几种天然半导体矿物热电特性对地震电场变化的启示意义
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摘要
采用BHTE-06型热电测量仪,选择磁铁矿、毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿4种代表性天然半导体矿物进行了不同活化温度下热电势的测量。测试结果显示:几种矿物均有"热电势绝对值随活化温度增加而增加"的规律。根据半导体矿物热电特性的基本理论和天然矿物形成条件的分析,笔者认为:地壳内广泛存在天然半导体矿物,绝大多数半导体矿物具有热电特性。由于"孕震发震过程中存在同源电磁场和热场相互作用",所以伴随孕震发震过程的热场变化可能激发半导体矿物产生热电效应,进而产生新的附加热电势场。这种附加热电势场可能是映震前兆信息源。这说明,广泛存在的天然半导体矿物极有可能是孕震发震过程大地电场异常变化的重要影响因素之一。因此,深入探讨天然半导体矿物的热电效应,对全面理解震前电场前兆异常变化的机理具有启示意义。
Under different active temperature,the thermo-voltage of four kinds of typical minerals,such as magnetite,arsenopyrite,pyrite,and chalcopyrite,were tested by thermoelectricity equipment BHTE-06.All the minerals showed that the absolute value of the thermo-voltage rose with active temperature increasing.Based on the theory of thermoelectricity and the analysis of genetic environment of natural minerals,we assume that the semiconductor minerals widely exist in crust and most of them have the thermoelectric property.Because the isogenetic electronmagnetic field and thermal field can interact with each other while the earthquake is generated and occurred,we propose that the thermal field can excite the semiconductor minerals to produce thermoelectric effects and a new additional thermoelectric field.The additional thermoelectric field may provide precursory information for earthquake prediction.The thermoelectricity produced by widely existing natural semiconductor minerals in crust may play an important role in the abnormal change of geoelectric field during the gestation and occurrence of an earthquake.Therefore,the in-depth study of thermoelectric effects of natural semiconductor minerals is of revelatory significance for understanding the general mechanism of abnormal change of geoelectric field before an earthquake.
Under different active temperature,the thermo-voltage of four kinds of typical minerals,such as magnetite,arsenopyrite,pyrite,and chalcopyrite,were tested by thermoelectricity equipment BHTE-06.All the minerals showed that the absolute value of the thermo-voltage rose with active temperature increasing.Based on the theory of thermoelectricity and the analysis of genetic environment of natural minerals,we assume that the semiconductor minerals widely exist in crust and most of them have the thermoelectric property.Because the isogenetic electronmagnetic field and thermal field can interact with each other while the earthquake is generated and occurred,we propose that the thermal field can excite the semiconductor minerals to produce thermoelectric effects and a new additional thermoelectric field.The additional thermoelectric field may provide precursory information for earthquake prediction.The thermoelectricity produced by widely existing natural semiconductor minerals in crust may play an important role in the abnormal change of geoelectric field during the gestation and occurrence of an earthquake.Therefore,the in-depth study of thermoelectric effects of natural semiconductor minerals is of revelatory significance for understanding the general mechanism of abnormal change of geoelectric field before an earthquake.
引文
[1]Che Y T,Liu WZ,Yu J Z,et al.The hypothesis of earth-quake pregnant by middle-crust hard interlayer and earth-quake promotion by fluid for strong earthquake in crust block[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2000,22(1):93-101(in Chi-nese).
[2]Che Y T,Yu J Z.The focal precursors,field precursors and remote precursors of the ground fluid before strong earth-quakes and their significance in the earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake,1997,17(3):283-289(in Chinese).
[3]Wang Z X,Bai Y G,Li Y Q,et al.Research on geoelectric precursor prior to the Datong-Yanggao earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,1999(3-4):21-24(in Chi-nese).
[4]Kong L C,Wang Z M,Wang G Q.Development and applica-tion of earth micro-current detected equipment[J].Seismo-logical and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2002,23(5):69-71(in Chinese).
