1879年武都南8级大地震断层面参数和滑动性质的厘定
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摘要
1879年武都南8级大震发生在高山峻岭之间,由于受自然环境和交通条件所限,一直难以进行详细的实地考察。到目前为止,关于此次地震的发震构造的研究较少且观点不一。依据成丛小震发生在大震断层面附近的原则以及参考前人给出的极震区长轴形态,我们采用1985—2009年发生在该地震破裂区的精定位地震目录,选定了一个长条状研究区域,将模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法结合,给出了1879年武都南8.0级地震震源断层是一条长约30km、埋深2～23km的NNE走向、高倾角并在NNW-SSE向压应力作用下发生右旋走向滑动的断层。该区域地壳深部(H>24km)至今没有地震发生,推测震源断层没有扩展到地壳深部。震源断层位置在文县高楼山(33.01°N,104.74°E)和梨坪(33.22°N,104.90°E)之间。另外,我们发现在极震区以西的雄黄山地区小震成丛发生,但野外调查并未发现明显的断面,这些小震应该与1879年武都南8级地震没有关系。
The southern Wudu M8. 0 great earthquake occurred in 1879,many places in Wudu and adjacent areas had suffered destruction in various degrees. So far,the research results on the causative struc- ture of this earthquake are less and inconsistent. Because it occurred in lofty mountains and the traffic is inconvenient,it is hard to make detailed field study on the earthquake site. Based on the assump- tion that clustered small earthquakes often occur in the vicinity of fault plane of large earthquake,and referring to the morphology of the major axis of the meizoseismal area obtained by the predecessors,we selected a strip-shaped zone from the relocated earthquake catalog which occurred near the earthquake rupture zone in the period from 1985 to 2009 to calculate fault plane parameters of the earthquake, such as strike and dip,with the simulated annealing and Gauss-Newtonian nonlinear inversion algo- rithms. On this condition,the rake angles of the fault plane are further inferred from regional tectonic stress parameters. We discussed the causal mechanism of the earthquake and finally identified the length and location of the seismogenic fault. In addition,clustered small earthquakes occurred fre- quently in the Xionghuangshan area west of the mezoseismal area,but we didn't find clear fault planes in field investigation,so,they should not have relation with the 1879 M8 southern Wudu earthquake.
The southern Wudu M8. 0 great earthquake occurred in 1879,many places in Wudu and adjacent areas had suffered destruction in various degrees. So far,the research results on the causative struc- ture of this earthquake are less and inconsistent. Because it occurred in lofty mountains and the traffic is inconvenient,it is hard to make detailed field study on the earthquake site. Based on the assump- tion that clustered small earthquakes often occur in the vicinity of fault plane of large earthquake,and referring to the morphology of the major axis of the meizoseismal area obtained by the predecessors,we selected a strip-shaped zone from the relocated earthquake catalog which occurred near the earthquake rupture zone in the period from 1985 to 2009 to calculate fault plane parameters of the earthquake, such as strike and dip,with the simulated annealing and Gauss-Newtonian nonlinear inversion algo- rithms. On this condition,the rake angles of the fault plane are further inferred from regional tectonic stress parameters. We discussed the causal mechanism of the earthquake and finally identified the length and location of the seismogenic fault. In addition,clustered small earthquakes occurred fre- quently in the Xionghuangshan area west of the mezoseismal area,but we didn't find clear fault planes in field investigation,so,they should not have relation with the 1879 M8 southern Wudu earthquake.
引文
邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.2003.中国活动构造与地震活动[J].地学前缘,10(增刊):66—73.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Pei-zhen,RAN Yong-kang,et al.2003.Active tectonics and earthquake activities in China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,10(Suppl):66—73(in Chinese).
邓起东,张裕明,许桂林,等.1979.中国构造应力场特征及其与板块运动的关系[J].地震地质,1(1):12—21.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Yu-ming,XU Gui-lin,et al.1979.On the tectonic stress field in China and its relation to platemovement[J].Seismology and Geology,1(1):12—21(in Chinese).
