残留板块及地幔柱:怀俄明克拉通的上地幔地震图像(英文)
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摘要
介绍了近年来天然地震体波和面波层析成像以及接收函数在怀俄明克拉通地区的应用。怀俄明克拉通地区的地壳和上地幔结构可以归结为克拉通成型时期的残存高速度异常以及进行中Yellowstone低速地幔柱。在克拉通南部边界缝合带地区以及在中部和北部下地壳中保存着一些高速度结构。南部边界缝合带地区的高速度倾斜上地幔结构与人工地震剖面LithoProbe在北美各个克拉通边界所记录的上地幔倾斜反射体一致。作为一个可能的上地幔消减板块残留体,这个倾斜上地幔结构显示出板块叠加可能是一个普遍的克拉通成型过程。在克拉通缝合带的莫霍面和上地幔深度,人工地震的研究结果显示板块叠加过程形成一个楔形体,体现出克拉通上地幔的较高粘度系数。接收函数的转换波共转换点叠加技术显示出这种楔形体存在于整个怀俄明克拉通的南部边界。接收函数和基于噪声的瑞利波层析成像图像显示出在克拉通地壳增厚地区存在下地壳高速体。作为早期岩石圈分裂过程残留的火成岩侵入体,这种下地壳高速体存在于较早成型的克拉通北部和中部地区,显示出南部克拉通地区不同的形成机制。克拉通的西部地区受到Yellowstone地幔柱的影响。层析成像显示低速的地幔柱从黄石地区向下延伸到至少500km。在消蚀岩石圈的同时,岩浆侵入体沿着hotspottrack在中地壳大量的形成,并引起下地壳岩石的横向流动。
Since nearly two decades ago,many temporary arrays have been deployed in the Archean Wyoming province and its neighboring areas.Due to the small station spacing (up to 2 km) of these array deployments,it is now possible to image the seismic structure in the Wyoming crust and upper mantle with a resolution scale comparable to active source profiling studies.Remarkable agreements between the passive and active source studies are found in the crust and shallow upper mantle.A high velocity dipping structure down to >150 km is revealed from tomography at the southern craton edge.Supported by other lines of evidence,a frozen-in fossil subduction slab model at the craton margin is preferred,which indicates that lateral slab accretion may be an important mechanism during the early craton assembly.High velocity lower crust magmatic underplates are present in the northern and central craton,but are perhaps inexistent in the south,indicating that they are related to possible different cratonization processes among the craton subprovinces.The spatial coincidence of these relict seismic structures with the surface sutures suggests the early lithospheric responses to various mantle deformation processes have been well preserved.Young tectonisms,for example the Yellowstone hotspot,have significantly altered the crust and lithosphere in the western side of the craton.
Since nearly two decades ago,many temporary arrays have been deployed in the Archean Wyoming province and its neighboring areas.Due to the small station spacing (up to 2 km) of these array deployments,it is now possible to image the seismic structure in the Wyoming crust and upper mantle with a resolution scale comparable to active source profiling studies.Remarkable agreements between the passive and active source studies are found in the crust and shallow upper mantle.A high velocity dipping structure down to >150 km is revealed from tomography at the southern craton edge.Supported by other lines of evidence,a frozen-in fossil subduction slab model at the craton margin is preferred,which indicates that lateral slab accretion may be an important mechanism during the early craton assembly.High velocity lower crust magmatic underplates are present in the northern and central craton,but are perhaps inexistent in the south,indicating that they are related to possible different cratonization processes among the craton subprovinces.The spatial coincidence of these relict seismic structures with the surface sutures suggests the early lithospheric responses to various mantle deformation processes have been well preserved.Young tectonisms,for example the Yellowstone hotspot,have significantly altered the crust and lithosphere in the western side of the craton.
引文
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[3]Jordan T H.Composition and development of the continental tectosphere[J].Nature,1978,274:544-548.
[4]Lee C T.Geochemical/petrologic constraints on the origin of cratonic mantle[M]∥K Benn,Mareschal J C,Condie K C.Archean Geodynamics and Environments.American Geo-physical Union Monograph,2006:89-114.
[5]Arndt N T,Coltice N,Hel mstaedt H,et al.Origin of Ar-chean subcontinental lithospheric mantle:Some petrological constraints[J].Lithos,2009,109:61-71.
[6]Mueller P A,Frost C D.The Wyoming Province:Adistinc-tive Archean cratonin Laurentian North America[J].Canadi-an Journal of Earth Sciences,2006,43:1391-1397.
