汶川地震引发的流域管理新课题
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摘要
汶川地震引发了大量的山体滑坡和崩塌.巨型滑坡夷平了山谷,创造了平缓坡地.这些新生地非常不稳定,易引发泥石流.尽快稳定和开发新生地是一个新问题.滑坡造成的堰塞湖引起剧烈河床演变,对河流地貌和稳定产生长远和深刻的影响.大量的崩塌体形成大石块堆积体,表面没有土壤,如何修复植被是一个严峻的挑战.本文通过野外测量和试验,对上述问题进行了探索并取得了初步成果.成果表明,采用阶梯-深潭结构稳定滑坡体,可以控制或减轻泥石流;发生于崩塌和滑坡体上的泥石流含水量小且大石块多,不是黏性泥石流而是两相泥石流,运动速度仅为黏性泥石流的1/10;堰塞坝发育成尼克点会显著改变河流纵剖面,稳定岸坡减少滑坡崩塌灾害;在花岗岩崩塌体上引种紫萼藓能显著加快植被演替,绿化裸露的石块堆积体.
The Wenchuan Earthquake have triggered many landslides and avalanches.Huge landslides buried valleys and created many gentle slope lands.The newly created lands are unstable and debris flow often occurs.Stabilization and development of the new lands is a new challenge.The second challenge is due to the damming of rivers and creation of quake lakes by landslides,which induces intensive fluvial process and may have long term effects on the river morphology.Many avalanche deposits consist of large stones without soil and fine sediment on the surface.Vegetation restoration on the avalanche deposits is the third challenge.These problems are studied based on field investigation and field experiments.Artificial step-pool system may stabilize the landslide body and control or mitigate debris flows in the incised gullies on the newly created land.The debris flow occurring in the earthquake area consists mainly of gravel,cobbles and boulders.They are two-phase debris flow rather than viscous debris flow although its specific weight is extremely high.The velocity of these debris flows is much smaller than that of the viscous debris flows because the collision of boulders and cobbles consumes a lot of energy.Quake lakes may develop into knickpoints,which will change the bed profile of the river and eventually stabilize the river.Planting Grimmia pilifera on the avalanche deposit can accelerate vegetation restoration and finally green the bared mountains.
The Wenchuan Earthquake have triggered many landslides and avalanches.Huge landslides buried valleys and created many gentle slope lands.The newly created lands are unstable and debris flow often occurs.Stabilization and development of the new lands is a new challenge.The second challenge is due to the damming of rivers and creation of quake lakes by landslides,which induces intensive fluvial process and may have long term effects on the river morphology.Many avalanche deposits consist of large stones without soil and fine sediment on the surface.Vegetation restoration on the avalanche deposits is the third challenge.These problems are studied based on field investigation and field experiments.Artificial step-pool system may stabilize the landslide body and control or mitigate debris flows in the incised gullies on the newly created land.The debris flow occurring in the earthquake area consists mainly of gravel,cobbles and boulders.They are two-phase debris flow rather than viscous debris flow although its specific weight is extremely high.The velocity of these debris flows is much smaller than that of the viscous debris flows because the collision of boulders and cobbles consumes a lot of energy.Quake lakes may develop into knickpoints,which will change the bed profile of the river and eventually stabilize the river.Planting Grimmia pilifera on the avalanche deposit can accelerate vegetation restoration and finally green the bared mountains.
引文
[1]WANG Zhao-yin,CUI Peng,WANG Rui-yu.Mass movements triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake and managementstrategies of quake lakes[J].International Journal of River Basin Management,2009,7(1):1-12.
[2]四川省地质工程集团公司.四川省地震灾区2008年重大地质灾害应急勘查设计项目:绵竹市文家沟泥石流勘查、可研、初设报告[R].成都:四川省地质工程集团公司,2009.(Sichuan Geological Engineering Group Corporation.Significantgeo-hazards emergeney,survey and design project of 2008 of earthquake disaster area in Sichuan Province:report of survey,feasibility and initial design of Wenjia Ranne of Mianzhu[R].Chengdu:Sichuan Geological Engineering Group Corporation,2009.(in Chinese))
[3]GRANTG,SWANSON F J,WOLMAN M G.Pattern and origin of stepped-bed morphology in high-gradient streams,westernCascades,Oregon[J].Geological Society American Bulletin,1990,102:340-352.
[4]MILZOW C,MOLNAR P,MCARDELL B W,et al.Spatial organization in the step-pool structure of a steep mountain stream(Vogelbach,Switzerland)[J].Water Resources Research,2006,42(4):W04418.1-W04418.11.)