刁桂苓,张四昌,赵军,等.1999.用现今小地震研究历史强震的震源断层:以1830年河北磁县7.5级地震为例[J].地震地质,21(2):121—126.DIAO Gui-ling,ZHANG Si-chang,ZHAO Jun,et al.1999.The focal faults of historical great earthquakes inferred basedon current small shocks:Taking an example of1830Cixian,Hebei,M7.5earthquake[J].Seismology and Geolo-gy,21(2):121—126(in Chinese).
冯希杰,董星宏,刘春,等.2005.范家坝-临江断裂活动与1879年甘肃武都南8级地震的讨论[J].地震地质,27(1):155—163.FENG Xi-jie,DONG Xing-hong,LIU Chun,et al.2005.Discussion on the activity of Fanjiaba-Linjiang Fault and the south Wudu,Gansu Province M8earthquake of1879[J].Seismology and Geology,27(1):155—163(in Chi-nese).
高祥林,罗焕炎.1992.大陆板内震源断层的特征[J].地震地质,14(3):260—263.GAO Xiang-lin,LUO Huan-yan.1992.Characteristics of seismic-source faults within the continental plate[J].Seismol-ogy and Geology,14(3):260—263(in Chinese).
顾功叙主编.1983.中国地震目录(公元1831年—公元1969年)[Z].北京:科学出版社.GU Gong-xu(ed).1983.Catalogue of Earthquakes in China(1831—1969)[Z].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郭安宁,郭增建.2010.从震源模式讨论2008年汶川8级地震的回顾性预测[J].地震地质,32(1):115—118.doi10.3969/.jissn.0253-4967.2010.01.012.GUO An-ning,GUO Zeng-jian.2010.A discussion on the retrospective prediction of the MS8.0Wenchuan earthquakein2008by means of earthquake source models[J].Seismology and Geology,32(1):115—118(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司编.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)[Z].北京:地震出版社.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,State Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalogue of Historical Strong Earth-quakes in China(23rd century BC to1911AD)[Z].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
国家地震局兰州地震研究所,甘肃省计划委员会.1993.甘肃省地震危险区划研究[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社.Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,CEA,the Planning Commission of Gansu Province.1993.Seismic Risk Zoning Re-search in Gansu Province[M].Lanzhou University Press,Lanzhou(in Chinese).
侯康明,雷中生,万夫岭,等.2005.1879年武都南8级大地震及其同震破裂研究[J].中国地震,21(3):295—310.HOU Kang-ming,LEI Zhong-sheng,WAN Fu-ling,et al.2005.Research on the1879southern Wudu M8earthquakeand its coseismic ruptures[J].Earthquake Research in China,21(3):295—310(in Chinese).
胡新亮,刁桂苓,高景春,等.2002.用现今小震推断洪洞、临汾2次历史大震的震源断层[J].中国地震,18(1):76—85.HU Xin-liang,DIAO Gui-ling,GAO Jing-chun,et al.2002.Application of present small earthquakes to infer the focalfaults of two large historical earthquakes in Hongdong and Linfen,Shanxi Province[J].Earthquake Research inChina,18(1):76—85(in Chinese).
李文军.2004.用余震序列的数字地震资料对卢龙地区活动构造的研究[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所.LI Wen-jun.2004.Study on tectonics of Lulong,eastern Hebei Province using digital seismic data of aftershocks[D].Ph D thesis.Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
刘澜波,Zoback M D,陆燕萍,等.1995.美国新马德里地震带的震间应变积累[J].地球物理学报,38(6):757—766.LIU Lan-bo,Zoback M D,LU Yan-ping,et al.1995.Interseismic strain accumulation in the New Madrid seismic zone[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,38(6):757—766(in Chinese).
