空间信息技术用于汶川地震救灾
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摘要
近年来重大自然灾害频发,给世界各国造成了重大经济损失和人员伤亡,空间信息技术在自然灾害救助中发挥越来越重要的作用。"5.12"汶川地震灾害发生后,全国相关涉灾部门充分利用空间信息技术为汶川地震救灾提供科学有效的决策支持,在灾害应急响应中发挥了巨大的作用。从地震灾害快速响应的空间信息需求以及汶川地震救灾的空间信息技术支持2个角度,从高时空分辨率遥感数据获取、遥感数据快速处理、灾害信息变化检测与次生灾害监测等3个方面,分析了空间信息技术在救灾中具体发挥的作用。总结了空间信息技术辅助汶川地震救灾中的经验和教训,为今后空间信息如何更好地服务于自然灾害救助,提出了中国空间信息技术发展的思路与建议。
In recent years,there have been many catastrophic disasters occurred in China and other countries,which has caused great losses of lives and assets.Spatial information techniques,including,are playing more and more important roles in disaster mitigation.An earthquake,measured 8.0 on the Richter scale,struck Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province at 14∶28 on May 12,2008,and has resulted in a series of catastrophes.Different departments involved in disaster mitigation have used spatial information techniques to provide decision-making support and contributed a lot to the earthquake relief.Besides the prompt response to the disaster,the amount of spatial information collected in this earthquake and the number of specialists in related fields involved in the disaster mitigation are unprecedented.The rapid response action,as a classic case,can provide a very helpful reference and example for future disaster mitigation with the help of spatial information techniques.Firstly,the requirements of spatial information techniques in rapid response to the earthquake are identified,including airborne/space-borne optical and SAR RS data in high spatio-temporal resolution,geometric positioning in high accuracy without GCPs or few GCPs,real time/near-real time data processing,and well prepared spatial data of infrastructures in earthquake area.Disaster mitigation can be classified into three main phases,which focus respectively on rescue of people buried under the ruins,monitoring of the secondary disasters such as land slides,mud flows and quake lakes,and disaster reconstruction planning.In such different phases,spatial information techniques may play different roles.To acquire sufficient space resources,the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters" is activated by its authorized user NDRCC to obtain foreign satellites data,while the national resource satellites Beijing-1 and CBERS are being operated continuously.More than 130 scenes of satellite images are received through the Charter.On the other hand,the advanced airborne sensors such as Leica ADS40,Z/I Imaging DMC,and SWDC-4 are involved to monitor the detailed information about the earthquake.Leica ADS40 has been most widely used in damage information extraction for its convenient processing method and integrated operation environment.SWDC-4,the best airborne digital mapping camera made in China,has also been running stably during the disaster relief.The airborne SAR sensors have shown their flexibility to the weather condition and achieved most volumes of data in its average 11 hours flight per day.However,its data processing speed is in urgent need of improvement.Secondly,the rapid processing technique for different RS data is the key step in the course of disaster rapid response.The satellite ortho-rectified method based on RPC model showed a good accuracy in the satellite RS image processing only with few GCPs,though the disaster area has extremely diversified terrains and was heavily changed by the earthquake.As for the airborne RS data processing,the rapid image matching and mosaic methods used in DPGrid successfully solved the problem of irregular flight line and great rolling stereo image pairs.The image dodging technique can enhance the visibility and interpretation effect of mosaic results of airborne images.Geododging,a software package of image dodging developed by Wuhan University has presented good performance.Thirdly,the damage information extraction and secondary disaster monitoring are two main applications of spatial information techniques in the earthquake rapid response.Two advanced image change detection techniques have been used.One is change detection with images from different sensors.And the other is mono-images change detection according to the spatial shape information based on the object-oriented segmentation.Both can remedy the deficiency of image source and improve the monitoring speed.The optical image data and airborne LIDAR data are both used in the secondary disaster monitoring.Three procedures as watershed segmentation,runoff prediction by distributed hydrologic models,and storage calculation of Quake Lake are integrated to monitor the dangerous conditions of the Quake Lake dam.Finally some conclusions and suggestions are proposed to direct future disaster rapid response.
