从1786年磨西地震看地震地表破裂带在不同地貌区的保存
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摘要
地震地表破裂是活动断裂填图的重要内容之一,晚第四纪地貌是保存地震地表破裂等活动断裂最新变形的基本载体,利用不同地貌全面获取断裂的活动信息非常重要。通过对鲜水河断裂带东南段进行野外填图、探槽开挖等调查,讨论了1786年磨西地震地表破裂在青藏高原冰川、冰缘地貌区和高原边缘的流水堆积和强剥蚀地貌区的保存特征。地震裂缝和断错等微地貌在高原冰川、冰缘地貌区记录保存完整。高原边缘的流水堆积具有强侵蚀和快速堆积等不稳定性,在探槽中可以获得不完整的地震地表破裂记录。而强剥蚀区缺少记录地震地表破裂的最新堆积地貌,只能依靠与地震动和断裂破裂具有间接关系的古滑坡等推测地震影响区和地表破裂范围。结合鲜水河断裂带东南段的几何结构和构造环境认为,鲜水河断裂带康定—田湾段是1786年地震的发震构造,该地震破裂长度约80km。
The co-seismic rupture is one of the important contents in active tectonic mapping.As the late Quaternary landform is a basic recording medium for the recent deformation of active fault,such as the co-seismic rupture,it is quite useful to acquire the activity information of the active fault from various landforms.We implemented a field work along the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe Fault,mapped the rupture and excavated some trenches.The preservation characteristics of the surface rupture of the 1786 Moxi earthquake were discussed for the glacial area of the Tibetan plateau,the fluvial and flooding area and seriously eroded area at the margin of the Tibetan plateau,respectively.The cracks and offsets were preserved continuously in the glacial landforms such as the moraines and glacial outwashes along Kangding to Yajiageng segment.As the landforms in the fluvial and flooding area were unstable under strong erosion and rapid deposition,the surface rupture can be discovered in the trenches excavated in Yuejinping village and Ertaizi village with gaps for some previous earthquakes.There was no deposition from the erosion landform to record the surface rupture.We can only infer the earthquake effected area and the ruptured fault from the indirect relationship between landslides and the earthquake strong motion or the fault rupturing.Based on the integrated analysis with the geometry and tectonic setting of the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe Fault,the Kangding-Tianwan segment of the Xianshuihe Fault was taken as the seismogenic fault of the 1786 Moxi earthquake,and the total length of the rupture is about 80 kilometers.
The co-seismic rupture is one of the important contents in active tectonic mapping.As the late Quaternary landform is a basic recording medium for the recent deformation of active fault,such as the co-seismic rupture,it is quite useful to acquire the activity information of the active fault from various landforms.We implemented a field work along the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe Fault,mapped the rupture and excavated some trenches.The preservation characteristics of the surface rupture of the 1786 Moxi earthquake were discussed for the glacial area of the Tibetan plateau,the fluvial and flooding area and seriously eroded area at the margin of the Tibetan plateau,respectively.The cracks and offsets were preserved continuously in the glacial landforms such as the moraines and glacial outwashes along Kangding to Yajiageng segment.As the landforms in the fluvial and flooding area were unstable under strong erosion and rapid deposition,the surface rupture can be discovered in the trenches excavated in Yuejinping village and Ertaizi village with gaps for some previous earthquakes.There was no deposition from the erosion landform to record the surface rupture.We can only infer the earthquake effected area and the ruptured fault from the indirect relationship between landslides and the earthquake strong motion or the fault rupturing.Based on the integrated analysis with the geometry and tectonic setting of the southeastern segment of the Xianshuihe Fault,the Kangding-Tianwan segment of the Xianshuihe Fault was taken as the seismogenic fault of the 1786 Moxi earthquake,and the total length of the rupture is about 80 kilometers.
引文
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龙德雄,邓天岗.1990.1786年康定地震形变特征的初步研究[J].地震研究,13(1):51—60.LONG De-xiong,DENG Tian-gang.1990.A preliminary study on the1786Kangding earthquake deformation characteristics[J].Journal of Seismological Research,13(1):51—60(in Chinese).