邵学钟,张家茹,章思亚,等.1993.邢台地震区深部构造背景的地震转换波探测和研究[J].地球物理学报,36(5):610—619.SHAO Xue-zhong,ZHANG Jia-ru,ZHANG Si-ya,et al.1993.Study of deep structures in Xingtai earthquake area bymeans of converted waves of earthquakes[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,36(5):610—619(in Chinese).
万永革,吴忠良,周公威,等.2000.根据震源的2个节面的走向和倾角求滑动角[J].地震地磁观测与研究,21(5):26—30.WAN Yong-ge,WU Zhong-liang,ZHOU Gong-wei,et al.2000.How to get rake angle of the earthquake fault fromknown strike and dip of the two nodal planes[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,21(5):26—30(in Chinese).
万永革,沈正康,刁桂苓,等.2008.利用小震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数方法及其在唐山地震序列中的应用[J].地球物理学报,51(3):793—804.WAN Yong-ge,SHEN Zheng-kang,DIAO Gui-ling,et al.2008.An algorithm of fault parameter determination using dis-tribution of small earthquakes and parameters of regional stress field and its application to Tangshan earthquake se-quence[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(3):793—804(in Chinese).
王鸣,王培德.1992.1989年10月18日大同-阳高地震的震源机制和发震构造[J].地震学报,14(4):407—415.WANG Ming,WANG Pei-de.1992.The mechanism and seismogenic structure of Datong-Yanggao earthquake which oc-curred on0ct.18,1989[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,14(4):407—415(in Chinese).
王泽皋.1985.大震区的“长期活动”[J].地震学报,7(3):254—266.WANG Ze-gao.1985.The“long-term activity”of large seismic regions[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,7(3):254—266(in Chinese).
许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊,等.1989.由大量的地震资料推断的中国大陆构造应力场[J].地球物理学报,32(6):637—646.XU Zhong-huai,WANG Su-yun,HUANG Yu-rui,et al.1989.The tectonic stress field of Chinese continent deducedfrom a great number of earthquakes[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,32(6):637—646(in Chinese).
杨智娴,陈运泰,郑月军,等.2003.双差地震定位法在中国中西部地区地震精确定位中的应用[J].中国科学,33(增刊):129—134.YANG Zhi-xiang,CHEN Yun-tai,ZHENG Yue-jun,et al.2003.Relocation of earthquakes in central-western China u-sing the double difference earthquake location algorithm[J].Science in China(Ser D),33(Suppl):129—134(inChinese).
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.2004.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J].地质学报,78(2):270—277.YUAN Dao-yang,ZHANG Pei-zhen,LIU Bai-chi,et al.2004.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of lateQuaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,78(2):270—277.
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1067—1072.ZHANG Pei-zhen,XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,et al.2008.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan activefault zone and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May12Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journalof Geophysics,51(4):1067—1072(in Chinese).
朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜,等.2005.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义[J].地球物理学报,48(3):629—636.ZHU Ai-lan,XU Xi-wei,ZHOU Yong-sheng,et al.2005.Relocation of small earthquakes in western Sichuan,China andits implications for active tectonics[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,48(3):629—636(in Chinese).
中央地震工作小组办公室主编.1971.中国地震目录(第一、二册)[Z].北京:科学出版社.Office of Central Earthquake Working Group.1971.Catalogues of Earthquakes in China(Vol1,2)[Z].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Cuiying Zhou,Guiling Diao,Jie Geng,et al.2010.Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M8earthquake on the basis ofpresent-day seismological data[J].Earth Sci,23:657—576.
Yielding M,Ouyed G C P,Sinvhal H,et al.1981.Relations between surface deformation,fault geometry,seismicity andrupture characteristics during the EL Asnam(ALgeria)earthquake of10October1980[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,56:287—304.
Yongge Wan.2010.Contemporary tectonic stress field in China[J].Earth Sci,23:377—386.
邓起东,张裕明,许桂林,等.1979.中国构造应力场特征及其与板块运动的关系[J].地震地质,1(1):12—21.DENG Qi-dong,ZHANG Yu-ming,XU Gui-lin,et al.1979.On the tectonic stress field in China and its relation to platemovement[J].Seismology and Geology,1(1):12—21(in Chinese).
