南海南部陆缘构造变形特征及伸展作用:来自两条973多道地震测线的证据
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摘要
973项目"南海大陆边缘动力学与油气资源潜力"在南海南部陆缘采集了两条多道地震剖面,其中NH973-1测线始于南海西南次海盆,横跨了整个南沙地区,至于婆罗洲西北侧,NH973-2测线位于礼乐滩东侧.对地震剖面的解释共划分出7个层序界面,地层可以划分为5个构造沉积单元.根据地震解释对不同时期断层的水平断距进行了测量及分析,获取了与脆性拉张相关的伸展信息:研究区的拉张作用可以分为两期,主要的拉张作用发生在大陆裂谷期(古近纪),形成了一系列的地堑-半地堑以及翘倾断块.第二期拉张作用的时期为漂移期(晚渐新世-早中新世),断层活动强度明显变弱,并主要集中在洋陆过渡带.在南海南部陆缘广泛发育了碳酸盐沉积,其发育的时代和南海的海底扩张时期一致.对位于礼乐滩东西两侧的两条地震剖面伸展特征的分析表明,其根据断层水平断距获得脆性伸展因子与根据深反射地震及重力反演获得的全地壳伸展因子之间存在差异,表明南海南部陆缘的拉张在纵向上并非是均一的,而是取决于深度发生变化.
Two recently acquired regional multi-channel seismic profiles across the southern margin,the South China Sea(SCS),are interpreted.One line is crossing the entire Nansha region from the deep oceanic Southwest Subbasin of the South China Sea,along the Nansha Islands to close to Borneo,and the other one runs east of the Reed Bank.Based on the interpretations of these profiles,we worked out stratigraphic sequences,tectonic structures and extension factors.Five tectonic-stratigraphic units are determined,together with 7 sequence boundaries.Detailed analyses on the extension factors based on the measurement of fault heaves reveal two episode of continent extension separated by a distinct unconformity,which likely correspond with the beginning of sea-floor spreading in the South China Sea.Early extension occurred during continental rifting(Late Cretaceous-Early Oligocene),and resulted in formation of half-grabens and rotated blocks controlled by a deeply rooted detachment system.Extension continued in our study area during the drifting phase of the Eastern Subbasin of the South China Sea(Late Oligocene-Early Miocene) until the subsequent opening of the Southwest Subbasin at about 25 Ma,but its intensity decreased markedly thereafter.Deeply rooted detachment systems evolved possibly during this second phase of extension at continent-ocean transition area.We suggest that a widespread carbonate platform developed across the Dangerous Grounds, concurrent with the drifting period of the Southwest Subbasin of the SCS.Fault-related stretching factors(β_f) to the west and east of Reed Bank are found to be comparable and show discrepancy with the whole crust stretching factors(β_c) in the study area as derived from gravity modeling.Thus we conclude that the continental crust of the southern margin might have experienced depth-dependent extension.
Two recently acquired regional multi-channel seismic profiles across the southern margin,the South China Sea(SCS),are interpreted.One line is crossing the entire Nansha region from the deep oceanic Southwest Subbasin of the South China Sea,along the Nansha Islands to close to Borneo,and the other one runs east of the Reed Bank.Based on the interpretations of these profiles,we worked out stratigraphic sequences,tectonic structures and extension factors.Five tectonic-stratigraphic units are determined,together with 7 sequence boundaries.Detailed analyses on the extension factors based on the measurement of fault heaves reveal two episode of continent extension separated by a distinct unconformity,which likely correspond with the beginning of sea-floor spreading in the South China Sea.Early extension occurred during continental rifting(Late Cretaceous-Early Oligocene),and resulted in formation of half-grabens and rotated blocks controlled by a deeply rooted detachment system.Extension continued in our study area during the drifting phase of the Eastern Subbasin of the South China Sea(Late Oligocene-Early Miocene) until the subsequent opening of the Southwest Subbasin at about 25 Ma,but its intensity decreased markedly thereafter.Deeply rooted detachment systems evolved possibly during this second phase of extension at continent-ocean transition area.We suggest that a widespread carbonate platform developed across the Dangerous Grounds, concurrent with the drifting period of the Southwest Subbasin of the SCS.Fault-related stretching factors(β_f) to the west and east of Reed Bank are found to be comparable and show discrepancy with the whole crust stretching factors(β_c) in the study area as derived from gravity modeling.Thus we conclude that the continental crust of the southern margin might have experienced depth-dependent extension.
