水温突降-缓升型的响应机理之冷水下渗学说的研究——以重庆北温泉水Fe~(3+)、Mn~(2+)对汶川地震的响应为例
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摘要
深井水温观测在中国已经开展了20多年,但目前对于水温响应机理的研究还不充分。而且利用温泉水对水温响应机理研究甚少。本文在2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前后,即2008年5月1日至7月4日,对重庆北温泉水(距震中约400km)进行采样监测,发现泉水水温水量发生较大变化震后水温下降了1℃;海拔相对较高的BWQ-2、BWQ-3、BWQ-4相继断流,监测点BWQ-1的水量增加了15L/s;与此同时,各泉点Fe3+、Mn2+浓度于地震当日成倍增长,随后逐渐减小,7月4日时浓度与5月1日相当。重庆北温泉位于四川盆地东部边缘地带,受汶川地震强烈影响导致冷水下渗作用,海拔相对较高而温度较低的温泉水改道,并有其他来自裂隙或者地表的低温水汇入温泉含水层,Fe3+、Mn2+浓度的变化从水化学上印证了冷水下渗学说。
Water temperature observations in deep wells have been carried out in China for more than 20 years,but the researches on the mechanism of temperature response remain inadequate,and very few researchers have studied this mechanism for hot spring water.In this paper,the Beiwenquan hot spring of Chongqing was continuously monitored from May 1 to July 4,2008.During the May 12 Ms 8.0 earthquake of 2008,the Beiwenquan hot spring about 400 km from the epicenter had a huge response to the earthquake.After the earthquake,three relatively high elevation springs were cut off,and the discharge of some other springs increased by nearly 50%.The concentration of Fe3+ and Mn2+ increased twofold on May 12 and then decreased gradually.On July 4,the concentration of Fe3+ and Mn2+ was the same as that on May 1.This is attributed to the active development of karst areas in the Jialingjiang River valley which has numerous fissures and cracks.Because of the earthquake,the higher elevation springs whose temperature was lower than that of other springs and surface water came from the fissures and infiltrated into the lower elevation springs.This process accelerated the vertical movement of the water and the mixing of different waters.
Water temperature observations in deep wells have been carried out in China for more than 20 years,but the researches on the mechanism of temperature response remain inadequate,and very few researchers have studied this mechanism for hot spring water.In this paper,the Beiwenquan hot spring of Chongqing was continuously monitored from May 1 to July 4,2008.During the May 12 Ms 8.0 earthquake of 2008,the Beiwenquan hot spring about 400 km from the epicenter had a huge response to the earthquake.After the earthquake,three relatively high elevation springs were cut off,and the discharge of some other springs increased by nearly 50%.The concentration of Fe3+ and Mn2+ increased twofold on May 12 and then decreased gradually.On July 4,the concentration of Fe3+ and Mn2+ was the same as that on May 1.This is attributed to the active development of karst areas in the Jialingjiang River valley which has numerous fissures and cracks.Because of the earthquake,the higher elevation springs whose temperature was lower than that of other springs and surface water came from the fissures and infiltrated into the lower elevation springs.This process accelerated the vertical movement of the water and the mixing of different waters.
引文
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[20]杨竹转,邓志辉,陶京玲,等.北京塔院井数字化观测水温的同震效应研究[J].地震学报,2007,29(2):203-213.Yang Zhuzhuan,Deng Zhihui,Tao Jingling,et al.Coseismic effects of water temperature based on digital observation from Tayuan well,Beijing[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2007,29(2):203-213(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]张素欣,张子广,张跃刚,等.2004年12月26日印尼大地震河北省数字水位、地热记震能力分析[J].华北地震科学,2005,23(3):27-30.Zhang Suxin,Zhang Ziguang,Zhang Yaogang,et al.Study on the earthquake reflecting ability of digital water level and geothermals data with Indonesia strong earthquake[J].North China Earthquake,Science,2005,23(3):27-30(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]北碚区北温泉危岩带应急抢险治理工程顺利完成.重庆市政府公众信息网.http://www.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxx/108665.htm.2008年7月14日.The project of rushing to deal with an emergency work with the dangerous rock in Beiwenquan in Beibei region has been completed.Chongqing Government Public Net.http://www.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxx/108665.htm.July14th,2008.
[2]付子忠.地热动态观测与地热前兆[C]//地壳构造与地壳应力文集.1988,1:127.Fu Zizhong.Observation of geothermal activities and geothermal precursory[C]//Collected Works of Crustal Structure and Crustal Stress.1988,1:127.
[3]Iassonov P P,Beresnev I A.Amodel for enhanced fluid percolation in porous media by application of low frequency elastic waves[J].J Geophys Res.,2003,08(B3),oi:10.1029/2001JB000683.
[4]Montgomery D R,Manga M.Streamflow and water well responses to earthquakes[J].Science,2003,300(27):2047-2049.
[5]Wanghi yuen,Wang Chungho,Manga Michael.Coseismic release of water from mountanins:evidence from the1999(Mw=7.5)Chi Chi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].Geology,2004,32(9):769-772.
