统计地震学的两个基本定律对应力的依赖关系
摘要
统计地震学长期使用的两个幂律关系式为:描述地震频度-震级关系的古登堡-里克特(Gutenberg-Richter)关系式[1]和描绘主震后余震随时间衰减速率特征的大森-宇津(Omori-Utsu)定律[2]。最近,地震频度-震级关系斜率(b值)与断裂模式的相关性研究确定了应力对b值的影响[3]。在此,我们以类似的方式根据主震的断裂模式对余震序列进行研究。我们发现逆冲型主震的幂律余震衰减速率起始前的延时(c值)一般比正断层型地震的短,走滑型地震的c值则处于二者之间。对断裂模式的这些类似依赖关系表明两个基本幂律都受应力状态控制。只有2%的余震有已知震源机制解。因此,c值和b值是两个独立的估算值,它们可作为推断应力场的新方法来使用,目前应力场依然难以直接测定。
引文
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[21]Scholz C.Microfractures,aftershocks,and seismicity.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1968,58:1117-1130
[22]Shcherbakov R,Turcotte D L.Adamage mechanics model for aftershocks.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2004,161:2379-2391
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[24]Atkinson B K.Subcritical crack growth in geological materials.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89:4077-4114
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[26]O’Connell D R H,Ma S,Archuleta R J.Influence of dip and velocity heterogeneity on reverse-and normal-faulting rupture dynamics and near-fault ground motions.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2007,97:1970-1989
[27]Narteau C,Shebalin P,Holschneider M.Loading rates in California inferred from aftershocks.Nonlin.Process.Geophys.,2008,15:245-263
[28]Schorlemmer D,Wiemer S.Microseismicity data forecast rupture area.Nature,2005,434:1086
[29]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area and surface displacement.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1994,84:974-1002
[2]Utsu T.Aftershocks and earthquake statistics.J.Fac.Sci.Hokkaido Univ.,1965,Ser.VII3:379-441
[3]Schorlemmer D,Wiemer S,Wyss M.Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes.Nature,2005,437:539-542
[4]Narteau C,Shebalin P,Holschneider M.Temporal limits of the power lawaftershock decay rate.J.Geophys.Res.,2002,107,B2359,doi:10.1029/2002JB001868
[5]Shcherbakov R,Turcotte D L,Rundle J B.A generalized Omori’s lawfor earthquake aftershock decay.Geo-phys.Res.Lett.,2004,31,L11613,doi:10.1029/2004GL019808
[6]Vidale J E,Peng Z,Ishii M.Anomalous aftershock decay rates in the first hundred seconds revealed from the Hi-net borehole data.Eos Trans.AGU85(Fall Meet.Suppl.),2004,abstr.S23C-07
[7]Peng Z G,Vidale J E,Ishii M,et al.Seismicity rate immediately before and after main shock rupture from high frequency waveforms in Japan.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B03306,doi:10.1029/2006JB004386
[8]Enescu B,Mori J,Miyasawa M.Quantifying early aftershock activity of the2004mid-Niigata Prefecture earth-quake(MW6.6).J.Geophys.Res.112,B04310,doi:10.1029/2006JB004629(2007).
[9]Nanjo K Z,Enescu B,Shcherbakov R,et al.Decay of aftershock activity for Japanese earthquakes.J.Geo-phys.Res.,2007,112,B08309,doi:10.1029/2006JB004754
[10]Kilb D,Martynov V,Vernon F.Aftershock detection as a function of time:results from the ANZAseismic net-work following the31October2001ML5.1Anza,California,earthquake.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2007,97:780-792
[11]Kagan Y Y.Short-term properties of earthquake catalogs and models of earthquake source.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2004,94:1207-1228
[12]Lolli B,Gasperini P.Comparing different models of aftershock rate decay:the role of catalog incompleteness in the first times after main shock.Tectonophysics,2006,423:43-59
[13]Peng Z G,Vidale J E,Houston H.Anomalous early aftershock decay rate of the2004MW6.0Parkfield,Cali-fornia,earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33,doi:10.1029/2006GL026744
[14]Hauksson E.Crustal structure and seismicity distribution adjacent to the Pacific and North America plate boundary in southern California.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:13875-13903
[15]Gardner J,Knopoff L.Is the sequence of earthquakes in southern California with aftershocks removed Poisso-nian-Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1974,64:1363-1367
[16]Reasenberg P.Second-order moment of central California seismicity,1969—1982.J.Geophys.Res.,1985,90:5479-5495
[17]Schorlemmer D,Woessner J.Probability of detecting an earthquake.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2008,98,2103-2117
[18]Wiemer S,Wyss M.Minimum magnitude of completeness in earthquake catalogs:examples from Alaska,the western United States,and Japan.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2000,90:859-869
[19]Sibson R H.Frictional constraints on thrusts,wrench and normal faults.Nature,1974,249:542-544
[20]Dieterich J.Aconstitutive lawfor rate of earthquake production and its application to earthquake clustering.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99:2601-2618
[21]Scholz C.Microfractures,aftershocks,and seismicity.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1968,58:1117-1130
[22]Shcherbakov R,Turcotte D L.Adamage mechanics model for aftershocks.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2004,161:2379-2391
[23]Ben-Zion Y,Lyakhovsky V.Analysis of aftershocks in a lithospheric model with seismogenic zone governed by damage rheology.Geophys.J.Int.,2006,165:197-210
[24]Atkinson B K.Subcritical crack growth in geological materials.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89:4077-4114
[25]Amitrano D.Brittle-ductile transition and associated seismicity:experimental and numerical studies and rela-tionship with the b-value.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,B108,2044,doi:10.1029/2001JB000680
[26]O’Connell D R H,Ma S,Archuleta R J.Influence of dip and velocity heterogeneity on reverse-and normal-faulting rupture dynamics and near-fault ground motions.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,2007,97:1970-1989
[27]Narteau C,Shebalin P,Holschneider M.Loading rates in California inferred from aftershocks.Nonlin.Process.Geophys.,2008,15:245-263
[28]Schorlemmer D,Wiemer S.Microseismicity data forecast rupture area.Nature,2005,434:1086
[29]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationships among magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupture area and surface displacement.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1994,84:974-1002
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