[5]CHIN A.The morphologic structure of step-pool in mountain streams[J].Geomorphology,1999,27:191-204.
[6]CHIN A.The periodic nature of step-pool mountain streams[J].American Journal of Science,2002,302:144-167.
[7]WANG Z Y,XU J,LI C Z.Development of step-pool sequence and its effects in resistance and stream bed stability[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2004,19(3):161-171.
[8]王兆印,程东升,何易平,等.西南山区河流阶梯-深潭系列的生态学研究[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(4):409-416.(WANG Zhao-yin,CHENG Dong-sheng,HE Yi-ping,et al.A study of the ecological functions of step-pool system insouthwest mountain streams[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2006,21(4):409-416.(in Chinese))
[9]WANG Z Y,MELCHING C S,DUAN X H,et al.Ecological and hydraulic studies of step-pool system[J].Journal ofHydraulic Engineering,ASCE,2009,135(9):705-717.
[10]LENZI MA.Stream bed stabilization using boulder check dams that mimic step-pool morphology features in northern Italy[J].Geomorphology,2002,45:243-260.
[11]NICKOLOTSKY A,PAVLOWSKY RT.Morphology of step-pools in a wilderness headwater stream:The importance ofstandardizing geomorphic measurements[J].Geomorphology,2007,83:294-306.
[12]TODD M,MIKE L.Natural channel design of step-pool watercourses using the"key-stone"concept[J].ASCE ConferenceProcess,2003,18:1-11.
[13]WANG Z Y,LEE J H W,MELCHING C S.Integrated river training and management[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University,Press,2004.
[14]WANG Z Y,YUG A.Step-pool system for erosion control and ecological restoration[C]∥International Conference on Erosionand Torrent Control as a Factor in Sustainable River Basin Management,Belgrade,2007:1-14.
[15]YU G A,WANG Z Y,DUAN X H,et al.Artificial step-pool system for ecological restoration of a debris-flow ravine[C]∥32nd IAHR Congress,Venice,2007:1-10.
[16]余国安,王兆印,张康,等.应用人工阶梯-深潭治理下切河流-吊嘎河的尝试[J].水力发电学报,2008,27(1):85-89.(YU Guo-an,WANG Zhao-yin,ZHANG Kang,et al.Field experiment for harnessing incised mountain stream(theDiaoga river)by using artificial step-pools[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2008,27(1):85-89.(in Chinese))
[17]徐江,王兆印.山区河流阶梯-深潭的发育及其稳定河床的作用[J].泥沙研究,2003(5):21-27.(XU Jiang,WANG Zhao-yin.The formative mechanism of step-pool system and its role in bed stabilization of mountain streams[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2003(5):21-27.(in Chinese))
[18]ABRAHAMS A D,LI G,ATKINSON J F.Step-pool stream:adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J].Water ResourcesResearch,1995,31(10):2593-2602.
[19]KORUP O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand landslide dams[J].Engineering Geology,2004,73:13-35.
[20]OUIMETW B,WHIPPLE K X,ROYDEN L H,et al.The influence of large landslides on river incision in a transientlandscape:Eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2007,119:1462-1476.
[21]KORUP O,SCHLUNEGGER F.Bedrock landsliding,river incision,and transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel coupling:Evidence from inner gorges in the Swiss Alps[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,76:112,
[22]COSTA J E,SCHUSTER R L.The formation and failure of natural dams[J].Geol Soc Amer Bull,1988,100:1054-1068.
