数字观测时代的全球三维结构与地震定位研究
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摘要
概述了地震学观测研究取得的对地球内部结构的一些基本认识 ,并介绍了在数字地震观测时代 ,地震层析成像研究取得的一些进展 ,如敏感性分析、结构和定位联合反演、非线性反演和非规则的参量化方法等。同时就地震学的传统定位问题 ,概述了利用地震走时进行地球深部结构反演所涉及的一些基本问题 ,即数据资料、模型参量化、反演计算和敏感性分析中的具体细节问题。文中就国际地学界近年来利用三维结构开展地震定位研究的动向 ,从地震精定位在地震成核、精细地质结构刻画、核查和震源破裂过程研究等方面的应用研究角度 ,希望在中国能尽快推进相应的地震精定位工作
This paper summarized the basic achievements about the earth structure from seismological study at present. A brief summary of main advances in seismic tomography research with digital data was listed as the follows: sensitivity analysis of inversion, the simultaneous solution for seismic velocities and earthquake hypocenters, nonlinear inversions and irregular parameterization techniques. Some specific ingredients of travel time tomography were discussed in details. Then the recent progress of earthquake location with global three dimensional earth model was reviewed.
This paper summarized the basic achievements about the earth structure from seismological study at present. A brief summary of main advances in seismic tomography research with digital data was listed as the follows: sensitivity analysis of inversion, the simultaneous solution for seismic velocities and earthquake hypocenters, nonlinear inversions and irregular parameterization techniques. Some specific ingredients of travel time tomography were discussed in details. Then the recent progress of earthquake location with global three dimensional earth model was reviewed.
引文
1 Sambridge M S,Kennett B L N.Seismic eventlocation:nonlinearinversion using a neighbourhood algorithm.PureAppl Geophys,2 0 0 1
Piromallo C,Morelli A.Improving seismic eventlocation:an alternative to three-dimensional structural models.Pure Appl Geophys,2 0 0 1 .
Antolik M,Ekstrom G,Dziewonski A M. Global event location with full and sparse datasets using three-dimensional medels of mantle P wave velocity. Pure Appl Geophys,2 0 0 1 .
[1 ] Song X D,Richards P G. Seismological evidence for differential rotation of the Earth's inner core[J].Nature,1 996,382 :2 2 1 - 2 2 4 .
[2 ] Su W J,Dziewonski A M,Jeanliz R.Planet with a planet:rotation of the inner core of the Earth[J].Science,1 996,2 74:1 883- 1 887.
[3] Aurnou J,Brito D,Olson P,Anomalous rotation of the inner core and the toroidal magnetic field[J]JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:972 1 - 9738.
[4] Buffett B A. Geodynamic estimates of the viscosity of the Earth's inner core[J]. Nature,1 997,338:571 - 573.
[5] Ovtchnnikov V M,Adushkin V V,An V A.About the velocity of differential rotation of the Earth'sinner core[J].Dokl Russ Acad Sci Geophys,1 998,362 :683- 686.
[6] Souriau A,Roudil P,Moynot B.Inner core differential rotation:facts and artefacts[J].Geophys ResLett,1 997,2 4 :2 1 0 3- 2 1 0 6.
[7] Poupinet G,Souriau A,Coutant O.The existence of an inner core super- rotation questioned byteleseismic doublets[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,2 0 0 0 ,1 1 8:77- 88.
[8] 陈运泰 ,王椿镛 ,吴忠良 .面向“数字地球”的岩石层三维成像 [J].地震地磁观测研究 ,1 999,2 0 (5) :6- 9.
[9] 徐锡伟 ,冉永康 ,周本刚 ,等 .张北 -尚义地震的地震构造环境与宏观破坏特征 [J].地震地质 ,1 998,2 0(2 ) :1 35- 1 45.
[1 0 ] 杨智娴 ,陈运泰 ,张宏志 .张北 -尚义地震序列的重新定位研究 [J].地震地磁观测研究 ,1 999,2 0 (6) :6- 9.
[1 1 ] Lay T,Wallace T C. Modern global seismicity[M]. San Diego,CA:Academic Press,1 995. 51 2 .
[1 2 ] Jeffreys H,Bullen K E.Seismological tables[M].London:British Assoc,for the Advancement ofScience,1 940 .
[1 3] Engdahl E R,van der Hilst R D,Buland R P.Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improvedtravel times and procedures for depth determination[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1 998,88:72 2 - 743.
[1 4] 中国分区地震波走时表研制小组 .中国分区地震波走时表的研制报告 [A].国家地震局科技监测司 .中国分区地震波走时表的研制 [C].北京 :地震出版社 ,1 989.1 - 2 0 .
