黄河1841—1843年连年大水与地震
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摘要
黄河是东亚万里大河,连年大水有其特具的地球物理成因和背景,从灾害链物理和灾害史角度探讨黄河大水问题有一定的意义。首先介绍了1841—1843年黄河连年大水的发生情况,接着介绍了1830—1840年中国北方持续干旱和部分西南河流洪水,1860—1870年长江上游特大洪水,1844—1858年美国密西西比河连年大水,1839—1878年多瑙河、尼罗河以及东亚和南亚等河流大洪水,以及1819—1879年全球大地震,最后对地震与洪水的关系以及震洪关系的物理机制进行了分析研究。结果表明,地震对大洪水影响的可能物理机制主要是,密集大地震加强了一定地区对流层大气活动性,规范和稳定主雨带和主要暴雨中心,集中增大水汽含量。
Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in East Asia. The successive spates occurred in Yellow River region present the special geophysical origin and background, so, it is significant to discuss the Yellow River spate from the aspects of the disaster chain physics and the disaster history. In this paper, the Yellow River successive spates occurred in 1841—1843 was introduced firstly. Then, the continuous drought happened in the north part of China and the flood occurred in southwest China in 1830—1840, the catastrophic flood occurred in upstream Yangtze River in 1860—1870, the successive spate occurred in Mississippi River in 1844—1858, the floods occurred in Danube, Nile as well as East Asia and South Asia rivers in 1839—1878, and the major earthquake occurred globally in 1819-1879 were introduced. The relationship between the earthquake and the flood and its physical mechanism were studied. The results indicated that the possible physical mechanism of how the earthquake influenced the flood mainly was that the serried major earthquake strengthened troposphere atmosphere activity in certain region, stabilized the main rain belt and the main rainstorm center, and increased the water vapor content.
Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in East Asia. The successive spates occurred in Yellow River region present the special geophysical origin and background, so, it is significant to discuss the Yellow River spate from the aspects of the disaster chain physics and the disaster history. In this paper, the Yellow River successive spates occurred in 1841—1843 was introduced firstly. Then, the continuous drought happened in the north part of China and the flood occurred in southwest China in 1830—1840, the catastrophic flood occurred in upstream Yangtze River in 1860—1870, the successive spate occurred in Mississippi River in 1844—1858, the floods occurred in Danube, Nile as well as East Asia and South Asia rivers in 1839—1878, and the major earthquake occurred globally in 1819-1879 were introduced. The relationship between the earthquake and the flood and its physical mechanism were studied. The results indicated that the possible physical mechanism of how the earthquake influenced the flood mainly was that the serried major earthquake strengthened troposphere atmosphere activity in certain region, stabilized the main rain belt and the main rainstorm center, and increased the water vapor content.
引文
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[19]赵荣国,李卫平,张虹.2005年地震灾害综述[J].国际地震动态,2006,(1):20-23.
[2]黄河水利史述要编写组.黄河水利史述要[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003.
[3]韩曼华.1843年8月(清道光二十三年七月)黄河中游洪水[M]∥中国历史大洪水(上卷).北京:中国书店,1988.
[4]王涌泉.多泥沙特大洪水与水沙综合调节[C]∥黄河中下游治理规划学术讨论会论文集.1979.
[5]王涌泉.黄河治理问题[J].科学,1987,39(1):12-18.
[6]中央气象局气象科学研究院.中国近五百年旱涝分布图集[M].北京:地图出版社,1981.
[7]胡明思,骆承政.中国历史大洪水(下卷)[M].北京:中国书店,1992.
[8]Charles P,Nick B M,Robert W J Jr.Flood discharges in the upper Mississippi River Basin[G]∥U S Geologi-cal Survey Circular1120-A.1993.
[9]王涌泉.太阳活动和密西西比河最大洪水[M].台北:中兴工程顾问社,2001:71.
[10]美国河川研究会.洪水与美国:密西西比河的洪泛灾区管理——1993年密西西比河大洪水的思考[M].张万宗等译.郑州:黄河水利出版社,1999.
[11]王国安.可能最大暴雨和洪水计算原理与方法[M].北京:黄河水利出版社,1999.
[12]国家地震局震害防御司.全球重大灾害性地震目录(2150B.C.-1990A.D.)[M].北京:地震出版社,1996.
[13]中国地震简目汇编组.中国地震简目(B.C.780-A.D.1986,M≥4.7)[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[14]宇佐美龙夫.新编日本被害地震总揽[M].增补修订版.东京:东京大学出版会,1997.
[15]中国水利水电科学研究院.清代黄河流域洪涝档案史料[M].北京:中华书局,1993:509.
[16]Calvin D L.美国两百年大事记[M].谢延光等译.上海:上海译文出版社,1984.
[17]Brown R H.美国历史地理[M].秦士勉译.北京:商务印书馆,1993.
[18]王涌泉,侯琴.全球密集大地震(M≥8)和大洪水(上)[C]∥中国地球物理学会天灾预测专业委员会.2006年天灾预测学术会议文集.2006.
[19]赵荣国,李卫平,张虹.2005年地震灾害综述[J].国际地震动态,2006,(1):20-23.
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