积旋回的地震相特征差异进行层序界面识别,并建立了研究区层序演化模式:低位体系域发育重力流沉积(块状搬运复合体、浊积扇)——海侵高位体系域深海泥质发育。以层序为格架进行地震相和沉积相在时间和空间分布特征分析。研究区识别出两类叠加地震相样式:杂乱反射块状搬运复合体——丘形水道—堤岸复合体(浊积扇)——平行反射深海泥质沉积;丘形水道—堤岸复合体(浊积扇)——平行反射深海泥质沉积。
The strata of Miocene and Pliocene in the study area deposit in the deepsea plain and toe of slope.Characters of the onlap and truncation which represent eustasy cannot be recognized in seismic data.It is difficult to recognize the sequence boundary with seismic termination such as onlap,toplap and truncation.In this paper,the sequence boundary can be identified by characters in seismic facies of sedimentary cycle.Model of sequence evolution,LST developing gravity flow deposition(mass-transport complex and turbidite fan),T-HST developing deep sea mud,has been built up.Characters of seismic facies and sedimentary facies are analyzed in sequences.Two seismic facies stacking pattern have been recognized in the study area: chaotic mass-transport complexes overlain by hummocky channel-levee complexes(turbidite fan) and capped by parallel to subparallel hemipelagic drape complexes;hummocky channel-levee complexes(turbidite fan) and capped by parallel to subparallel hemipelagic drape complexes.
The strata of Miocene and Pliocene in the study area deposit in the deepsea plain and toe of slope.Characters of the onlap and truncation which represent eustasy cannot be recognized in seismic data.It is difficult to recognize the sequence boundary with seismic termination such as onlap,toplap and truncation.In this paper,the sequence boundary can be identified by characters in seismic facies of sedimentary cycle.Model of sequence evolution,LST developing gravity flow deposition(mass-transport complex and turbidite fan),T-HST developing deep sea mud,has been built up.Characters of seismic facies and sedimentary facies are analyzed in sequences.Two seismic facies stacking pattern have been recognized in the study area: chaotic mass-transport complexes overlain by hummocky channel-levee complexes(turbidite fan) and capped by parallel to subparallel hemipelagic drape complexes;hummocky channel-levee complexes(turbidite fan) and capped by parallel to subparallel hemipelagic drape complexes.
引文
1李忠."从最高到最深"-从第17届国际沉积学大会看沉积学研究前沿[J].沉积学报,2006,24(6):928-933[Li Zhong.From the highest to the deepest:a review on research frontiers of sedimentology reflected from17th International Sedimentological Congress[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2006,24(6):928-933]
2佩顿编,等译.地震地层学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1980:97-106[Translated by Niu Yuquan,Xu Huaida,Chen Junsheng,et al.Seismic Stratigraphy[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1980:97-106]
3Shannon P M,Stoker M S,Praeg D,et al.Sequence stratigraphic a-nalysis in deep-water,underfilled NW European passive margin basins[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:1185-1200
4Beaubouef R T,Friedmann S J.High-resolution seismic/sequence stra-tigraphic framework for the evolution of Pleistocene intra slope basins,western Gulf of Mexico:Depositional models and reservoir analogs[C]∥Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.eds.Deep-water reservoirs of the world:Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th Annual Research Confer-ence,2000:40-60
5Deptuck ME,Steffans G S,Barton M,et al.Architecture and evolu-tion of upper fan channel-belts on the Niger Delta slope and in the Ara-bian Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:649-676
6Fonnesu F.3-D seismic images of a low-sinuosity slope channel and re-lated depositional lobe(West Africa deep offshore)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:615-629
7Posamentier HW,Kolla V.Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2003,73:367-388
8Davies R J.Kilometer-scale fluidization structures formed during early burial of a deep-water slope channel on the Niger Delta[J].Geology,2003,31(11):949-952
9Abreu V,Sullivan M,Pirmez C,et al.Lateral accretion packages(LAPs):an important reservoir element in deep water sinuous channels[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:631-648
10Dalhoff F.Mapping and facies analysis of Paleocene Mid-Eocene seis-mic sequences,offshore southern West Greenland[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:935-986
11Gervais A,et al.Sandy modern turbidite lobes:A new insight from high resolution seismic data[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005(23):485-502
12Adeogba A A,McHargue TR,Graham S A.Transient fan architec-ture and depositional controls from near-surface3-D seismic data,Ni-ger Delta continental slope[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(5):627-643
13Moscardelli L,Wood L,Mann P.Mass-transport complexes and asso-ciated processes in the offshore area of Trinidad and Venezuela[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(7):1059-1088
14Mayalla M,Jonesb E,Casey M.Turbidite channel reservoirs-Key ele-ments in facies prediction and effective development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006(23):821-841
15Satterfield W M,Behrens E W.A later Quaternary canyon/channel systems,northwest Gulf of Mexico continental slope[J].Marine Geol-ogy,1990(92):51-67