钱洪,C.R.艾伦,罗灼礼,等.1988.全新世以来鲜水河断裂的活动特征[J].中国地震,4(2):11—20.QIAN Hong,ALLEN C R,LUO Zhuo-li,et al.1988.The active characteristics of Xianshuihe Fault in Holocene[J].Earthquake Research in China,4(2):11—20(in Chinese).
钱洪,罗灼礼,闻学泽.1990.鲜水河断裂带上特征地震的初步研究[J].地震学报,12(1):22—29,115.QIAN Hong,LUO Zhuo-li,WEN Xue-ze.1990.Preliminary study of characteristic earthquakes in the Xianshuihe Faultzone[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,12(1):22—29,115(in Chinese).
王新民,裴锡瑜,1988a,对1786年康定-泸定磨西7级地震的新认识[J].中国地震,4(1):108—115.WANG Xin-min,PEI Xi-yu.1988a.Some new points of view on the1786earthquake(M=7)occurring in the areabetween Kangding and Moxi,Luding,Sichuan Province[J].Earthquake Research in China,4(1):108—115(inChinese).
王新民,裴锡瑜.1998b.康定—泸定地区主要活断层与地震裂缝[J].四川地震,(Z1):47—57.WANG Xin-min,PEI Xi-yu.1998b.Active faults and co-seismic cracks in the Kangding-Luding area[J].EarthquakeResearch in Sichuan,(Z1):47—57(in Chinese).
闻学泽.2000.四川西部鲜水河-安宁河-则木河断裂带的地震破裂分段特征[J].地震地质,22(3):239—249.WEN Xue-ze.2000.Character of rupture segmentation of the Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault zone,western Sichuan[J].Seismology and Geology,22(3):239—249(in Chinese).
闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2001.磨西断裂的晚第四纪活动性与大地震复发间隔[A].见:卢演俦等编.新构造与环境.北京:地震出版社.255—265.WEN Xue-ze,XU Xi-wei,ZHENG Rong-zhang,et al.2001.Late Quaternary activity and strong earthquake recurrenceinterval on Moxi Fault[A].In:LU Yan-chou et al.(eds).Neotectonics and Environment.Seismological Press,Beijing.255—265(in Chinese).
袁仁茂,谭锡斌,陈桂华,等.2010.地震破裂带特殊部位大型滑坡及其基于构造地貌发生模型的机制解释:以东河口抛射型滑坡为例[J].地学前缘,17(5):243—253.YUAN Ren-mao,TAN Xi-bin,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2010.Huge landslides occurring at the special places of the coseismic rupture and their mechanism explanation based on the formation model of tectonic-geomorphology:A casestudy of Donghekou ejection landslide[J].Earth Science Frontiers,17(5):243—253(in Chinese).
赵翔.1985.康定断裂的重复错动特征[A].见:四川省地震局编.鲜水河断裂地震学术讨论会文集.北京:地震出版社.41—47.ZHAO Xiang.1985.Characteristic of repeated dislocation along Kangding Fault[A].In:Seismological Bureau of Sichuan Province(ed.).Proceedings of Symposium on Earthquakes of Xianshuihe Fault.Seismological Press,Beijing.41—47(in Chinese).
郑本兴,马秋华.1994a.贡嘎山地区全新世的冰川变化、气候变化与河谷阶地发育[J].地理学报,49(6):500—508.ZHENG Ben-xing,MA Qiu-hua.1994a.The glacier variation,climatic change and the river valley development in theHolocene on the Gongga Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,49(6):500—508(in Chinese).
郑本兴,马秋华.1994b.贡嘎山区全新世冰川变化与泥石流发育的关系[J].山地研究,12(1):1—8.ZHENG Ben-xing,MA Qiu-hua.1994b.Relationship between the glacier variation and the debris flow development ofthe Holocene in the Gongga mountainous region[J].Mountain Research,12(1):1—8(in Chinese).