[23]国家地震局地球物理所,复旦大学中国历史地理研究所.中国历史地震图集-清时期[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1983.(Institute of Geophysics of State Seismological Bureau,Institute of Historic Geography of Fudan University.The atlas ofhistoric earthquakes of China(volume for Qing Dynasty)[M].Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1983.(inChinese))
[24]王文云,张朝晖.贵州老万场金矿石灰岩与红土矿体土壤结皮中苔藓植物种类及群落比较研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(4):244-247.(WANG Wen-yun,ZHANG Zhao-hui.Comparative study on species and communities ofbryophytes associated with formation of soil crust on limestone and lateritic gold sites in Laowanchang lateritic gold deposit ofGuizhou[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(4):244-247.(in Chinese))
[25]康志成,李焯芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:1-4.(KANG Zhi-cheng,LI Chao-fen,MA Ai-nai.Research on debris flows in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004:1-4.(in Chinese))
[26]崔鹏,高克昌,韦方强.泥石流预测预报研究进展[J].中国科学院院刊,2005,20(5):363-369.(CUI Peng,GAO Ke-chang,WEI Fang-qiang.The forecasting of debris flow[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005,20(5):363-369.(in Chinese))
[27]陈晓清,李泳,崔鹏.滑坡转化泥石流起动研究现状[J].山地学报,2004,22(5):562-567.(CHEN Xiao-qing,LI Yong,CUI Peng.An overview of transformation of landslide into debris flow[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2004,22(5):562-567.(in Chinese))
[28]张军,熊刚.云南将家沟泥石流运动观测资料集(1987-1994)[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.(ZHANG Jun,XIONG Gang.Datas of debris flow movement observation in Jiangjia Ravine,Yunnan(1987-1994)[M].Beijing:SciencePress,1997.(in Chinese))
[29]康志成.中国泥石流灾害与防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(KANG Zhi-cheng.Debris flowhazards and their controlin China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[30]WANG Zhao-yin,WAI ONYX W,CUI Peng.Field investigation into debris flow mechanism[J].International Journal ofSediment Research,1999(4):10-22.
[31]王兆印,张新玉.水流冲刷沉积物生成泥石流的条件及运动规律的试验研究[J].地理学报,1989,44(3):291-301.(WANG Zhao-yin,ZHANG Xin-yu.Experimental study of formation and laws of motion of debris flow[J].Acta GeographicaSinica,1989,44(3):291-301.(in Chinese))
[32]王兆印.泥石流龙头运动的实验研究及能量理论[J].水利学报,2001(3):18-26.(WANG Zhao-yin.Experimentalstudy on debris flow head and the energy theory[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001(3):18-26.(in Chinese))
[2]四川省地质工程集团公司.四川省地震灾区2008年重大地质灾害应急勘查设计项目:绵竹市文家沟泥石流勘查、可研、初设报告[R].成都:四川省地质工程集团公司,2009.(Sichuan Geological Engineering Group Corporation.Significantgeo-hazards emergeney,survey and design project of 2008 of earthquake disaster area in Sichuan Province:report of survey,feasibility and initial design of Wenjia Ranne of Mianzhu[R].Chengdu:Sichuan Geological Engineering Group Corporation,2009.(in Chinese))
[3]GRANTG,SWANSON F J,WOLMAN M G.Pattern and origin of stepped-bed morphology in high-gradient streams,westernCascades,Oregon[J].Geological Society American Bulletin,1990,102:340-352.
[4]MILZOW C,MOLNAR P,MCARDELL B W,et al.Spatial organization in the step-pool structure of a steep mountain stream(Vogelbach,Switzerland)[J].Water Resources Research,2006,42(4):W04418.1-W04418.11.)
[5]CHIN A.The morphologic structure of step-pool in mountain streams[J].Geomorphology,1999,27:191-204.
[6]CHIN A.The periodic nature of step-pool mountain streams[J].American Journal of Science,2002,302:144-167.
[7]WANG Z Y,XU J,LI C Z.Development of step-pool sequence and its effects in resistance and stream bed stability[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2004,19(3):161-171.
[8]王兆印,程东升,何易平,等.西南山区河流阶梯-深潭系列的生态学研究[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(4):409-416.(WANG Zhao-yin,CHENG Dong-sheng,HE Yi-ping,et al.A study of the ecological functions of step-pool system insouthwest mountain streams[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2006,21(4):409-416.(in Chinese))
[9]WANG Z Y,MELCHING C S,DUAN X H,et al.Ecological and hydraulic studies of step-pool system[J].Journal ofHydraulic Engineering,ASCE,2009,135(9):705-717.
[10]LENZI MA.Stream bed stabilization using boulder check dams that mimic step-pool morphology features in northern Italy[J].Geomorphology,2002,45:243-260.
[11]NICKOLOTSKY A,PAVLOWSKY RT.Morphology of step-pools in a wilderness headwater stream:The importance ofstandardizing geomorphic measurements[J].Geomorphology,2007,83:294-306.
[12]TODD M,MIKE L.Natural channel design of step-pool watercourses using the"key-stone"concept[J].ASCE ConferenceProcess,2003,18:1-11.
[13]WANG Z Y,LEE J H W,MELCHING C S.Integrated river training and management[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University,Press,2004.
[14]WANG Z Y,YUG A.Step-pool system for erosion control and ecological restoration[C]∥International Conference on Erosionand Torrent Control as a Factor in Sustainable River Basin Management,Belgrade,2007:1-14.