16Winker C D.High-resolution seismic stratigraphy of a late Pleistocene submarine fan ponded by salt-withdrawal minibasins on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope:28th Annual Offshore Technology Confer-ence Proceedings,Offshore Technology Conference,Richardson,Tex-as,1996(1)[C],OTC8024:619-662
17Prather B E,Booth J R,Steffens G S,et al.Classification,lithologic calibration,and stratigraphic succession of seismic facies of intraslope basins,deep-water Gulf of Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(5A):701-728
18Badalini G,Kneller B,Winker C D.Architecture and processes in the late Pleistocene Brazos-Trinity turbiditesystem,Gulf of Mexico continental slope[C]∥Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.eds.Deep-water reservoirs of the world:Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th An-nual Research Conference,2000:16-34
19Doust H,Omatsola E.Niger Delta in divergent/passive margin basins[C]∥Edwards J D,Santogrossi P A.eds.AAPG Memoir,1990(48):201-238
20Wu S,Bally A W.Slope tectonics:Comparisons and contrasts of structural styles of salt and shale tectonics of the northern Gulf of Mexico with shale tectonics of offshore Nigeria in Gulf of Guinea[C]∥Mohriak W,Talwani M.eds.Atlantic rifts and continental mar-gins:Washington D C,American Geophysical Union,2000:151-172
21Corredor F,Shaw J H,Bilotti F.Structural styles in the deepwater fold-and-thrust belts of the Niger Delta[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(6):753-780
22ShawJ H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic interpretation of contractional fault-related folds[J].An AAPG seismic atlas:Studies in Geology#53,2005
23纪友亮,杜金虎,赵贤正,等.饶阳凹陷下第三系层序地层类型及发育模式[J].沉积学报,2007,25(1):1-9[Ji Youliang,Du Jin-hu,Zhao Xianzheng,et al.Sequence stratigraphy models and control-ling factors of Eogene in Raoyang Depression[J].Acta Sedimentologi-ca Sinica,2007,25(1):1-9]
24Kuenen Ph H,Migliorini C I.Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding[J].Journal of Geology,1950,(58):97-127
25Walker R G.Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans:Models for exploration for stratigraphic traps[J].AAPG Bulle-tin,1978,(62):932-966
26Reading HG,Richards M.Turbidite systems in deepwater basin mar-gins classified by grain size and feeder system[J].AAPG Bulletin,1994,78(5):792-822
27Mutti E,Normark W R.An integrated approach to the study of turbi-dite systems[C]∥Weimer P,Link MH.eds.Seismic facies and sedi-mentary processes of submarine fans and turbidite systems.NewYork,Springer-Verlag,1991:75-106
28Galloway W E.Siliciclastic slope and base-of-slope depositional sys-tems:component facies,stratigraphic architecture,and classification[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(4):569-595
29Weimer P,Varnai P,Budhijanto F M,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of Pliocene and Pleistocene Turbidite Systems,Northern Green Canyon and Ewing Bank(Offshore Louisiana),Northern Gulf of Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(5B):918-960
30Coleman J M,Prior D B,Lindsay J F.Deltaic influences on shelf-edge instability processes[C]∥Stanley D J,Moore G T.eds.The shelfbreak;critical interface on continental margins:SEPM Special Publication,1983,(33):121-137
31Kolla V,Macurda D B,Jr.Sea-level changes and timing of turbidity-current events in deep-sea fan systems[C]∥Wilgus C K,Hastings B S,Kendall C G St C,et al.eds.Sea level change:An integrated ap-proach:SEPMSpecial Publication,1988,(42):381-392
32Dam G,Sonderholm M.Lowstand slope channels of the Itilli succes-sion(Maastrichtian-lower Paleocene),Nuussuaq,west Greenland[J].Sedimentary Geology,1994,(94):49-71
33Cronin B,Owen D,Hartley A,et al.Slumps,debris flows and sandy deep-water channel systems:Implications for the application of se-quence stratigraphy to deepwater clastic sediments[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1998,(155):42-432
2佩顿编,等译.地震地层学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1980:97-106[Translated by Niu Yuquan,Xu Huaida,Chen Junsheng,et al.Seismic Stratigraphy[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1980:97-106]
3Shannon P M,Stoker M S,Praeg D,et al.Sequence stratigraphic a-nalysis in deep-water,underfilled NW European passive margin basins[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:1185-1200
4Beaubouef R T,Friedmann S J.High-resolution seismic/sequence stra-tigraphic framework for the evolution of Pleistocene intra slope basins,western Gulf of Mexico:Depositional models and reservoir analogs[C]∥Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.eds.Deep-water reservoirs of the world:Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th Annual Research Confer-ence,2000:40-60
5Deptuck ME,Steffans G S,Barton M,et al.Architecture and evolu-tion of upper fan channel-belts on the Niger Delta slope and in the Ara-bian Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:649-676
6Fonnesu F.3-D seismic images of a low-sinuosity slope channel and re-lated depositional lobe(West Africa deep offshore)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:615-629
7Posamentier HW,Kolla V.Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2003,73:367-388
8Davies R J.Kilometer-scale fluidization structures formed during early burial of a deep-water slope channel on the Niger Delta[J].Geology,2003,31(11):949-952
