台阵地震学方法及对间断面结构的研究进展
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摘要
地震台阵是为了监测核爆而发展起来的一种地震观测系统。近年来,地震台阵被推广到地球内部速度间断面的研究中并极大地推动了地震学的发展。本文主要介绍处理台阵资料的技术方法,如聚束、倾斜叠加、N次根叠加、频率波数法以及相位加权叠加等,并讨论各种方法的优缺点。在提取微弱但相关信号方面,重点讨论相位加权叠加方法及现有的研究成果。结果表明,这些方法都在不同程度上提高了记录的信噪比,高质量的台阵数据使得地球内部速度结构的成像研究更加精细。
Seismic array is a seismic observation system originally built for detecting underground nuclear explosions. Nowadays, seismic array has been developed into the study of the Earth's interior structure, and then greatly promotes the development of seismology. This article gives an introduction to the various seismic array techniques such as beam-forming method, slant stacking techniques, Nth root slant stack process, frequency-wave number analysis and phase-weighted stack, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. As to the detecting of weak but coherent arrivals, phase-weighted stack and its applications will be discussed. It turned out to be a great improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) in different degree. These array data of high quality make it possible to research the fine-scale structure tomography of Earth's interior.
Seismic array is a seismic observation system originally built for detecting underground nuclear explosions. Nowadays, seismic array has been developed into the study of the Earth's interior structure, and then greatly promotes the development of seismology. This article gives an introduction to the various seismic array techniques such as beam-forming method, slant stacking techniques, Nth root slant stack process, frequency-wave number analysis and phase-weighted stack, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. As to the detecting of weak but coherent arrivals, phase-weighted stack and its applications will be discussed. It turned out to be a great improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) in different degree. These array data of high quality make it possible to research the fine-scale structure tomography of Earth's interior.
引文
[1]郝春月,贺冬梅,张爽,等.台阵地震学方法及在中国IMS台阵的应用研究[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(3):668-673.Hao CY,He DM,Zhang S.Methods of array seismology and its application in China IMS array[J].Progress in Geophysics,2008,23(3):668-673.
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[3]Vidale JE,Benz HM.A sharp and flat section of the core-mantle boundary[J].Nature,1992,359:627-629.
[4]Vidale JE,Earle PS.Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earth’s inner core[J].Nature,2000,404:273-275.
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[6]臧绍先,周元泽.N次根倾斜叠加方法在间断面研究中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(3):407-415.Zang SX,Zhou YZ.N-th root slant stack and its application in study of mantlediscontinuities[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(3):407-415.
[7]Vinnik LP.Detection of waves converted from P to SV in the mantle[J].Physics of the Earthand Planetary Interiors,1977,15(1):39-45.
[8]Vinnik LP,Avetisjan RA,Mikhailova NG.Heterogeneities in the mantle transition zone fromobservation of P-to-SV converted waves[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1983,33(3):149-163.
[9]Paulssen H.Evidence for a sharp 670-km discontinuity as inferred from P-to-S convertedwaves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1988,93(B9):10489-10500.
[10]周元泽,蒋志勇,臧绍先.伊豆-小笠原下方660 km间断面的区域性差异[J].地震学报,2002,24(3):317-321.Zhou YZ,Jiang ZY,Zang SX.The regionalized difference of 660 km discontinuity beneathIzu-Bonin[J].Acta Seismological Sinica,2002,24(3):317-321.
[11]Gutowski PR,Kanasewich ER.Velocity spectral evidence of upper mantle discontinuities[J].Geophysical Journal International,1974,36(1):21-32.
[12]Hoenen S,Schimmel M,Marques MD.Rescuing rhythms from noise:A new method of analysis[J].Biological Rhythm Research,2001,32(2):271-284.
[13]King DW,Haddon RAW,Husebye ES.Precursors to PP[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1975,10(2):103-127.
[14]Rost S,Weber M.A reflector at 200 km depth beneath the northwest Pacific[J].GeophysicalJournal International,2001,147(1):12-28.
[15]Rost S,Thomas C.Improving seismic resolution through array processing techniques[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2009,30(4/5):271-299.
[16]Harjes HP,Henger M.Array-Seismologie[J].Zeitschrift für Geophysik,1973,39:865-905.
[17]Schweitzer J,Fyen J,Mykkeltveit S,et al.Seismic arrays[K].IASPEI New Manual ofSeismological Observatory Practice,2002:31-32.
[18]Rost S,Thomas C.Array seismology:Methods and applications[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2002,40(3):2-1-2-27.
[19]安勇.基于结构分析的地震资料去噪方法研究[D].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,2005.An Y.The research of structure-analysis-based seismic processing for noise attenuation[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.
[20]Weber M.P-and S-wave reflections from anomalies in the lowermost mantle[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1993,115(1):183-210.
[21]Krüger F,Weber M.The effect of low-velocity sediments on the mislocation vectors of theGRF array[J].Geophysical Journal International,1992,108(1):387-393.
[22]Davies D,Kelly EJ,Filson JR.Vespa process for analysis of seismic signals[J].Nature,1971,232:8-13.
