印尼附近海域地震海啸发生的构造背景综述
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摘要
2004年12月26日在印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛以西海域发生的里氏9级地震,引发了历史上第五大地震海啸,引起了地学界的高度关注。印度尼西亚西部位于环太平洋地震带和地中海-喜马拉雅地震带结合部位,处于洋壳和陆壳的汇聚边界以及弧状压缩构造格局中。苏门答腊陆缘NW—SE向延伸约1600km,苏门答腊俯冲带源于印度-澳大利亚和欧亚板块3°N的汇聚。苏门答腊弧前区沿着平行于俯冲海沟的两大走滑断裂——苏门答腊大断裂和明打威断裂向北运动。本文对印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛附近海域的地质背景、大地构造特征和地震活动评估等进行了综述,对该海域产生大地震的深部动力学机制进行了分析,并从地质、地球物理资料的获取与分析角度出发,对区域灾害模型进行了探讨。
On December 26,2004,a horrendous earthquake of over 9 on the Richter scale occurred in South Asia,triggering a tsunami wave that rose to over 45 feet high in some beach areas.The most affected countries are Sri Lanka,India,Indonesia and Thailand.The tsunami also swept across many low-lying coasts from Malaysia and Myanmar and islands like the ones that make up the Maldives.The toll of the victims has gone over 225 000,with 132 000 still missing,as of the end of January,2005.The final death toll could approach one million.The 9-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of the Sumatra island of Indonesia which triggered a remarkably destroying tsunami.Global cataclysms have occurred in the earth's past,which have shaken the nations to their core.Hard knocks Teach hard lessons.The earthquake tsunami gets attention of more and more geologists and other scientists.The Sumatra island is located in the circum-Pacific earthquake belt which includes Taiwan province and southeast sea region in east China.The earthquake belt is under the compression due to convergence between oceanic crust and continent.The geological and geophysical setting of the eastern part of China is so similar to those of the Sumatra.Furthermore,the north-south earthquake belt in China is in the north of the Sumatra subduction zone.Therefore,China should pay more attention on this issue.This paper mainly introduces geologic setting,structural evolution and features,earthquake tsunami setting and deep-seated tectonic dynamics in the vicinity of the Sumatra island of Indonesia.Understanding to geological setting and geophysical data is a basis to build the forecast system of tsunami and to discuss the regional disaster model.Especially the seismic profiles can reveal sedimentary architecture,paleomorphology,spatial and temporal migration of tsunami earthquake in order to help us understand a regular of tsunami earthquake.At last we discuss the theoretical base about building the forecast system of tsunami.This is also helpful to understand earthquake mechanism along the north-south earthquake zone in China.
On December 26,2004,a horrendous earthquake of over 9 on the Richter scale occurred in South Asia,triggering a tsunami wave that rose to over 45 feet high in some beach areas.The most affected countries are Sri Lanka,India,Indonesia and Thailand.The tsunami also swept across many low-lying coasts from Malaysia and Myanmar and islands like the ones that make up the Maldives.The toll of the victims has gone over 225 000,with 132 000 still missing,as of the end of January,2005.The final death toll could approach one million.The 9-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of the Sumatra island of Indonesia which triggered a remarkably destroying tsunami.Global cataclysms have occurred in the earth's past,which have shaken the nations to their core.Hard knocks Teach hard lessons.The earthquake tsunami gets attention of more and more geologists and other scientists.The Sumatra island is located in the circum-Pacific earthquake belt which includes Taiwan province and southeast sea region in east China.The earthquake belt is under the compression due to convergence between oceanic crust and continent.The geological and geophysical setting of the eastern part of China is so similar to those of the Sumatra.Furthermore,the north-south earthquake belt in China is in the north of the Sumatra subduction zone.Therefore,China should pay more attention on this issue.This paper mainly introduces geologic setting,structural evolution and features,earthquake tsunami setting and deep-seated tectonic dynamics in the vicinity of the Sumatra island of Indonesia.Understanding to geological setting and geophysical data is a basis to build the forecast system of tsunami and to discuss the regional disaster model.Especially the seismic profiles can reveal sedimentary architecture,paleomorphology,spatial and temporal migration of tsunami earthquake in order to help us understand a regular of tsunami earthquake.At last we discuss the theoretical base about building the forecast system of tsunami.This is also helpful to understand earthquake mechanism along the north-south earthquake zone in China.
引文
[1]韩榕华.印尼海啸死亡人数增加,海啸遇难总人数超22.5万.[EB/OL].(2005-01-19)[2008-05-15]http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2005-01-20/10354895588s.shtml.
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[7]中国地震局监测预报司.2004年印度尼西亚苏门答腊8.7级大地震及其对中国大陆地区的影响[M].北京:地震出版社,2005.
[8]HICKMANA R G,DOBSONB P F,VAN GERVENC M,et al.Tec-tonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Sarulla graben geothermal area,North Sumatra,Indonesia[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2004,23:435—448.
[4]PAGE B G N,BENNETT,J D,Cameron N R,et al.A review of the main structual and magmatic features ofnorthern Sumatra[J].the Ge-ological Society.1979,136:569—579.
[9]IZARTA,KEMALBM,MALOD J A,et al.Seismic stratigraphyand subsidence evolution ofthe northwest Sumatra fore-arc basin[J].Ma-rine Geology,1994,122,109—124.
[10]CURRAY J R.The Sunda Arc:A model for oblique plate conver-gence[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1989,24(2-3):131—140.
[11]CURRAY J R.Tectonics and history of the Andaman Sea region[J].Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2005,25(1):187—232.