9Abreu V,Sullivan M,Pirmez C,et al.Lateral accretion packages(LAPs):an important reservoir element in deep water sinuous channels[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:631-648
10Dalhoff F.Mapping and facies analysis of Paleocene Mid-Eocene seis-mic sequences,offshore southern West Greenland[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20:935-986
11Gervais A,et al.Sandy modern turbidite lobes:A new insight from high resolution seismic data[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005(23):485-502
12Adeogba A A,McHargue TR,Graham S A.Transient fan architec-ture and depositional controls from near-surface3-D seismic data,Ni-ger Delta continental slope[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(5):627-643
13Moscardelli L,Wood L,Mann P.Mass-transport complexes and asso-ciated processes in the offshore area of Trinidad and Venezuela[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(7):1059-1088
14Mayalla M,Jonesb E,Casey M.Turbidite channel reservoirs-Key ele-ments in facies prediction and effective development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006(23):821-841
15Satterfield W M,Behrens E W.A later Quaternary canyon/channel systems,northwest Gulf of Mexico continental slope[J].Marine Geol-ogy,1990(92):51-67
16Winker C D.High-resolution seismic stratigraphy of a late Pleistocene submarine fan ponded by salt-withdrawal minibasins on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope:28th Annual Offshore Technology Confer-ence Proceedings,Offshore Technology Conference,Richardson,Tex-as,1996(1)[C],OTC8024:619-662
17Prather B E,Booth J R,Steffens G S,et al.Classification,lithologic calibration,and stratigraphic succession of seismic facies of intraslope basins,deep-water Gulf of Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(5A):701-728
18Badalini G,Kneller B,Winker C D.Architecture and processes in the late Pleistocene Brazos-Trinity turbiditesystem,Gulf of Mexico continental slope[C]∥Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.eds.Deep-water reservoirs of the world:Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th An-nual Research Conference,2000:16-34
19Doust H,Omatsola E.Niger Delta in divergent/passive margin basins[C]∥Edwards J D,Santogrossi P A.eds.AAPG Memoir,1990(48):201-238
20Wu S,Bally A W.Slope tectonics:Comparisons and contrasts of structural styles of salt and shale tectonics of the northern Gulf of Mexico with shale tectonics of offshore Nigeria in Gulf of Guinea[C]∥Mohriak W,Talwani M.eds.Atlantic rifts and continental mar-gins:Washington D C,American Geophysical Union,2000:151-172
21Corredor F,Shaw J H,Bilotti F.Structural styles in the deepwater fold-and-thrust belts of the Niger Delta[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(6):753-780
22ShawJ H,Connors C,Suppe J.Seismic interpretation of contractional fault-related folds[J].An AAPG seismic atlas:Studies in Geology#53,2005
23纪友亮,杜金虎,赵贤正,等.饶阳凹陷下第三系层序地层类型及发育模式[J].沉积学报,2007,25(1):1-9[Ji Youliang,Du Jin-hu,Zhao Xianzheng,et al.Sequence stratigraphy models and control-ling factors of Eogene in Raoyang Depression[J].Acta Sedimentologi-ca Sinica,2007,25(1):1-9]
24Kuenen Ph H,Migliorini C I.Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding[J].Journal of Geology,1950,(58):97-127
25Walker R G.Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans:Models for exploration for stratigraphic traps[J].AAPG Bulle-tin,1978,(62):932-966
26Reading HG,Richards M.Turbidite systems in deepwater basin mar-gins classified by grain size and feeder system[J].AAPG Bulletin,1994,78(5):792-822
27Mutti E,Normark W R.An integrated approach to the study of turbi-dite systems[C]∥Weimer P,Link MH.eds.Seismic facies and sedi-mentary processes of submarine fans and turbidite systems.NewYork,Springer-Verlag,1991:75-106
28Galloway W E.Siliciclastic slope and base-of-slope depositional sys-tems:component facies,stratigraphic architecture,and classification[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(4):569-595
29Weimer P,Varnai P,Budhijanto F M,et al.Sequence stratigraphy of Pliocene and Pleistocene Turbidite Systems,Northern Green Canyon and Ewing Bank(Offshore Louisiana),Northern Gulf of Mexico[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(5B):918-960
30Coleman J M,Prior D B,Lindsay J F.Deltaic influences on shelf-edge instability processes[C]∥Stanley D J,Moore G T.eds.The shelfbreak;critical interface on continental margins:SEPM Special Publication,1983,(33):121-137
31Kolla V,Macurda D B,Jr.Sea-level changes and timing of turbidity-current events in deep-sea fan systems[C]∥Wilgus C K,Hastings B S,Kendall C G St C,et al.eds.Sea level change:An integrated ap-proach:SEPMSpecial Publication,1988,(42):381-392
32Dam G,Sonderholm M.Lowstand slope channels of the Itilli succes-sion(Maastrichtian-lower Paleocene),Nuussuaq,west Greenland[J].Sedimentary Geology,1994,(94):49-71
33Cronin B,Owen D,Hartley A,et al.Slumps,debris flows and sandy deep-water channel systems:Implications for the application of se-quence stratigraphy to deepwater clastic sediments[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1998,(155):42-432
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