[23]Muirhead KJ.Eliminating false alarms when detecting seismic events automatically[J].Nature,1968,217:533-534.
[24]Weichert DH.Reduced false alarm rates in seismic array detection by non-linearbeamforming[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1975,2(4):121-123.
[25]Niu F,Kawakatsu H.Direct evidence for the undulation of the 660-km discontinuity beneathTonga:Comparison of Japan and California array data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22(5):531-534.
[26]Kawakatsu H,Niu F.Seismic evidence for a 920-km discontinuity in the mantle[J].Nature,1994,371(6495):301-305.
[27]Castle JC,Creager KC.Seismic evidence against a mantle chemical discontinuity near 660kmdepth beneath Izu-Bonin[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1997,24(3):241-244.
[28]周元泽,臧绍先.牡丹江和海拉尔台下方地幔间断面结构及推论[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(6):761-773.Zhou YZ,Zang SX.Mantle discontinuities beneath the stations MDJ and HLR and itsimplications[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2001,44(6):761-773.
[29]Muirhead KJ,Datt R.The N-th root process applied to seismic array data[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1976,47(1):197-210.
[30]Mc Fadden PL,Drummond BJ,Kravis S.The Nth-root stack:Theory,applications,and examples[J].Geophysics,1986,51(10):1879-1892.
[31]Aki K,Richards PG.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods,Volume I:WH Freeman&Co[M].New York,1980.
[32]Kelly EJ.Response of seismic arrays to wide-band signals[R].Massachusetts Inst of TechLexington Lincoln Lab,1967.
[33]Capon J.High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,1969,57(8):1408-1418.
[34]唐兰兰,段天山,冉慧敏.F-K分析在和田台阵监测能力评估中的应用[J].内陆地震,2008,22(3):219-225.Tang LL,Duan TS,Ran HM.The application of the F-K analysis in the monitor ability evaluationof Hetian seismic array[J].Inland Earthquake,2008,22(3):219-225.
[35]佟玉霞,朱元清.F-K分析在上海地震台阵建设中的应用[J].西北地震学报,2002,24(1):13-20.Tong YX,Zhu YQ.The application of F-K analysis in construction of Shanghai seismic array[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2002,24(1):13-20.
[36]于海英,朱元清.频率-波数分析基础理论及上海地震台阵响应分析[J].地震研究,2006,29(3):312-316.Yu HY,Zhu YQ.Basic theory of frequency-wavenumber analysis and Shanghai seismic arrayresponse function analysis[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2006,29(3):312-316.
[37]Schimmel M,Paulssen H.Noise reduction and detection of weak,coherent signals throughphase-weighted stacks[J].Geophysical Journal International,1997,130(2):497-505.
[38]Jiang GM,Zhao DP.Observation of high-frequency PKi KP in Japan:Insight into fine structureof inner core boundary[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2012,59:167-184.
[39]Bonatto L,Schimmel M,Gallart J,et al.Studying the 410-km and 660-km discontinuitiesbeneath Spain and Morocco through detection of P-to-s conversions[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,2013,194(2):920-935.
[40]Tanaka S.Seismic detectability of anomalous structure at the top of the Earth’s outer corewith broadband array analysis of Sm KS phases[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2004,141(3):141-152.
[41]Frassetto A,Zandt G,Gilbert H,et al.Improved imaging with phase-weighted commonconversion point stacks of receiver functions[J].Geophysical Journal International,2010,182(1):368-374.
[2]Green P,Frosch R,Romney C.Principles of an experimental large aperture seismic array(LASA)[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,1965,53(12):1821-1833.
[3]Vidale JE,Benz HM.A sharp and flat section of the core-mantle boundary[J].Nature,1992,359:627-629.
[4]Vidale JE,Earle PS.Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earth’s inner core[J].Nature,2000,404:273-275.
[5]Rost S,Garnero EJ,Williams Q,et al.Seismological constraints on a possible plume rootat the core-mantle boundary[J].Nature,2005,435:666-669.
[6]臧绍先,周元泽.N次根倾斜叠加方法在间断面研究中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(3):407-415.Zang SX,Zhou YZ.N-th root slant stack and its application in study of mantlediscontinuities[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(3):407-415.
[7]Vinnik LP.Detection of waves converted from P to SV in the mantle[J].Physics of the Earthand Planetary Interiors,1977,15(1):39-45.
[8]Vinnik LP,Avetisjan RA,Mikhailova NG.Heterogeneities in the mantle transition zone fromobservation of P-to-SV converted waves[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1983,33(3):149-163.
[9]Paulssen H.Evidence for a sharp 670-km discontinuity as inferred from P-to-S convertedwaves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1988,93(B9):10489-10500.
[10]周元泽,蒋志勇,臧绍先.伊豆-小笠原下方660 km间断面的区域性差异[J].地震学报,2002,24(3):317-321.Zhou YZ,Jiang ZY,Zang SX.The regionalized difference of 660 km discontinuity beneathIzu-Bonin[J].Acta Seismological Sinica,2002,24(3):317-321.
[11]Gutowski PR,Kanasewich ER.Velocity spectral evidence of upper mantle discontinuities[J].Geophysical Journal International,1974,36(1):21-32.