[5]Kong L C,Wang G Q,Wang Z M,et al.Earthquake5.1of Lindianin Heilongjiang Province on July25of2005—Analy-ses of underground fluid anomaly[J].Seismological and Geo-magnetic Observation and Research,2006,27(3):16-19(in Chinese).
[6]Hao J G,Zhang Y F.SeismStatic Forecast[M].Dongying:Petroleum University Press,2001:4-7(in Chinese).
[7]Chen Y F,Dong Q Z,Ma Q Z,et al.The comprehensive tracing method of earthquake prediction by using geoelectrici-ty[J].Earthquake Research in China,1994,1(4):405-413(in Chinese).
[8]Qian F Y,Zhao Y L,Zhao Y C,et al.Mechanismfor gener-ation of geoelectric precursors and a new method of short term or impending earthquake prediction:resonance[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,1996,14(3):1-9(in Chi-nese).
[9]Wang Z L,Wang Z X,Yu S R,et al.The features of the ge-oelectric precursor andthe relatedissuesin earthquake predic-tion[J].Earthquake,2000,20(Suppl):147-153(in Chi-nese).
[10]Zhang J S,Hu WJ,Wang Z M,et al.Precursor feature of the earth-resistivity at Huangchuan Station before the Neix-iang earthquake withML4.7[J].South China Journal of Seismology,2002,22(3):65-70(in Chinese).
[11]Qian F Y,Zhao Y L.Study on geoelectric field method for short-termand impending earthquake prediction[J].Earth-quake,2005,25(2):33-40(in Chinese).
[12]Li G S,Yang D F,Xu H,et al.The Electric-Cave Center in Minerals and Its Application on Deposite Prospecting[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1993(in Chinese).
[13]Li J J.The thermoelectric effect of minerals and its applica-tion[J].Geological Review,1965,23(4):316-317(in Chi-nese).
[14]Chen G Y,Shao W,Sun D S.The Genetic Mineralogy of Gold Deposits in Jiaodong Region with Emphasis on Gold Prospecting[M].Chongqing:Chongqing Press,1989:325(in Chinese).
[15]Yamaguchi S,Ikeda K,Nakamura H,et al.Afusion study of thermoelectric conversion in magnetic fields[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,1998,41:555-559.
[16]Li Y,Wang S L,Zhang D Y,et al.Current status and de-velopment of thermoelectric materials[J].Materials Review,2005,19(9):23-25(in Chinese).
[17]Gao X H,Yang J Y,Zhu W,et al.Nano thermoelectric ma-terial and the progress onits preparation method[J].Journal of Functional Materials,2005,36(10):1493-1500(in Chi-nese).
[18]Jemetio J P F,Zhou PJ,Kleinke H.Crystal structure,elec-tronic structure and thermoelectric properties of Cu4Sn7S16[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2006,417:55-59.
[19]Biswasa S K,Ghatakb A R,Neogic A,et al.Simple theoret-ical analysis of the thermoelectric power in quantum dot su-perlattices of non-parabolic heavily doped semiconductors with gradedinterfaces under strong magnetic field[J].Physi-ca E,2007,36:163-177.
[20]Yu C W.The complexity and self-organising critical in solid earth system[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1998,5(4):347-361(in Chinese).
[21]Banerjee A N,Chattopadhyay K K.Reactive Sputtered Wild-Band Gap P-Type Semiconducting Spinel AB2O4and Dela-fossite ABO2Thin Fil ms for Transparent Electronics[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2008:413-484.
[22]Zhang J C.Recent advance on thermoelectric materials[J].Frontiers of Physics in China,2008,3(3):269-279.
[23]Zhang B Y.Hypothesis of seism generating by electromag-netism[J].Plateau Seism,2005,17(2):1-21(in Chinese).
[24]Hamza V M.Translated by Chen D Q.The texture infiltra-tion in fault water-layer under non-isothermal—The mecha-nismof abnormal thermal prior to earthquake[J].Interna-tional Seism Research Tendency,2006,7(7):51-60(in Chi-nese).