[12]SUKMONO S,ZEN MT,KADIR W G A,et al.Fractal geometry of the Sumatra active fault systemand its geodynamical implications[J].Journal ofGeodynamics,1996,22(1/2):1—9.
[13]SEIH K,NATAWIDJAJA D.Neotectonics of the Sumatran Fault[J].Indonesia.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:28295—28326.
[14]MICHEL G W,YU Y Q,ZHU S Y,et al.Crustal motion and block behaviour in SE-Asia fromGPS measurements[J].Earth and Plane-taryScience Letters,2001,187:239—244.
[15]REPLUMAZ A,KARASON H,HILST R D,et al.4-D evolution of SE Asia’s mantle from geological reconstructions and seismic to-mography[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,221:103—115.
[16]PUSPITO N T,SHIMAZAKI K.Mantle structure and seismotecton-ics of the Sunda and Banda arcs[J].Tectonophysics,1995,251:215—228.
[17]BELLIER O,S!BRIER M,PRAMUMIJIOYOS,et al.Paleoseismic-ityand seismic hazard along the Great Sumatan Fault(Indonesia)[J].Journal ofGeodynamics,1997,24(1-4):169—183.
[18]MEGAWATI K,PAN T C,KOKETSU K.Response spectral attenu-ation relationships for Sumatran-subduction earthquakes and the seismic hazard implications to Singapore and Kuala Lumpur[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2005,25(1):11—25.
[19]ANSAL A M,LAV A M,IYISAN R,et al.Effects of geotechnical factors in March13,1992Erzincan Earthquake[C]//13th interna-tional conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Rotterdam:Balkema,1994:49—54.
[20]PETERSEN M D,DEWEY J,HARTZELL S,et al.Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Sumatra,Indonesia and across the Southern Malaysian Peninsula[J].Tectonophysics,2004,390:141—158.
[21]KOPP H.BSR occurrence along the Sunda margin:evidence from seismic data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,197:225—235..
[2]李斌,杨维汉.有史以来世界上发生近5000次破坏性海啸[EB/OL].(2004-12-28)[2008-05-15].http://news.xin huanet.com/st/2004-12/28/content_2386989.htm.
[3]张建松,汪品先,陆静玉.海啸的警示:必须加快研究深海大洋[EB/OL].(2005-01-07)[2008-05-21].http://news.xinhuanet.com/focus/2005-01/07/content_2423864.htm.
[5]HONZA E,FUJIOKA K.Formation of arcs and backarc basins in-ferred from the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia since the Late Cretaceous[J].Tectonophysics,2004,384:23—53.
[6]中国地震台网中心.地震信息[DB/OL].[2008-05-15].http://219.143.71.221/mana ge/html/402881891275f6df011275f971990001/_SUBAO/index.html.
[7]中国地震局监测预报司.2004年印度尼西亚苏门答腊8.7级大地震及其对中国大陆地区的影响[M].北京:地震出版社,2005.
[8]HICKMANA R G,DOBSONB P F,VAN GERVENC M,et al.Tec-tonic and stratigraphic evolution of the Sarulla graben geothermal area,North Sumatra,Indonesia[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2004,23:435—448.
[4]PAGE B G N,BENNETT,J D,Cameron N R,et al.A review of the main structual and magmatic features ofnorthern Sumatra[J].the Ge-ological Society.1979,136:569—579.
[9]IZARTA,KEMALBM,MALOD J A,et al.Seismic stratigraphyand subsidence evolution ofthe northwest Sumatra fore-arc basin[J].Ma-rine Geology,1994,122,109—124.
[10]CURRAY J R.The Sunda Arc:A model for oblique plate conver-gence[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1989,24(2-3):131—140.
[11]CURRAY J R.Tectonics and history of the Andaman Sea region[J].Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2005,25(1):187—232.
[12]SUKMONO S,ZEN MT,KADIR W G A,et al.Fractal geometry of the Sumatra active fault systemand its geodynamical implications[J].Journal ofGeodynamics,1996,22(1/2):1—9.
[13]SEIH K,NATAWIDJAJA D.Neotectonics of the Sumatran Fault[J].Indonesia.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105:28295—28326.
[14]MICHEL G W,YU Y Q,ZHU S Y,et al.Crustal motion and block behaviour in SE-Asia fromGPS measurements[J].Earth and Plane-taryScience Letters,2001,187:239—244.
[15]REPLUMAZ A,KARASON H,HILST R D,et al.4-D evolution of SE Asia’s mantle from geological reconstructions and seismic to-mography[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,221:103—115.
[16]PUSPITO N T,SHIMAZAKI K.Mantle structure and seismotecton-ics of the Sunda and Banda arcs[J].Tectonophysics,1995,251:215—228.
[17]BELLIER O,S!BRIER M,PRAMUMIJIOYOS,et al.Paleoseismic-ityand seismic hazard along the Great Sumatan Fault(Indonesia)[J].Journal ofGeodynamics,1997,24(1-4):169—183.
[18]MEGAWATI K,PAN T C,KOKETSU K.Response spectral attenu-ation relationships for Sumatran-subduction earthquakes and the seismic hazard implications to Singapore and Kuala Lumpur[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2005,25(1):11—25.
[19]ANSAL A M,LAV A M,IYISAN R,et al.Effects of geotechnical factors in March13,1992Erzincan Earthquake[C]//13th interna-tional conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Rotterdam:Balkema,1994:49—54.
[20]PETERSEN M D,DEWEY J,HARTZELL S,et al.Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Sumatra,Indonesia and across the Southern Malaysian Peninsula[J].Tectonophysics,2004,390:141—158.
[21]KOPP H.BSR occurrence along the Sunda margin:evidence from seismic data[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,197:225—235..
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