[12]Hoenen S,Schimmel M,Marques MD.Rescuing rhythms from noise:A new method of analysis[J].Biological Rhythm Research,2001,32(2):271-284.
[13]King DW,Haddon RAW,Husebye ES.Precursors to PP[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1975,10(2):103-127.
[14]Rost S,Weber M.A reflector at 200 km depth beneath the northwest Pacific[J].GeophysicalJournal International,2001,147(1):12-28.
[15]Rost S,Thomas C.Improving seismic resolution through array processing techniques[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2009,30(4/5):271-299.
[16]Harjes HP,Henger M.Array-Seismologie[J].Zeitschrift für Geophysik,1973,39:865-905.
[17]Schweitzer J,Fyen J,Mykkeltveit S,et al.Seismic arrays[K].IASPEI New Manual ofSeismological Observatory Practice,2002:31-32.
[18]Rost S,Thomas C.Array seismology:Methods and applications[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2002,40(3):2-1-2-27.
[19]安勇.基于结构分析的地震资料去噪方法研究[D].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,2005.An Y.The research of structure-analysis-based seismic processing for noise attenuation[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.
[20]Weber M.P-and S-wave reflections from anomalies in the lowermost mantle[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1993,115(1):183-210.
[21]Krüger F,Weber M.The effect of low-velocity sediments on the mislocation vectors of theGRF array[J].Geophysical Journal International,1992,108(1):387-393.
[22]Davies D,Kelly EJ,Filson JR.Vespa process for analysis of seismic signals[J].Nature,1971,232:8-13.
[23]Muirhead KJ.Eliminating false alarms when detecting seismic events automatically[J].Nature,1968,217:533-534.
[24]Weichert DH.Reduced false alarm rates in seismic array detection by non-linearbeamforming[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1975,2(4):121-123.
[25]Niu F,Kawakatsu H.Direct evidence for the undulation of the 660-km discontinuity beneathTonga:Comparison of Japan and California array data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22(5):531-534.
[26]Kawakatsu H,Niu F.Seismic evidence for a 920-km discontinuity in the mantle[J].Nature,1994,371(6495):301-305.
[27]Castle JC,Creager KC.Seismic evidence against a mantle chemical discontinuity near 660kmdepth beneath Izu-Bonin[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1997,24(3):241-244.
[28]周元泽,臧绍先.牡丹江和海拉尔台下方地幔间断面结构及推论[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(6):761-773.Zhou YZ,Zang SX.Mantle discontinuities beneath the stations MDJ and HLR and itsimplications[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2001,44(6):761-773.
[29]Muirhead KJ,Datt R.The N-th root process applied to seismic array data[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1976,47(1):197-210.
[30]Mc Fadden PL,Drummond BJ,Kravis S.The Nth-root stack:Theory,applications,and examples[J].Geophysics,1986,51(10):1879-1892.
[31]Aki K,Richards PG.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods,Volume I:WH Freeman&Co[M].New York,1980.
[32]Kelly EJ.Response of seismic arrays to wide-band signals[R].Massachusetts Inst of TechLexington Lincoln Lab,1967.
[33]Capon J.High-resolution frequency-wavenumber spectrum analysis[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,1969,57(8):1408-1418.
[34]唐兰兰,段天山,冉慧敏.F-K分析在和田台阵监测能力评估中的应用[J].内陆地震,2008,22(3):219-225.Tang LL,Duan TS,Ran HM.The application of the F-K analysis in the monitor ability evaluationof Hetian seismic array[J].Inland Earthquake,2008,22(3):219-225.
[35]佟玉霞,朱元清.F-K分析在上海地震台阵建设中的应用[J].西北地震学报,2002,24(1):13-20.Tong YX,Zhu YQ.The application of F-K analysis in construction of Shanghai seismic array[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2002,24(1):13-20.
[36]于海英,朱元清.频率-波数分析基础理论及上海地震台阵响应分析[J].地震研究,2006,29(3):312-316.Yu HY,Zhu YQ.Basic theory of frequency-wavenumber analysis and Shanghai seismic arrayresponse function analysis[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2006,29(3):312-316.
[37]Schimmel M,Paulssen H.Noise reduction and detection of weak,coherent signals throughphase-weighted stacks[J].Geophysical Journal International,1997,130(2):497-505.
[38]Jiang GM,Zhao DP.Observation of high-frequency PKi KP in Japan:Insight into fine structureof inner core boundary[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2012,59:167-184.
[39]Bonatto L,Schimmel M,Gallart J,et al.Studying the 410-km and 660-km discontinuitiesbeneath Spain and Morocco through detection of P-to-s conversions[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,2013,194(2):920-935.
[40]Tanaka S.Seismic detectability of anomalous structure at the top of the Earth’s outer corewith broadband array analysis of Sm KS phases[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2004,141(3):141-152.
[41]Frassetto A,Zandt G,Gilbert H,et al.Improved imaging with phase-weighted commonconversion point stacks of receiver functions[J].Geophysical Journal International,2010,182(1):368-374.
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