[7]Hoff man P F.Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America[M]∥Bally A W,Pal mer A R.The Geology of North America:An Overview.Vol.A.Boulder,CO:Ge-ology Society of America,1989:447-512.
[8]Chamberlain K R,Frost C D,Frost B R.Early Archean toMesoproterozoic evolution of the Wyoming Province:Arche-an origins to modern lithospheric architecture[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2003,40:1357-1374.
[9]Karlstrom K E,Bowring S A.Early Proterozoic assembly of tectonostratigraphic terranes in southwestern North America[J].Journal of Geology,1988,96:561-576.
[10]Foster D A,Mueller P A,Mogk D W,et al.Proterozoic e-volution of the western margin of the Wyoming craton:I mpli-cations for the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the north-ern Rocky Mountains[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sci-ences,2006,43:1601-1619.
[11]Frost C D.Ndisotopic evidence for the antiquity of the Wyo-ming Province[J].Geology,1993,21:351-354,doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021〈0351:niefta〉2.3.co;2.
[12]Frost C D,Fruchey B L,Chamberlain K R,et al.Archean crustal growth by lateral accretion of juvenile supracrustal belts in the south-central Wyoming Province[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2006,43:1533-1555.
[13]Harlan S S,Heaman L,LeCheminant A N,et al.Gunbarrel mafic magmatic event:Akey780Ma ti me marker for Rodinia plate reconstructions[J].Geology,2003,31:1053-1056.
[14]Karlstrom K E,Houston R S.The Cheyenne belt:Analysis of a Proterozoic suture in southern Wyoming[J].Precambri-an Research,1984,25:415-446.
[15]Yuan H,Dueker K.Upper mantle tomographicvpandvsi m-ages of the Rocky Mountainsin Wyoming,Colorado and New Mexico:Evidence for thick,laterally heterogeneous litho-sphere[M]∥Randy G,Karlstrom K E.The Rocky Mountain Region:An Evolving Lithosphere:Tectonics,Geochemistry,and Geophysics.Vol.Geophysical Monograph154.Wash-ington,DC:American Geophysical Union,2005:329-345.
[16]Tyson A R,Smithson S B,Dueker K G,et al.Proterozoic Farwell Mountain-Lester Mountain suture zone,northern Colorado:Subduction flip and progressive assembly of arcs[J].Geology,2002,30:943-946.
[17]Dueker K G,Yuan H.Upper mantle P-wave velocity struc-ture fromPASSCALteleseismic transects across Idaho,Wyo-ming and Colorado[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,34,doi:10.1029/2004GL019476.
[18]Bedle H,van der Lee S.Progress on a newregional model of the upper mantle S-velocity structure beneath the North A-merican continent[C].EarthScope National Meeting Ab-stract.2007:Poster58.
[19]Griffin W L,O Reilly S Y,Doyle B J,et al.Lithosphere mapping beneath the North American plate[J].Lithos,2004,77:873-922.
[20]Fox O,Sheehan A F.Shear wave splitting beneath the CDROMtransects[M]∥Randy G,Karlstrom K E.The Rocky Mountain Region:An Evolving Lithosphere:Tecton-ics,Geochemistry,and Geophysics.Vol.Geophysical Mono-graph154.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,2005.
[21]Zurek B,Dueker K.Lithosphericlayering beneaththe south-ern Rocky Mountains fromthe CD-ROMexperi ment[M]∥Randy G,Karlstrom K E.The Rocky Mountain Region:An Evolving Lithosphere:Tectonics,Geochemistry,and Geo-physics.Vol.Geophysical Monograph154.Washington,DC:American Geophysical Union,2005:317-328.
[22]Bostock M G.Mantle stratigraphy and evolution of the Slave Province[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:21183-121200.
[23]Pedersen H A,Fishwick S,Snyder D B.A comparison of cratonic roots through consistent analysis of seismic surface waves[J].Lithos,2009,109:81-95,doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2008.09.016.
[24]Chen C W,Rondenay S,Evans R L,et al.Geophysical de-tection of relict metasomatismfrom an Archean(～3.5Ga)Subduction Zone[J].Science,2009,326:1089-1091,doi:10.1126/science.1178477.
[25]Snyder D B.Stacked uppermost mantle layers within the Slave craton of NWCanada as defined by anisotropic seismic discontinuities[J].Tectonics,2008,27,doi:10.1029/2007TC002132.
[26]Gorman A R,Clowes R M,Ellis R M,et al.Deep Probe:I maging the roots of western North America[M]∥Gerald M R.The Lithoprobe Alberta Basement Transect:Le transect Lithoprobe du Socle Albertain.Ottawa,ON,Canada:Na-tional Research Council of Canada,2002.