[1 5] Dziewonski A M,Anderson D L.Preliminary Reference Earth Model[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 981 ,2 5:2 97- 356.
[1 6] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R.Traveltimes forglobal earthquake location and phase identification[J].Geophys JInt,1 991 ,1 0 5:42 9- 465.
[1 7] Morelli A,Dziewonski A M. Body- wave traveltimes and a spherically symmetric P- and S- wavevelocity model[J].Geophys JInt,1 993,1 1 2 :1 78- 1 94.
[1 8] Buland R,Chapman C.The computation of seismic travel times[J]. Bull Seism Soc Amer,1 983,73:1 2 71 - 1 30 2 .
[1 9] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth fromtraveltimes[J].Geophys JInt,1 995,1 2 2 :1 0 8- 1 2 4 .
[2 0 ] Kennett B L N,Gudmumudsson O. Ellipticity corrections for seismic phases[J]. Geophys J Int,1 996,1 2 7:40 - 48.
[2 1 ] Dziewonski A M,Gilbert F.The effect of small asphericial perturbations on travel times and a re-examination of the correction of ellipticity[J]. JR Astr Soc,1 976,44:7- 1 7.
[2 2 ] Willemann R J.Regional thresholds of the ISC Bulletin[J].Seis Res Lett,1 999,70 (3) :31 3- 32 1 .
[2 3] Su W J,Woodward R L,Dziewonski A M. Degree 1 2 model of shear velocity heterogeneity in themantle[J].JGeophys Res,1 994,99:6945- 6980 .
[2 4 ] Bijwaard H,Spakman W,Engdahl E R. Closing the gap between regional and global travel timetomography[J].JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:30 0 55- 30 0 78.
[2 5] Kárason H,Van der Hilst R D.New constraints on3D variations in mantle P wave speed[J].EOSTrans Am Geophys U,1 999,80 :731 .
[2 6] Su W J,Dziewonski A M.Simultaneousinversion for3- D variations in shear and bulk velocity in themantle[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 997,1 0 0 :1 35- 1 56
[2 7] Kennett B L N,Widiyantoro S,Van der Hilst R D.Joint seismic tomography for bulk sound andshear wave speed in the Earth's mantle[J]. JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:1 2 4 69- 1 2 4 93.
[2 8] Asad A M,Pullammanappallil S K,Anooshehpoor A,et al.Inversion of travel- time data forearthquake locations and three- dimensional velocity structure in the Eureka Valley area,easternCalifornia[J].Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1 999,89:796- 81 0 .
[2 9] Dodge D A,Beroza G C,Ellswoth W L.Detailed observations of California foreshock sequences:implications for the earthquake initiation process[J]. JGeophys Res,1 996,1 0 1 :2 2 371 - 2 2 392 .
[30 ] Dreger D,Uhrhammer R,Pasyanos M.Regional and far- regional earthquake locations and sourceparameters using sparse broadband networks:a test on the Ridgecrest sequence[J],Bull Seismol SocAmer,1 998,88:1 353- 1 362 .
[31 ] Gutenberg B. Der Aufbau der Erdkruste auf Grund geophysikalischer Betrachtungen[J]. ZGeophys,1 92 4 ,1 :94- 1 0 8.
[32 ] Aki K,Lee W H K. Determination of the three- dimensional velocity anomalies under a seismic arrayusing first P arrivaltimesfrom local earthquakes,1 :A homogeneousinitial model[J].JGeophys Res,1 976,81 :4381 - 4399.
[33] Aki K,Christoffersson A,Husebye E S.Determination of the three- dimensional seismic structure ofthe lithosphere[J].Geophys JR Astron Soc,1 977,82 :2 77- 2 96.
[34] Dziewonski A M,Hager B H,O'Connell R J. Large- scale heterogeneity in the lower mantle[J]. JGeophys Res,1 977,82 :2 39- 2 55.
[35] Clayton R W,Corner R P. A tomographic analysis of mantle heterogeneities from body wave traveltime data[J].EOSTrans AGU,1 983,64:776.
[36] Nolet G.Solving or resolving inadequate and noisy tomographic systems[J].JComput Phys,1 985,61 :463- 482 .
[37] Ritzwoller M H,Lavely E M.Three- dimensional seismic models of the Earth's mantle[J].RevGeophys,1 995,33:1 - 66.
[38] Bijwaard H.Seismic travel- time tomography for detailed global mantle structure[D]. Utrecht,Netherland:Utrecht University,Ph D thesis,1 999.