引文
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[12]周蒂,吴世敏,陈汉宗.南沙海区及邻区构造演化动力学的若干问题.大地构造与成矿学.2005,29(3):339-345 Zhou D,Wu S M,Chen H Z.Some remarks on the tectonic evolution of Nansha and its adjacent regions in southern South China Sea.Geotectonica et Metallogenia(in Chinese), 2005,29(3):339-345
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[15]姚永坚,吴能友,夏斌等.南海南部海域曾母盆地油气地质特征.中国地质.2008,35(3):503-513 Yao Y J,Wu N Y,Xia B,et al.Petroleum geology of the Zengmu Basin in the southern South China Sea.Geology in China(in Chinese),2008,35(3):503-513
[16]刘振湖.南海南沙海域沉积盆地与油气分布.大地构造与成矿学.2005,29(3):410-417 Liu Z H.Distribution of sedimentary basins and petroleum potential in southern South China Sea.Geotectonica et Metallogenia(in Chinese),2005,29(3):410-417
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[19]Zhou D,Yao B C.Tectonics and Sedimentary Basins of the South China Sea:Challenges and Progresses.Journal of Earth Science,2009,20(1):1-12
[20]Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and history of the South China Sea basin.In:Hayes D E.ed.The tectonic and geologic evolution of the Southeast Asian Seas and Islands:Part 2. Washington D C:Geophys Monogr,AGU,1983,27:23- 56
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[22]Candes S C,Kent D V.Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(4): 6093-6095
[23]Barckhausen U,Roeser H A.Seafloor spreading anomalies in South China Sea revisited.In:Clift,P ed.Continent-Ocean Interactions Within East Asian Marginal Seas,Geophys. Monogr.Ser.AGU,Washington,D C,2004,149:121- 125
[24]Hsu S K,Yeh Y C,Doo W B,et al.New bathymetry and magnetic lineations identifications in the northernmost South China Sea and their tectonic implications.Marine Geophysical Research,25:29-44
[25]姚伯初,曾维军,Hayes D E.中美合作调研南海地质专报. 1994,武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1-204 Yao B C,Zeng W J,Hayes D E.The Geological Memoir of South China Sea Surveyed by Jointly China & U.S.A(in Chinese).Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press, 1994,1-204
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[27]Hutchison C S.Geology of North-West Borneo:Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2005,421
[28]Sun Z,Zhong Z H,Keep M,et al.3D analogue modeling of the South China Sea:A discussion on breakup pattern. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2009,34:544 - 556
[29]Hall R,Hattum M,Sparkman W.Impact of India-Asia collision on SE Asia:The record in Borneo.Tectonophysics, 2008,451:366-389
[30]Hall R.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific:computer-based reconstructions, model and animations.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2002,20:353-431
[31]Hamilton W.Tectonics of the Indonesian region.USGS Professional Paper,1979,1078:1-345
[32]Hinz K,Fritsch J,Kempter E H K.Thrust tectonics along the continental margin of Sabah,Northwest Borneo. Geologische Rundschau,1989,78:705-730
[33]Hazebroek H P,Tan D N K.Tertiary tectonic evolution of the NW Sabah continental margin.Bul Persat Geol Malays, 1993,33:195-210
[34]Su D Q,White N,Mckenzie D.Extension and subsidence of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea. Basin Research,1989,2:205-222
[35]Clift P,Lin J.Preferential mantle lithospheric extension under the South China margin.Marine and Petroleum Geology,2001,18:929-944
[36]Zhang Y F,Sun Z,Zhou D,et al.Stretching characteristics and its dynamic significance of the northern continental margin of South China Sea.Science in China(Series D-Earth Sciences),2008,51(3):422-430
[37]Franke D,Barckhausen U,Heyde I,et al.Seismic images of a collision zone offshore NW Sabah/Borneo.Marine and Petroleum Geology,2008,25:606-624
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