[6]鱼金子,车用太,刘五洲.井水温度微动态形成的水动力学机制研究[J].地震,1997,17(4):389-396.Yu Jinzi,Che Yongtai,Liu Wuzhou.Preliminary study on hydrodynamic mechanism of microbehavior of water temperature in well[J].Earthquake,1997,17(4):389-396(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]石耀霖,曹建玲,马丽,等.唐山井水温的同震变化及其物理解释[J].地震学报,2007,29(5):265-273.Shi Yaolin,Cao Jianling,Ma Li,et al.Tele-seismic coseismic well temperature changes and their interpretation[J].Acta Seismlolgica Sinica.2007,29(5):265-273(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]中国地震局监测预报司.2004年印度尼西亚苏门答腊8.7级大地震及其对中国大陆地区的影响[M].北京:地震出版社,2005:131-258.Department of Monitoring and Prediction,CEA.The Influence onthe Continental Seismicity in China by Sumatra M-S8.9Macroquake in2004,in Indonisia[M].Beijing:Seismloloical Press,2005:131-258.
[9]Satoru Nishizawa,George Igarashi,Yuji Sano.Radon,CI-and SO24-anomalies in hot spring water associated with the1995earthquake swarm off the east coast of the Izu Peninsula,central Japan[J].Applied Geochemistry,1998,13:89-94.
[10]胡克定.重庆市北温泉危岩带特征与防治对策[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1995,6(3):57-62.Hu Keding.The characteristics of dangerous rock zone of Beiwenquan in Chongqing city and its control countermeasures[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1995,6(3):57-62(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]重庆市水文地质调查队.重庆市1∶5万区域水文地质报告[R].2003.The Hydrogeology Survey Team in Chongqing.The Report of1:50000Regional Hydrogeology in Chongqing[R].2003(in Chinese).
[12]钱学溥.重庆附近嘉陵江石灰岩喀斯特水文地质及温泉成因的探讨[C]//水文地质工程地质论文集(1).北京:地质出版社,1958:12-83.Qian Xuebo.The study of the hydrogeology of karst limestone area near Chongqing and the cause of hot spring[C]//Collected Works of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(1).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1958:12-83(in Chinese).
[13]罗云菊,刘新荣,刘东燕.重庆南温泉背斜地下热水可持续开发研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2005,27(6):39-43.Luo Yunju,Liu Xinrong,Liu Dongyan.Research on sustainable exploration of the geothermal water in Nanwenquan anticline of Chongqing[J].Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University,2005,27(6):39-43(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]重庆市北碚区地方志编纂委员会.北碚自然地理[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1986:1-145.The Complication Committee of Local Chronicles in Chongqing Beibei.The Physical Geological of Beibei[M].Chongqing:Southwest China Normal University Press,1986:1-145(in Chinese).
[15]曹云.重庆市北温泉景区温泉和钙华的地球化学研究[D].重庆:西南师范大学,2007:32-33.Cao Yun.Study on geochemical characteristics of warm spring water and travertine in North Springs of Chongqing[D].Chongqing:Southwest China Normal University,2007:32-33(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]章至沽,韩宝平,张月华.水文地质学基础[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1995.Zhang Zhigu,Han Baoping,Zhang Yuehua.The Foundation of Hydrgeology[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,1995(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]沈照理.水文地球化学基础(试用本)[M].武汉:武汉地质学院,1995.Shen Zhaoli.Basis of hydrogeochemistry[M].Wuhan:Wuhan Institute of Geosciences,1995(in Chinese).
[18]雷万荣,唐春梅,江凌云.浅谈地下水中铁、锰质的迁移与富集规律[J].江西科学,2006,24(2):80-82.Lei Wanrong,Tang Chunmei,Jiang Lingyun.Discussion on iron and manganese transport and concentrate in undergroundwater[J].Jiangxi Science,2006,24(2):80-82(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]杨竹转,邓志辉,陶京玲,等.北京塔院井数字化观测水温的同震效应研究[J].地震学报,2007,29(2):203-213.Yang Zhuzhuan,Deng Zhihui,Tao Jingling,et al.Coseismic effects of water temperature based on digital observation from Tayuan well,Beijing[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2007,29(2):203-213(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]张素欣,张子广,张跃刚,等.2004年12月26日印尼大地震河北省数字水位、地热记震能力分析[J].华北地震科学,2005,23(3):27-30.Zhang Suxin,Zhang Ziguang,Zhang Yaogang,et al.Study on the earthquake reflecting ability of digital water level and geothermals data with Indonesia strong earthquake[J].North China Earthquake,Science,2005,23(3):27-30(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]北碚区北温泉危岩带应急抢险治理工程顺利完成.重庆市政府公众信息网.http://www.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxx/108665.htm.2008年7月14日.The project of rushing to deal with an emergency work with the dangerous rock in Beiwenquan in Beibei region has been completed.Chongqing Government Public Net.http://www.cq.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxx/108665.htm.July14th,2008.
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