[39] Van der Hilst R D,Spakman W.Importance of the reference model in linearized tomographicinversions:images of subduction below the Caribbean plate[J]. Geophys Res Lett,1 989,1 6:1 0 93-1 0 97.
[40 ] Spakman W. Iterative strategies for non- linear travel time tomography using global earthquake data[A].Iyer H M and Hirahara K.Seismic Tomography theory and practice[C].London:Chapmanand Hall,1 993. 1 90 - 2 2 6.
[41 ] 张禹慎 ,马石庄 .关于全球地震层析成像反演方法的探讨 [J].地球物理学报 ,1 996,39(6) :753- 763.
[42 ] Hager B H,Clayton R W. Constraints on the structure of mantle convection using seismicobservations flow models,and the geoid[A].Peltier W R.Mantle Convection[C],New York:Gordon and Breach,1 989. 657- 763.
[43] Snieder R K. Global inversionsusing normal modesand long- period surface waves[A]. Iyer H M andHirahara K.Seismic Tomography theory and practice[C].London:Chapman and Hall,1 993. 2 3- 63.
[44] Trampert J,Snieder R K. Model estimations biased by truncated expansions:possible artifacts inseismic tomography[J].Science,1 996,2 71 :1 2 57- 1 2 60 .
[45] Spakman W,Nolet G.Imaging algorithms.accuracy and resolution in delay time tomography[A].Vlaar N J,Nolet G,Wortel M JR,etal.Mathematical Geophysics[C].Dordrecht:Reidel,1 988.155- 1 87.
[46] Vasco D W,Johnson L R,Plulliam R J,etal. Robust inversion of iasp91 travel time residuals formantle P and Svelocity structure earthquake mislocations and station corrections[J].JGeophys Res,1 994,99:1 372 7- 1 3755.
[47] Thurber C H.Earthquake locations and three- dimensional structure in the Coyote Lake area centralCalifornia[J].JGeophys Res,1 983,88:82 2 6- 82 36.
[48] Vasco D W,Johnson L R,Marques O. Global Earth structure:inference and assessment[J].Geophys JInt,1 999,1 36:381 - 40 7.
[49] 朱元清 ,赵仲和 .提高地震定位精度新方法的研究 [J].地震地磁观测与研究 ,1 997,1 8(5) :59- 67.
[50 ] Nataf H C,Ricard Y. 3SMAC:an a priori tomographic model of the upper mantle based ongeophysical modeling[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 996,95:1 0 1 - 1 2 2 .
[51 ] Mooney W D,Laske G,Masters T G.Crust5.1 :a global crustal model at5x5degrees[J].JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:72 7- 747.
[52 ] Smith G P,Ekstrom G. Improving teleseismic event location using a three- imensional Earth model[J].Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1 996,86:788- 796.
[53] Frohlich C,Pulliam J. Single- station location of seismic events:a review and a plea for more research[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 999,1 1 3:2 77- 2 91 .
[54] Piromallo C,Morelli A. P- wave propagation heterogeneity and earthquake location in theMidterranean region[J].Geophys JInt,1 998,1 35:2 32 - 2 54.
Piromallo C,Morelli A.Improving seismic eventlocation:an alternative to three-dimensional structural models.Pure Appl Geophys,2 0 0 1 .
Antolik M,Ekstrom G,Dziewonski A M. Global event location with full and sparse datasets using three-dimensional medels of mantle P wave velocity. Pure Appl Geophys,2 0 0 1 .
[1 ] Song X D,Richards P G. Seismological evidence for differential rotation of the Earth's inner core[J].Nature,1 996,382 :2 2 1 - 2 2 4 .
[2 ] Su W J,Dziewonski A M,Jeanliz R.Planet with a planet:rotation of the inner core of the Earth[J].Science,1 996,2 74:1 883- 1 887.
[3] Aurnou J,Brito D,Olson P,Anomalous rotation of the inner core and the toroidal magnetic field[J]JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:972 1 - 9738.
[4] Buffett B A. Geodynamic estimates of the viscosity of the Earth's inner core[J]. Nature,1 997,338:571 - 573.
[5] Ovtchnnikov V M,Adushkin V V,An V A.About the velocity of differential rotation of the Earth'sinner core[J].Dokl Russ Acad Sci Geophys,1 998,362 :683- 686.
[6] Souriau A,Roudil P,Moynot B.Inner core differential rotation:facts and artefacts[J].Geophys ResLett,1 997,2 4 :2 1 0 3- 2 1 0 6.