刁桂苓,张四昌,赵军,等.1999.用现今小地震研究历史强震的震源断层:以1830年河北磁县7.5级地震为例[J].地震地质,21(2):121—126.DIAO Gui-ling,ZHANG Si-chang,ZHAO Jun,et al.1999.The focal faults of historical great earthquakes inferred basedon current small shocks:Taking an example of1830Cixian,Hebei,M7.5earthquake[J].Seismology and Geolo-gy,21(2):121—126(in Chinese).
冯希杰,董星宏,刘春,等.2005.范家坝-临江断裂活动与1879年甘肃武都南8级地震的讨论[J].地震地质,27(1):155—163.FENG Xi-jie,DONG Xing-hong,LIU Chun,et al.2005.Discussion on the activity of Fanjiaba-Linjiang Fault and the south Wudu,Gansu Province M8earthquake of1879[J].Seismology and Geology,27(1):155—163(in Chi-nese).
高祥林,罗焕炎.1992.大陆板内震源断层的特征[J].地震地质,14(3):260—263.GAO Xiang-lin,LUO Huan-yan.1992.Characteristics of seismic-source faults within the continental plate[J].Seismol-ogy and Geology,14(3):260—263(in Chinese).
顾功叙主编.1983.中国地震目录(公元1831年—公元1969年)[Z].北京:科学出版社.GU Gong-xu(ed).1983.Catalogue of Earthquakes in China(1831—1969)[Z].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
郭安宁,郭增建.2010.从震源模式讨论2008年汶川8级地震的回顾性预测[J].地震地质,32(1):115—118.doi10.3969/.jissn.0253-4967.2010.01.012.GUO An-ning,GUO Zeng-jian.2010.A discussion on the retrospective prediction of the MS8.0Wenchuan earthquakein2008by means of earthquake source models[J].Seismology and Geology,32(1):115—118(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司编.1995.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年)[Z].北京:地震出版社.Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention,State Seismological Bureau.1995.Catalogue of Historical Strong Earth-quakes in China(23rd century BC to1911AD)[Z].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
国家地震局兰州地震研究所,甘肃省计划委员会.1993.甘肃省地震危险区划研究[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社.Lanzhou Institute of Seismology,CEA,the Planning Commission of Gansu Province.1993.Seismic Risk Zoning Re-search in Gansu Province[M].Lanzhou University Press,Lanzhou(in Chinese).
侯康明,雷中生,万夫岭,等.2005.1879年武都南8级大地震及其同震破裂研究[J].中国地震,21(3):295—310.HOU Kang-ming,LEI Zhong-sheng,WAN Fu-ling,et al.2005.Research on the1879southern Wudu M8earthquakeand its coseismic ruptures[J].Earthquake Research in China,21(3):295—310(in Chinese).
胡新亮,刁桂苓,高景春,等.2002.用现今小震推断洪洞、临汾2次历史大震的震源断层[J].中国地震,18(1):76—85.HU Xin-liang,DIAO Gui-ling,GAO Jing-chun,et al.2002.Application of present small earthquakes to infer the focalfaults of two large historical earthquakes in Hongdong and Linfen,Shanxi Province[J].Earthquake Research inChina,18(1):76—85(in Chinese).
李文军.2004.用余震序列的数字地震资料对卢龙地区活动构造的研究[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所.LI Wen-jun.2004.Study on tectonics of Lulong,eastern Hebei Province using digital seismic data of aftershocks[D].Ph D thesis.Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
刘澜波,Zoback M D,陆燕萍,等.1995.美国新马德里地震带的震间应变积累[J].地球物理学报,38(6):757—766.LIU Lan-bo,Zoback M D,LU Yan-ping,et al.1995.Interseismic strain accumulation in the New Madrid seismic zone[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,38(6):757—766(in Chinese).