周荣军,何玉林,杨涛,等.2001a.鲜水河-安宁河断裂带磨西-冕宁段的滑动速率与强震位错[J].中国地震,17(3):25—34.ZHOU Rong-jun,HE Yu-lin,YANG Tao,et al.2001a.Slip rate and strong earthquake rupture on the Moxi-Mianningsegment along the Xianshuihe-Anninghe Fault zone[J].Earthquake Research in China,17(3):25—34(in Chinese).
周荣军,何玉林,黄祖智,等.2001b.鲜水河断裂带乾宁—康定段的滑动速率与强震复发间隔[J].地震学报,23(3):250—261,336.ZHOU Rong-jun,HE Yu-lin,HUANG Zu-zhi,et al.2001b.The slip rate and strong earthquake recurrence interval onthe Qianning-Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe Fault zone[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,23(3):250—261,336(in Chinese).
Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2008MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):883—895.
Gorum T,Fan X,van Westen C J,et al.2011.Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the12May2008Wenchuan earthquake[J].Geomorphology,133(3-4):152—167.
李天袑,杜其方,游泽李,等.1997.鲜水河活动断裂带及强震危险性评估[M].成都:成都地图出版社.LI Tian-shao,DU Qi-fang,YOU Ze-li,et al.1997.The Active Xianshuihe Fault Zone and Seismic Risk Assessment[M].Cartographic Publishing House of Chengdu,Chengdu(in Chinese).
李天祒,杜其方,游泽李,等.1992.色拉哈-康定-磨西断裂晚更新世活动特征[A].见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社.1—14.LI Tian-shao,DU Qi-fang,YOU Ze-li,et al.1992.Activity of the Selaha-Kangding-Moxi(SKM)Fault[A].In:Institute of Geology,CSB(ed).Research on Active Fault(2).Seismological Press,Beijing.1—14(in Chinese).
刘淑珍,刘新民,赵永涛,等.1983.贡嘎山地区地貌特征与地貌发育史[A].见:中国科学院成都地理研究所编.贡嘎山地理考察.重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社.21—34.LIU Shu-zhen,LIU Xin-min,ZHAO Yong-tao,et al.1983.Geomorphology and its development of Gongga mountainousregion[A].In:Chengdu Institute of Geograply,Chinese Academy of Sciences(ed).Geographic Expedition in theGongga Mountains.Chongqing Branch of Science and Technology Document Press,Chongqing.21—34(in Chinese).
龙德雄,邓天岗.1986.鲜水河断裂带断层运动分段特征的初步研究[J].地震研究,9(5):591—600.LONG De-xiong,DENG Tian-gang.1986.A preliminary study on segmentation of fault motion along Xianshuihe Faultbelt[J].Journal of Seismological Research,9(5):591—600(in Chinese).
龙德雄,邓天岗.1990.1786年康定地震形变特征的初步研究[J].地震研究,13(1):51—60.LONG De-xiong,DENG Tian-gang.1990.A preliminary study on the1786Kangding earthquake deformation characteristics[J].Journal of Seismological Research,13(1):51—60(in Chinese).
钱洪,C.R.艾伦,罗灼礼,等.1988.全新世以来鲜水河断裂的活动特征[J].中国地震,4(2):11—20.QIAN Hong,ALLEN C R,LUO Zhuo-li,et al.1988.The active characteristics of Xianshuihe Fault in Holocene[J].Earthquake Research in China,4(2):11—20(in Chinese).
钱洪,罗灼礼,闻学泽.1990.鲜水河断裂带上特征地震的初步研究[J].地震学报,12(1):22—29,115.QIAN Hong,LUO Zhuo-li,WEN Xue-ze.1990.Preliminary study of characteristic earthquakes in the Xianshuihe Faultzone[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,12(1):22—29,115(in Chinese).
王新民,裴锡瑜,1988a,对1786年康定-泸定磨西7级地震的新认识[J].中国地震,4(1):108—115.WANG Xin-min,PEI Xi-yu.1988a.Some new points of view on the1786earthquake(M=7)occurring in the areabetween Kangding and Moxi,Luding,Sichuan Province[J].Earthquake Research in China,4(1):108—115(inChinese).