[7] Poupinet G,Souriau A,Coutant O.The existence of an inner core super- rotation questioned byteleseismic doublets[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,2 0 0 0 ,1 1 8:77- 88.
[8] 陈运泰 ,王椿镛 ,吴忠良 .面向“数字地球”的岩石层三维成像 [J].地震地磁观测研究 ,1 999,2 0 (5) :6- 9.
[9] 徐锡伟 ,冉永康 ,周本刚 ,等 .张北 -尚义地震的地震构造环境与宏观破坏特征 [J].地震地质 ,1 998,2 0(2 ) :1 35- 1 45.
[1 0 ] 杨智娴 ,陈运泰 ,张宏志 .张北 -尚义地震序列的重新定位研究 [J].地震地磁观测研究 ,1 999,2 0 (6) :6- 9.
[1 1 ] Lay T,Wallace T C. Modern global seismicity[M]. San Diego,CA:Academic Press,1 995. 51 2 .
[1 2 ] Jeffreys H,Bullen K E.Seismological tables[M].London:British Assoc,for the Advancement ofScience,1 940 .
[1 3] Engdahl E R,van der Hilst R D,Buland R P.Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improvedtravel times and procedures for depth determination[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1 998,88:72 2 - 743.
[1 4] 中国分区地震波走时表研制小组 .中国分区地震波走时表的研制报告 [A].国家地震局科技监测司 .中国分区地震波走时表的研制 [C].北京 :地震出版社 ,1 989.1 - 2 0 .
[1 5] Dziewonski A M,Anderson D L.Preliminary Reference Earth Model[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 981 ,2 5:2 97- 356.
[1 6] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R.Traveltimes forglobal earthquake location and phase identification[J].Geophys JInt,1 991 ,1 0 5:42 9- 465.
[1 7] Morelli A,Dziewonski A M. Body- wave traveltimes and a spherically symmetric P- and S- wavevelocity model[J].Geophys JInt,1 993,1 1 2 :1 78- 1 94.
[1 8] Buland R,Chapman C.The computation of seismic travel times[J]. Bull Seism Soc Amer,1 983,73:1 2 71 - 1 30 2 .
[1 9] Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R,Buland R.Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth fromtraveltimes[J].Geophys JInt,1 995,1 2 2 :1 0 8- 1 2 4 .
[2 0 ] Kennett B L N,Gudmumudsson O. Ellipticity corrections for seismic phases[J]. Geophys J Int,1 996,1 2 7:40 - 48.
[2 1 ] Dziewonski A M,Gilbert F.The effect of small asphericial perturbations on travel times and a re-examination of the correction of ellipticity[J]. JR Astr Soc,1 976,44:7- 1 7.
[2 2 ] Willemann R J.Regional thresholds of the ISC Bulletin[J].Seis Res Lett,1 999,70 (3) :31 3- 32 1 .
[2 3] Su W J,Woodward R L,Dziewonski A M. Degree 1 2 model of shear velocity heterogeneity in themantle[J].JGeophys Res,1 994,99:6945- 6980 .
[2 4 ] Bijwaard H,Spakman W,Engdahl E R. Closing the gap between regional and global travel timetomography[J].JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:30 0 55- 30 0 78.
[2 5] Kárason H,Van der Hilst R D.New constraints on3D variations in mantle P wave speed[J].EOSTrans Am Geophys U,1 999,80 :731 .
[2 6] Su W J,Dziewonski A M.Simultaneousinversion for3- D variations in shear and bulk velocity in themantle[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 997,1 0 0 :1 35- 1 56
[2 7] Kennett B L N,Widiyantoro S,Van der Hilst R D.Joint seismic tomography for bulk sound andshear wave speed in the Earth's mantle[J]. JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:1 2 4 69- 1 2 4 93.
[2 8] Asad A M,Pullammanappallil S K,Anooshehpoor A,et al.Inversion of travel- time data forearthquake locations and three- dimensional velocity structure in the Eureka Valley area,easternCalifornia[J].Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1 999,89:796- 81 0 .
[2 9] Dodge D A,Beroza G C,Ellswoth W L.Detailed observations of California foreshock sequences:implications for the earthquake initiation process[J]. JGeophys Res,1 996,1 0 1 :2 2 371 - 2 2 392 .
[30 ] Dreger D,Uhrhammer R,Pasyanos M.Regional and far- regional earthquake locations and sourceparameters using sparse broadband networks:a test on the Ridgecrest sequence[J],Bull Seismol SocAmer,1 998,88:1 353- 1 362 .