[27]van der Velden A J,Cook F A.Relict subduction zones in Canada[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2005,110,doi:10.1029/2004jb003333.
[28]Snyder D B.Lithospheric growth at margins of cratons[J].Tectonophysics,2002,355:7-22.
[29]Hansen S,Dueker K.P-and S-Wave receiver function i ma-ges of crustal i mbrication beneath the Cheyenne Belt in Southeast Wyoming[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99:1953-1961,doi:10.1785/0120080168.
[30]Crosswhite J A,Humphreys E D.I maging the mountainless root of the1.8Ga Cheyenne belt suture and clues to its tec-tonic stability[J].Geology,2003,31:669-672.
[31]Poppeliers C,Pavlis G L.Three-di mensional,prestack,plane wave migration of teleseismic P-to-S converted phases:2.Stacking multiple events[J].Journal of Geophysical Re-search,2003,108,doi:10.1029/2001JB001583.
[32]Levander A,Niu F,Lee C T A,et al.I magingthe continen-tal lithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,2006,416:167-185,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.018.
[33]Snelson C M,Henstock TJ,Keller G R,et al.Crustal and uppermost mantle structure along the Deep Probe seismic profile[J].Rocky Mountain Geology,1998,33:181-198.
[34]Yuan H,Dueker K,Stachnik J C.Crustal structure and thickness alongthe Yellowstone Hotspot Track:Evidence for lower crustal outflowfrom beneath the eastern Snake River Plain[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2009,doi:10.1029/2009GC002787.
[35]Stachnik J C,Dueker K,Schutt D,et al.I maging Yellow-stone plume-lithosphere interactions frominversion of ballis-tic and diffusive Rayleigh wave dispersion and crustal thick-ness data[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2008,doi:10.1029/2007GC001901.
[36]Morgan WJ.Plate motions and deep mantle convection[M]∥Studies in Earth and Space Sciences.Geological Society of America Geological Society of America(GSA),1972,132:7-22.
[37]Pierce K L,Morgan L A.Is the track of the Yellowstone hotspot driven by a deep mantle plume-Reviewof volcanism,faulting,and uplift in light of new data[J].Journal of Vol-canology and Geothermal Research,2009,188:1-25,doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.009.
[38]Smith R B,Jordan M,Steinberger B,et al.Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume:Seismic and GPS i maging,kinematics,and mantle flow[J].Journal of Volcan-ology and Geothermal Research,2009,188:26-56,doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.
[39]Yuan H,Dueker K.Teleseismic P-wave tomogram of the Yellowstone plume[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32,doi:10.1029/2004GL022056.
[40]Fee D,Dueker K.Mantle transition zone topography and structure beneath the Yellowstone hotspot[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31,doi:10.1029/2004GL020636.
[41]Bina C R,Helffrich G.Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99:15853-815860.
[42]Tian Y,Sigloch K,Nolet G.Multiple-frequency SH-wave tomography of the western US upper mantle[J].Geophysical Journal International,2009,178:1384-1402
[43]Montelli R,Nolet G,Dahlen F A,et al.Finite-frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumesinthe mantle[J].Sci-ence,2004,303:338-343.
[44]Burdick S,Li G,Martynov V,et al.Upper Mantle Hetero-geneity beneath North America from Travel Ti me Tomo-graphy with Global and USArray Transportable Array Data[J].Seismological Research Letters,2008,79:384-392,doi:10.1785/gssrl.79.3.384.
[45]Waite G,Smith R B,Allen R M.vpandvsstructure of the Yellowstone Hotspot upper mantle from teleseismic tomo-graphy:Evidence for an upper mantle plume[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111(B0403),doi:10.1029/2005JB003867.
[46]Obrebski M J,Allen R M,Hung S H,et al.Cenozoic plume-slabinteraction beneaththe Pacific Northwest[J].Eos Trans,AGU,90(52),Fall Meet Suppl,2009,Abstract V41B-2178.
[47]Xue M,Allen R M.Mantle structure beneath the Western US andits i mplications for convection processes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,doi:10:1029/2008JB006079(in press).
[48]Braile L W,Smith R B,Ansorge J,et al.The Yellowstone-Snake River plain seismic profiling experi ment:Crustal struc-ture of the eastern Snake River plain[J].Journal of Geophys-ical Research,1982,87:2597-2609.
[49]Christiansen E H,McCurry M.Contrasting origins of Ceno-zoic silicic volcanic rocks fromthe western Cordillera of the United States[J].Bulletin of Volcanology,2008,70:251-267.
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