王新民,裴锡瑜.1998b.康定—泸定地区主要活断层与地震裂缝[J].四川地震,(Z1):47—57.WANG Xin-min,PEI Xi-yu.1998b.Active faults and co-seismic cracks in the Kangding-Luding area[J].EarthquakeResearch in Sichuan,(Z1):47—57(in Chinese).
闻学泽.2000.四川西部鲜水河-安宁河-则木河断裂带的地震破裂分段特征[J].地震地质,22(3):239—249.WEN Xue-ze.2000.Character of rupture segmentation of the Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault zone,western Sichuan[J].Seismology and Geology,22(3):239—249(in Chinese).
闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2001.磨西断裂的晚第四纪活动性与大地震复发间隔[A].见:卢演俦等编.新构造与环境.北京:地震出版社.255—265.WEN Xue-ze,XU Xi-wei,ZHENG Rong-zhang,et al.2001.Late Quaternary activity and strong earthquake recurrenceinterval on Moxi Fault[A].In:LU Yan-chou et al.(eds).Neotectonics and Environment.Seismological Press,Beijing.255—265(in Chinese).
袁仁茂,谭锡斌,陈桂华,等.2010.地震破裂带特殊部位大型滑坡及其基于构造地貌发生模型的机制解释:以东河口抛射型滑坡为例[J].地学前缘,17(5):243—253.YUAN Ren-mao,TAN Xi-bin,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2010.Huge landslides occurring at the special places of the coseismic rupture and their mechanism explanation based on the formation model of tectonic-geomorphology:A casestudy of Donghekou ejection landslide[J].Earth Science Frontiers,17(5):243—253(in Chinese).
赵翔.1985.康定断裂的重复错动特征[A].见:四川省地震局编.鲜水河断裂地震学术讨论会文集.北京:地震出版社.41—47.ZHAO Xiang.1985.Characteristic of repeated dislocation along Kangding Fault[A].In:Seismological Bureau of Sichuan Province(ed.).Proceedings of Symposium on Earthquakes of Xianshuihe Fault.Seismological Press,Beijing.41—47(in Chinese).
郑本兴,马秋华.1994a.贡嘎山地区全新世的冰川变化、气候变化与河谷阶地发育[J].地理学报,49(6):500—508.ZHENG Ben-xing,MA Qiu-hua.1994a.The glacier variation,climatic change and the river valley development in theHolocene on the Gongga Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,49(6):500—508(in Chinese).
郑本兴,马秋华.1994b.贡嘎山区全新世冰川变化与泥石流发育的关系[J].山地研究,12(1):1—8.ZHENG Ben-xing,MA Qiu-hua.1994b.Relationship between the glacier variation and the debris flow development ofthe Holocene in the Gongga mountainous region[J].Mountain Research,12(1):1—8(in Chinese).
周荣军,何玉林,杨涛,等.2001a.鲜水河-安宁河断裂带磨西-冕宁段的滑动速率与强震位错[J].中国地震,17(3):25—34.ZHOU Rong-jun,HE Yu-lin,YANG Tao,et al.2001a.Slip rate and strong earthquake rupture on the Moxi-Mianningsegment along the Xianshuihe-Anninghe Fault zone[J].Earthquake Research in China,17(3):25—34(in Chinese).
周荣军,何玉林,黄祖智,等.2001b.鲜水河断裂带乾宁—康定段的滑动速率与强震复发间隔[J].地震学报,23(3):250—261,336.ZHOU Rong-jun,HE Yu-lin,HUANG Zu-zhi,et al.2001b.The slip rate and strong earthquake recurrence interval onthe Qianning-Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe Fault zone[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,23(3):250—261,336(in Chinese).
Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.2011.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2008MS8.0Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,40(4):883—895.
Gorum T,Fan X,van Westen C J,et al.2011.Distribution pattern of earthquake-induced landslides triggered by the12May2008Wenchuan earthquake[J].Geomorphology,133(3-4):152—167.
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