[31 ] Gutenberg B. Der Aufbau der Erdkruste auf Grund geophysikalischer Betrachtungen[J]. ZGeophys,1 92 4 ,1 :94- 1 0 8.
[32 ] Aki K,Lee W H K. Determination of the three- dimensional velocity anomalies under a seismic arrayusing first P arrivaltimesfrom local earthquakes,1 :A homogeneousinitial model[J].JGeophys Res,1 976,81 :4381 - 4399.
[33] Aki K,Christoffersson A,Husebye E S.Determination of the three- dimensional seismic structure ofthe lithosphere[J].Geophys JR Astron Soc,1 977,82 :2 77- 2 96.
[34] Dziewonski A M,Hager B H,O'Connell R J. Large- scale heterogeneity in the lower mantle[J]. JGeophys Res,1 977,82 :2 39- 2 55.
[35] Clayton R W,Corner R P. A tomographic analysis of mantle heterogeneities from body wave traveltime data[J].EOSTrans AGU,1 983,64:776.
[36] Nolet G.Solving or resolving inadequate and noisy tomographic systems[J].JComput Phys,1 985,61 :463- 482 .
[37] Ritzwoller M H,Lavely E M.Three- dimensional seismic models of the Earth's mantle[J].RevGeophys,1 995,33:1 - 66.
[38] Bijwaard H.Seismic travel- time tomography for detailed global mantle structure[D]. Utrecht,Netherland:Utrecht University,Ph D thesis,1 999.
[39] Van der Hilst R D,Spakman W.Importance of the reference model in linearized tomographicinversions:images of subduction below the Caribbean plate[J]. Geophys Res Lett,1 989,1 6:1 0 93-1 0 97.
[40 ] Spakman W. Iterative strategies for non- linear travel time tomography using global earthquake data[A].Iyer H M and Hirahara K.Seismic Tomography theory and practice[C].London:Chapmanand Hall,1 993. 1 90 - 2 2 6.
[41 ] 张禹慎 ,马石庄 .关于全球地震层析成像反演方法的探讨 [J].地球物理学报 ,1 996,39(6) :753- 763.
[42 ] Hager B H,Clayton R W. Constraints on the structure of mantle convection using seismicobservations flow models,and the geoid[A].Peltier W R.Mantle Convection[C],New York:Gordon and Breach,1 989. 657- 763.
[43] Snieder R K. Global inversionsusing normal modesand long- period surface waves[A]. Iyer H M andHirahara K.Seismic Tomography theory and practice[C].London:Chapman and Hall,1 993. 2 3- 63.
[44] Trampert J,Snieder R K. Model estimations biased by truncated expansions:possible artifacts inseismic tomography[J].Science,1 996,2 71 :1 2 57- 1 2 60 .
[45] Spakman W,Nolet G.Imaging algorithms.accuracy and resolution in delay time tomography[A].Vlaar N J,Nolet G,Wortel M JR,etal.Mathematical Geophysics[C].Dordrecht:Reidel,1 988.155- 1 87.
[46] Vasco D W,Johnson L R,Plulliam R J,etal. Robust inversion of iasp91 travel time residuals formantle P and Svelocity structure earthquake mislocations and station corrections[J].JGeophys Res,1 994,99:1 372 7- 1 3755.
[47] Thurber C H.Earthquake locations and three- dimensional structure in the Coyote Lake area centralCalifornia[J].JGeophys Res,1 983,88:82 2 6- 82 36.
[48] Vasco D W,Johnson L R,Marques O. Global Earth structure:inference and assessment[J].Geophys JInt,1 999,1 36:381 - 40 7.
[49] 朱元清 ,赵仲和 .提高地震定位精度新方法的研究 [J].地震地磁观测与研究 ,1 997,1 8(5) :59- 67.
[50 ] Nataf H C,Ricard Y. 3SMAC:an a priori tomographic model of the upper mantle based ongeophysical modeling[J]. Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 996,95:1 0 1 - 1 2 2 .
[51 ] Mooney W D,Laske G,Masters T G.Crust5.1 :a global crustal model at5x5degrees[J].JGeophys Res,1 998,1 0 3:72 7- 747.
[52 ] Smith G P,Ekstrom G. Improving teleseismic event location using a three- imensional Earth model[J].Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1 996,86:788- 796.
[53] Frohlich C,Pulliam J. Single- station location of seismic events:a review and a plea for more research[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1 999,1 1 3:2 77- 2 91 .
[54] Piromallo C,Morelli A. P- wave propagation heterogeneity and earthquake location in theMidterranean region[J].Geophys JInt,1 998,1 35:2 32 - 2 54.
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