邵学钟,张家茹,章思亚,等.1993.邢台地震区深部构造背景的地震转换波探测和研究[J].地球物理学报,36(5):610—619.SHAO Xue-zhong,ZHANG Jia-ru,ZHANG Si-ya,et al.1993.Study of deep structures in Xingtai earthquake area bymeans of converted waves of earthquakes[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,36(5):610—619(in Chinese).
万永革,吴忠良,周公威,等.2000.根据震源的2个节面的走向和倾角求滑动角[J].地震地磁观测与研究,21(5):26—30.WAN Yong-ge,WU Zhong-liang,ZHOU Gong-wei,et al.2000.How to get rake angle of the earthquake fault fromknown strike and dip of the two nodal planes[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,21(5):26—30(in Chinese).
万永革,沈正康,刁桂苓,等.2008.利用小震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数方法及其在唐山地震序列中的应用[J].地球物理学报,51(3):793—804.WAN Yong-ge,SHEN Zheng-kang,DIAO Gui-ling,et al.2008.An algorithm of fault parameter determination using dis-tribution of small earthquakes and parameters of regional stress field and its application to Tangshan earthquake se-quence[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(3):793—804(in Chinese).
王鸣,王培德.1992.1989年10月18日大同-阳高地震的震源机制和发震构造[J].地震学报,14(4):407—415.WANG Ming,WANG Pei-de.1992.The mechanism and seismogenic structure of Datong-Yanggao earthquake which oc-curred on0ct.18,1989[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,14(4):407—415(in Chinese).
王泽皋.1985.大震区的“长期活动”[J].地震学报,7(3):254—266.WANG Ze-gao.1985.The“long-term activity”of large seismic regions[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,7(3):254—266(in Chinese).
许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊,等.1989.由大量的地震资料推断的中国大陆构造应力场[J].地球物理学报,32(6):637—646.XU Zhong-huai,WANG Su-yun,HUANG Yu-rui,et al.1989.The tectonic stress field of Chinese continent deducedfrom a great number of earthquakes[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,32(6):637—646(in Chinese).
杨智娴,陈运泰,郑月军,等.2003.双差地震定位法在中国中西部地区地震精确定位中的应用[J].中国科学,33(增刊):129—134.YANG Zhi-xiang,CHEN Yun-tai,ZHENG Yue-jun,et al.2003.Relocation of earthquakes in central-western China u-sing the double difference earthquake location algorithm[J].Science in China(Ser D),33(Suppl):129—134(inChinese).
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.2004.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J].地质学报,78(2):270—277.YUAN Dao-yang,ZHANG Pei-zhen,LIU Bai-chi,et al.2004.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of lateQuaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,78(2):270—277.
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1067—1072.ZHANG Pei-zhen,XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,et al.2008.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan activefault zone and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May12Wenchuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journalof Geophysics,51(4):1067—1072(in Chinese).
朱艾斓,徐锡伟,周永胜,等.2005.川西地区小震重新定位及其活动构造意义[J].地球物理学报,48(3):629—636.ZHU Ai-lan,XU Xi-wei,ZHOU Yong-sheng,et al.2005.Relocation of small earthquakes in western Sichuan,China andits implications for active tectonics[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,48(3):629—636(in Chinese).
中央地震工作小组办公室主编.1971.中国地震目录(第一、二册)[Z].北京:科学出版社.Office of Central Earthquake Working Group.1971.Catalogues of Earthquakes in China(Vol1,2)[Z].Science Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
Cuiying Zhou,Guiling Diao,Jie Geng,et al.2010.Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M8earthquake on the basis ofpresent-day seismological data[J].Earth Sci,23:657—576.
Yielding M,Ouyed G C P,Sinvhal H,et al.1981.Relations between surface deformation,fault geometry,seismicity andrupture characteristics during the EL Asnam(ALgeria)earthquake of10October1980[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,56:287—304.
Yongge Wan.2010.Contemporary tectonic stress field in China[J].Earth Sci,23:377—386.
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