In recent years,there have been many catastrophic disasters occurred in China and other countries,which has caused great losses of lives and assets.Spatial information techniques,including,are playing more and more important roles in disaster mitigation.An earthquake,measured 8.0 on the Richter scale,struck Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province at 14∶28 on May 12,2008,and has resulted in a series of catastrophes.Different departments involved in disaster mitigation have used spatial information techniques to provide decision-making support and contributed a lot to the earthquake relief.Besides the prompt response to the disaster,the amount of spatial information collected in this earthquake and the number of specialists in related fields involved in the disaster mitigation are unprecedented.The rapid response action,as a classic case,can provide a very helpful reference and example for future disaster mitigation with the help of spatial information techniques.Firstly,the requirements of spatial information techniques in rapid response to the earthquake are identified,including airborne/space-borne optical and SAR RS data in high spatio-temporal resolution,geometric positioning in high accuracy without GCPs or few GCPs,real time/near-real time data processing,and well prepared spatial data of infrastructures in earthquake area.Disaster mitigation can be classified into three main phases,which focus respectively on rescue of people buried under the ruins,monitoring of the secondary disasters such as land slides,mud flows and quake lakes,and disaster reconstruction planning.In such different phases,spatial information techniques may play different roles.To acquire sufficient space resources,the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters" is activated by its authorized user NDRCC to obtain foreign satellites data,while the national resource satellites Beijing-1 and CBERS are being operated continuously.More than 130 scenes of satellite images are received through the Charter.On the other hand,the advanced airborne sensors such as Leica ADS40,Z/I Imaging DMC,and SWDC-4 are involved to monitor the detailed information about the earthquake.Leica ADS40 has been most widely used in damage information extraction for its convenient processing method and integrated operation environment.SWDC-4,the best airborne digital mapping camera made in China,has also been running stably during the disaster relief.The airborne SAR sensors have shown their flexibility to the weather condition and achieved most volumes of data in its average 11 hours flight per day.However,its data processing speed is in urgent need of improvement.Secondly,the rapid processing technique for different RS data is the key step in the course of disaster rapid response.The satellite ortho-rectified method based on RPC model showed a good accuracy in the satellite RS image processing only with few GCPs,though the disaster area has extremely diversified terrains and was heavily changed by the earthquake.As for the airborne RS data processing,the rapid image matching and mosaic methods used in DPGrid successfully solved the problem of irregular flight line and great rolling stereo image pairs.The image dodging technique can enhance the visibility and interpretation effect of mosaic results of airborne images.Geododging,a software package of image dodging developed by Wuhan University has presented good performance.Thirdly,the damage information extraction and secondary disaster monitoring are two main applications of spatial information techniques in the earthquake rapid response.Two advanced image change detection techniques have been used.One is change detection with images from different sensors.And the other is mono-images change detection according to the spatial shape information based on the object-oriented segmentation.Both can remedy the deficiency of image source and improve the monitoring speed.The optical image data and airborne LIDAR data are both used in the secondary disaster monitoring.Three procedures as watershed segmentation,runoff prediction by distributed hydrologic models,and storage calculation of Quake Lake are integrated to monitor the dangerous conditions of the Quake Lake dam.Finally some conclusions and suggestions are proposed to direct future disaster rapid response.
引文
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[7]Chen Y T.On the Magnitude and the Fault Length of the Gr eatWenchuan Earthquake[J].Science&TechnologyReview,2008,26(10):26—27.[陈运泰.汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度[J].科技导报,2008,26(10):26—27.]
[8]http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/06-26/1294265.shtml人大常委会举行“地震灾害与防震减灾”讲座(全文)2008-06-26.
[9]Zhang G,Li D R.The Algorithm of Computation RPC Model'sParameters for Satellite Imagery[J].Journal of Image andGraphic,2007,12(12):2080—2088.[张过,李德仁.卫星遥感影像RPC参数求解算法研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2007,12(12):2080—2088.]
[10]LiD R,Wang M,Pan J.Auto-Dodging Processing and Its Appli-cation for Optical RS Image[J].Geomatics and Information Sci-ence ofWuhan University,2006,31(9):753—756.[李德仁,王密,潘俊.光学遥感影像的自动匀光处理及应用[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2006,31(9):753—756.]
[2]Kumar A,Chingkhei R K,Dolendro T.Tsunami Damage Assess-ment:a Case Study in Car Nicobar Island,India[J].Interna-tional Jourmal of Remote Sensing.2007,28(13—14):2937—2959.
[3]Barnes C F,Fritz H,Yoo J.Hurricane Disaster Assessments withImage-Driven,Data Mining in High-Resolution Satellite Imagery[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2007,45(6):1631—1640.
[4]DudaK A,Abrams M.ASTER and USGS EROS Disaster Re-sponse:Emergency Imaging After Hurricane Katrina[J].IEEETransactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2005,71(12):1346—1350.
[5]Tralli D M,Blom R G,Zlotnicki V,et al.Satellite Remote Sens-ing of Earthquake,Volcano,Flood,Landslide and Coastal Inun-dation Hazards[J].ISPRS Journal ofPhotogrammetry and Re-mote Sensing,2005,59(4):185—198.
[6]Ma Z J.Natural Disasater and Disaster Mitigation Tactic in China(3):Earthquake Disaster.[J].Journal ofInstitute ofDisater-Prevention Science and Technology,2007,9(1):1—5[中国自然灾害和减灾对策(之三)——我国的地震灾害及其应对[J].防灾科技学院学报,2007,9(1):1—5.]
[7]Chen Y T.On the Magnitude and the Fault Length of the Gr eatWenchuan Earthquake[J].Science&TechnologyReview,2008,26(10):26—27.[陈运泰.汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度[J].科技导报,2008,26(10):26—27.]
[8]http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/06-26/1294265.shtml人大常委会举行“地震灾害与防震减灾”讲座(全文)2008-06-26.
[9]Zhang G,Li D R.The Algorithm of Computation RPC Model'sParameters for Satellite Imagery[J].Journal of Image andGraphic,2007,12(12):2080—2088.[张过,李德仁.卫星遥感影像RPC参数求解算法研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2007,12(12):2080—2088.]
[10]LiD R,Wang M,Pan J.Auto-Dodging Processing and Its Appli-cation for Optical RS Image[J].Geomatics and Information Sci-ence ofWuhan University,2006,31(9):753—756.[李德仁,王密,潘俊.光学遥感影像的自动匀光处理及应用[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2006,31(9):753—756.]
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