[25]Mei S R.Physical mode of earthquake precursory field and study on the mechanismof precursory space-time distribution(part2)[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1996,18(1):1-10(in Chinese).
[26]Glosch H,Ashauer M,Pfeiffer U,et al.Thermoelectric converter for energy supply:Sensors and actuators[J].Phys-ical:A,1999,74(1):246-250.
[27]LiangYB,Li Y Y.Recent research and development onther-moelectric generator[J].Application Energy Technology,2006(10):36-40(in Chinese).
[28]Slack G A.CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics[M].Boca Raton:Chemical Rubber,1995:407.
[29]Ma Q Z,Feng Z,Song Z P,et al.Study on the variationcharacteristics of the geoelectric field preceding earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,2(3):304-312(in Chi-nese).
[1]车用太,刘五洲,鱼金子,等.板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设[J].地震学报,2000,22(1):93-101.
[2]车用太,鱼金子.地下流体的源兆、场兆、远兆及其在地震预报中的意义[J].地震,1997,17(3):283-289.
[3]王志贤,白云刚,李永庆,等.大同—阳高6.1级地震的地电前兆研究[J].山西地震,1999(3-4):21-24.
[4]孔令昌,王志敏,王桂清.大地微电流检测仪的研制与观测[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2002,23(5):69-71.
[5]孔令昌,王桂清,王志敏,等.2005年7月25日黑龙江省林甸5.1级地震——地下流体前兆异常分析[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2006,27(3):16-19.
[6]郝建国,张云福.地震静电预测学[M].东营:石油大学出版社,2001:4-7.
[7]陈有发,董奇珍,马钦忠,等.地电学预报地震的综合跟踪方法[J].中国地震,1994,1(4):405-413.
[8]钱复业,赵玉林,赵跃臣,等.地电短临前兆产生机理及一种新的短临预报方法(谐振预报法)[J].华北地震科学,1996,14(3):1-9.
[9]汪志亮,王志贤,余素荣,等.地电前兆场特性及有关地震预报问题探讨[J].地震,2000,20(增刊):147-153.
[10]张俊山,胡卫建,王志敏,等.2000年4月29日内乡ML4.7级地震前潢川地电异常变化[J].华南地震,2002,22(3):65-70.
[11]钱复业,赵玉林.地电场短临预报方法研究[J].地震,2005,25(2):33-40.
[12]李高山,杨殿范,许虹,等.矿物中的电子-空穴心及其在找矿勘探中的应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.
[13]李家驹.矿物的热电效应及其应用[J].地质论评,1965,23(4):316-317.
[14]陈光远,邵伟,孙岱生.胶东金矿成因矿物学与找矿[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1989:325.
[16]厉英,王淑兰,张大勇,等.热电材料的研究现状及发展[J].材料导报,2005,19(9):23-25.
[17]郜鲜辉,杨君友,朱文,等.纳米热电材料及其ECALE制备方法进展[J].功能材料,2005,36(10):1493-1500.
[20]於崇文.固体地球系统的复杂性与自组织临界性[J].地学前缘,1998,5(4):347-361.
[23]张宝盈.地震电磁成因假说[J].高原地震,2005,17(2):1-21.
[24]Hamza V M.陈大庆译.断层含水层在非等温条件下的构造性渗流一种震前热前兆异常产生的机理[J].国际地震动态,2006,7(7):51-60.
[25]梅世蓉.地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究(二)[J].地震学报,1996,18(1):1-10.
[27]梁永斌,李瑜煜.热电发电器的研究进展[J].应用能源技术,2006(10):36-40.
[29]马钦忠,冯志,宋治平,等.崇明与南京台震前地电场变化异常分析[J].地震学报,2004,2(3):304-312.
[2]Che Y T,Yu J Z.The focal precursors,field precursors and remote precursors of the ground fluid before strong earth-quakes and their significance in the earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake,1997,17(3):283-289(in Chinese).
[3]Wang Z X,Bai Y G,Li Y Q,et al.Research on geoelectric precursor prior to the Datong-Yanggao earthquake[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,1999(3-4):21-24(in Chi-nese).