[15]YU G A,WANG Z Y,DUAN X H,et al.Artificial step-pool system for ecological restoration of a debris-flow ravine[C]∥32nd IAHR Congress,Venice,2007:1-10.
[16]余国安,王兆印,张康,等.应用人工阶梯-深潭治理下切河流-吊嘎河的尝试[J].水力发电学报,2008,27(1):85-89.(YU Guo-an,WANG Zhao-yin,ZHANG Kang,et al.Field experiment for harnessing incised mountain stream(theDiaoga river)by using artificial step-pools[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2008,27(1):85-89.(in Chinese))
[17]徐江,王兆印.山区河流阶梯-深潭的发育及其稳定河床的作用[J].泥沙研究,2003(5):21-27.(XU Jiang,WANG Zhao-yin.The formative mechanism of step-pool system and its role in bed stabilization of mountain streams[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2003(5):21-27.(in Chinese))
[18]ABRAHAMS A D,LI G,ATKINSON J F.Step-pool stream:adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J].Water ResourcesResearch,1995,31(10):2593-2602.
[19]KORUP O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand landslide dams[J].Engineering Geology,2004,73:13-35.
[20]OUIMETW B,WHIPPLE K X,ROYDEN L H,et al.The influence of large landslides on river incision in a transientlandscape:Eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2007,119:1462-1476.
[21]KORUP O,SCHLUNEGGER F.Bedrock landsliding,river incision,and transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel coupling:Evidence from inner gorges in the Swiss Alps[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,76:112,
[22]COSTA J E,SCHUSTER R L.The formation and failure of natural dams[J].Geol Soc Amer Bull,1988,100:1054-1068.
[23]国家地震局地球物理所,复旦大学中国历史地理研究所.中国历史地震图集-清时期[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1983.(Institute of Geophysics of State Seismological Bureau,Institute of Historic Geography of Fudan University.The atlas ofhistoric earthquakes of China(volume for Qing Dynasty)[M].Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House,1983.(inChinese))
[24]王文云,张朝晖.贵州老万场金矿石灰岩与红土矿体土壤结皮中苔藓植物种类及群落比较研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(4):244-247.(WANG Wen-yun,ZHANG Zhao-hui.Comparative study on species and communities ofbryophytes associated with formation of soil crust on limestone and lateritic gold sites in Laowanchang lateritic gold deposit ofGuizhou[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(4):244-247.(in Chinese))
[25]康志成,李焯芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:1-4.(KANG Zhi-cheng,LI Chao-fen,MA Ai-nai.Research on debris flows in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004:1-4.(in Chinese))
[26]崔鹏,高克昌,韦方强.泥石流预测预报研究进展[J].中国科学院院刊,2005,20(5):363-369.(CUI Peng,GAO Ke-chang,WEI Fang-qiang.The forecasting of debris flow[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005,20(5):363-369.(in Chinese))
[27]陈晓清,李泳,崔鹏.滑坡转化泥石流起动研究现状[J].山地学报,2004,22(5):562-567.(CHEN Xiao-qing,LI Yong,CUI Peng.An overview of transformation of landslide into debris flow[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2004,22(5):562-567.(in Chinese))
[28]张军,熊刚.云南将家沟泥石流运动观测资料集(1987-1994)[M].北京:科学出版社,1997.(ZHANG Jun,XIONG Gang.Datas of debris flow movement observation in Jiangjia Ravine,Yunnan(1987-1994)[M].Beijing:SciencePress,1997.(in Chinese))
[29]康志成.中国泥石流灾害与防治[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(KANG Zhi-cheng.Debris flowhazards and their controlin China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[30]WANG Zhao-yin,WAI ONYX W,CUI Peng.Field investigation into debris flow mechanism[J].International Journal ofSediment Research,1999(4):10-22.
[31]王兆印,张新玉.水流冲刷沉积物生成泥石流的条件及运动规律的试验研究[J].地理学报,1989,44(3):291-301.(WANG Zhao-yin,ZHANG Xin-yu.Experimental study of formation and laws of motion of debris flow[J].Acta GeographicaSinica,1989,44(3):291-301.(in Chinese))
[32]王兆印.泥石流龙头运动的实验研究及能量理论[J].水利学报,2001(3):18-26.(WANG Zhao-yin.Experimentalstudy on debris flow head and the energy theory[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001(3):18-26.(in Chinese))
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