[4]Kong L C,Wang Z M,Wang G Q.Development and applica-tion of earth micro-current detected equipment[J].Seismo-logical and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2002,23(5):69-71(in Chinese).
[5]Kong L C,Wang G Q,Wang Z M,et al.Earthquake5.1of Lindianin Heilongjiang Province on July25of2005—Analy-ses of underground fluid anomaly[J].Seismological and Geo-magnetic Observation and Research,2006,27(3):16-19(in Chinese).
[6]Hao J G,Zhang Y F.SeismStatic Forecast[M].Dongying:Petroleum University Press,2001:4-7(in Chinese).
[7]Chen Y F,Dong Q Z,Ma Q Z,et al.The comprehensive tracing method of earthquake prediction by using geoelectrici-ty[J].Earthquake Research in China,1994,1(4):405-413(in Chinese).
[8]Qian F Y,Zhao Y L,Zhao Y C,et al.Mechanismfor gener-ation of geoelectric precursors and a new method of short term or impending earthquake prediction:resonance[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,1996,14(3):1-9(in Chi-nese).
[9]Wang Z L,Wang Z X,Yu S R,et al.The features of the ge-oelectric precursor andthe relatedissuesin earthquake predic-tion[J].Earthquake,2000,20(Suppl):147-153(in Chi-nese).
[10]Zhang J S,Hu WJ,Wang Z M,et al.Precursor feature of the earth-resistivity at Huangchuan Station before the Neix-iang earthquake withML4.7[J].South China Journal of Seismology,2002,22(3):65-70(in Chinese).
[11]Qian F Y,Zhao Y L.Study on geoelectric field method for short-termand impending earthquake prediction[J].Earth-quake,2005,25(2):33-40(in Chinese).
[12]Li G S,Yang D F,Xu H,et al.The Electric-Cave Center in Minerals and Its Application on Deposite Prospecting[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1993(in Chinese).
[13]Li J J.The thermoelectric effect of minerals and its applica-tion[J].Geological Review,1965,23(4):316-317(in Chi-nese).
[14]Chen G Y,Shao W,Sun D S.The Genetic Mineralogy of Gold Deposits in Jiaodong Region with Emphasis on Gold Prospecting[M].Chongqing:Chongqing Press,1989:325(in Chinese).
[15]Yamaguchi S,Ikeda K,Nakamura H,et al.Afusion study of thermoelectric conversion in magnetic fields[J].Fusion Engineering and Design,1998,41:555-559.
[16]Li Y,Wang S L,Zhang D Y,et al.Current status and de-velopment of thermoelectric materials[J].Materials Review,2005,19(9):23-25(in Chinese).
[17]Gao X H,Yang J Y,Zhu W,et al.Nano thermoelectric ma-terial and the progress onits preparation method[J].Journal of Functional Materials,2005,36(10):1493-1500(in Chi-nese).
[18]Jemetio J P F,Zhou PJ,Kleinke H.Crystal structure,elec-tronic structure and thermoelectric properties of Cu4Sn7S16[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2006,417:55-59.
[19]Biswasa S K,Ghatakb A R,Neogic A,et al.Simple theoret-ical analysis of the thermoelectric power in quantum dot su-perlattices of non-parabolic heavily doped semiconductors with gradedinterfaces under strong magnetic field[J].Physi-ca E,2007,36:163-177.
[20]Yu C W.The complexity and self-organising critical in solid earth system[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1998,5(4):347-361(in Chinese).
[21]Banerjee A N,Chattopadhyay K K.Reactive Sputtered Wild-Band Gap P-Type Semiconducting Spinel AB2O4and Dela-fossite ABO2Thin Fil ms for Transparent Electronics[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2008:413-484.
[22]Zhang J C.Recent advance on thermoelectric materials[J].Frontiers of Physics in China,2008,3(3):269-279.
[23]Zhang B Y.Hypothesis of seism generating by electromag-netism[J].Plateau Seism,2005,17(2):1-21(in Chinese).
[24]Hamza V M.Translated by Chen D Q.The texture infiltra-tion in fault water-layer under non-isothermal—The mecha-nismof abnormal thermal prior to earthquake[J].Interna-tional Seism Research Tendency,2006,7(7):51-60(in Chi-nese).
[25]Mei S R.Physical mode of earthquake precursory field and study on the mechanismof precursory space-time distribution(part2)[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1996,18(1):1-10(in Chinese).
[26]Glosch H,Ashauer M,Pfeiffer U,et al.Thermoelectric converter for energy supply:Sensors and actuators[J].Phys-ical:A,1999,74(1):246-250.
[27]LiangYB,Li Y Y.Recent research and development onther-moelectric generator[J].Application Energy Technology,2006(10):36-40(in Chinese).
[28]Slack G A.CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics[M].Boca Raton:Chemical Rubber,1995:407.
[29]Ma Q Z,Feng Z,Song Z P,et al.Study on the variationcharacteristics of the geoelectric field preceding earthquakes[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,2(3):304-312(in Chi-nese).
[1]车用太,刘五洲,鱼金子,等.板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设[J].地震学报,2000,22(1):93-101.
[2]车用太,鱼金子.地下流体的源兆、场兆、远兆及其在地震预报中的意义[J].地震,1997,17(3):283-289.
[3]王志贤,白云刚,李永庆,等.大同—阳高6.1级地震的地电前兆研究[J].山西地震,1999(3-4):21-24.
[4]孔令昌,王志敏,王桂清.大地微电流检测仪的研制与观测[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2002,23(5):69-71.
[5]孔令昌,王桂清,王志敏,等.2005年7月25日黑龙江省林甸5.1级地震——地下流体前兆异常分析[J].地震地磁观测与研究,2006,27(3):16-19.
[6]郝建国,张云福.地震静电预测学[M].东营:石油大学出版社,2001:4-7.
[7]陈有发,董奇珍,马钦忠,等.地电学预报地震的综合跟踪方法[J].中国地震,1994,1(4):405-413.
[8]钱复业,赵玉林,赵跃臣,等.地电短临前兆产生机理及一种新的短临预报方法(谐振预报法)[J].华北地震科学,1996,14(3):1-9.
[9]汪志亮,王志贤,余素荣,等.地电前兆场特性及有关地震预报问题探讨[J].地震,2000,20(增刊):147-153.
[10]张俊山,胡卫建,王志敏,等.2000年4月29日内乡ML4.7级地震前潢川地电异常变化[J].华南地震,2002,22(3):65-70.
[11]钱复业,赵玉林.地电场短临预报方法研究[J].地震,2005,25(2):33-40.
[12]李高山,杨殿范,许虹,等.矿物中的电子-空穴心及其在找矿勘探中的应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.
[13]李家驹.矿物的热电效应及其应用[J].地质论评,1965,23(4):316-317.
[14]陈光远,邵伟,孙岱生.胶东金矿成因矿物学与找矿[M].重庆:重庆出版社,1989:325.
[16]厉英,王淑兰,张大勇,等.热电材料的研究现状及发展[J].材料导报,2005,19(9):23-25.
[17]郜鲜辉,杨君友,朱文,等.纳米热电材料及其ECALE制备方法进展[J].功能材料,2005,36(10):1493-1500.
[20]於崇文.固体地球系统的复杂性与自组织临界性[J].地学前缘,1998,5(4):347-361.
[23]张宝盈.地震电磁成因假说[J].高原地震,2005,17(2):1-21.
[24]Hamza V M.陈大庆译.断层含水层在非等温条件下的构造性渗流一种震前热前兆异常产生的机理[J].国际地震动态,2006,7(7):51-60.
[25]梅世蓉.地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究(二)[J].地震学报,1996,18(1):1-10.
[27]梁永斌,李瑜煜.热电发电器的研究进展[J].应用能源技术,2006(10):36-40.
[29]马钦忠,冯志,宋治平,等.崇明与南京台震前地电场变化异常分析[J].地震学报,2004,2(3):304-312.
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