地震数据处理中的相位校正技术综述
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摘要
提高地震剖面的信噪比和分辨率始终是地震数据处理中研究的重要内容.在动静校正后的同一道集内振幅和相位相同的假设条件下,地震叠加技术能明显提高资料的信噪比.实际资料中相位差问题是影响有效反射信号实现同相叠加的重要因素之一.相位校正技术能够消除子波的相位谱差异,使子波接近或达到零相位,从而达到提高叠加剖面质量的目的.对相位校正的国内外研究现状,影响相位变化的因素,相位校正的方法原理以及判别准则进行了系统的总结和概述.通过分析总结得出:随着勘探形势的发展,地震资料中的相位问题将越来越受到人们的关注和重视,对相位的研究也将成为今后的攻关课题和研究热点.
Improving the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of the seismic section is the important content in seismic data processing.The stack technique can obviously improve signal-to-noise ratio of seismic section,under the condition of the hypothetical condition that the amplitude and phase of seismic wavelets are same in the same traces after NMO and static correction.But in practice,this hypothetical condition is not satisfied.The problem of phase difference is one of the most important factors affecting the in-phase stack for the effective reflectors.Phase correction can eliminate the phase differences of seismic wavelets,to make the seismic wavelet become or approximate to zero-phase wavelets,and improve the stacked section quality.This paper reviews the domestic and overseas scholastic research achievements about the phase correction,the phase variation effect factors,phase correction methods and the correction criteria.We get the following points by analyzing and sammarizing: along with the exploration development,the phase problem will get more and more attention,and the study of phase will become the tackle key problem and the focused research subject.
Improving the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of the seismic section is the important content in seismic data processing.The stack technique can obviously improve signal-to-noise ratio of seismic section,under the condition of the hypothetical condition that the amplitude and phase of seismic wavelets are same in the same traces after NMO and static correction.But in practice,this hypothetical condition is not satisfied.The problem of phase difference is one of the most important factors affecting the in-phase stack for the effective reflectors.Phase correction can eliminate the phase differences of seismic wavelets,to make the seismic wavelet become or approximate to zero-phase wavelets,and improve the stacked section quality.This paper reviews the domestic and overseas scholastic research achievements about the phase correction,the phase variation effect factors,phase correction methods and the correction criteria.We get the following points by analyzing and sammarizing: along with the exploration development,the phase problem will get more and more attention,and the study of phase will become the tackle key problem and the focused research subject.
引文
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[2]裴江云,刘洪、李幼铭.在随机噪音背景下地震反射信号的增强[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(1):91~95.Pei J Y,Liu H,Li Y M.Enhancing seismic reflection signalunder random noise[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2002,17(1):91~95.
[3]李振春,姚云霞,马在田,王华忠.波动方程法共成像点道集偏移速度建模[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(1):86~93.Li Z C,Yao Y X,Ma Z T,Wang H Z.Common imagingpoint gather migration velocity modeling based on wave equa-tion[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2003,46(1):86~93.
[4]姚振兴,高星,李维新.用于深度域地震剖面衰减与频散补偿的反Q滤波方法[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(2):229~230.Yao Z X,Gao X,Li W X.The forwardQmethod for compen-sating attenuation and frequency dispersion used in the seismicprofile of depth domain[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2003,46(2):229~230.
[5]尹军杰,刘学伟,李文慧.地震波散射理论及应用研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):123~134.Yin J J,Liu X W,Li W H.The view of seismic wave scatter-ing theory and its applications[J].Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(1):123~134.
[6]马昭军,刘洋.地震波衰减反演研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):1047~1082.Ma Z J,Liu Y.A summary of research on seismic attenuation[J].Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,20(4):1047~1082.
[7]刘洪,袁江华,陈景波,等.大步长波场深度延拓的理论[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1779~1793.Liu H,Yuan J H,Chen J B.Shou H,Li Y M.Theory oflarge-step wavefield depth extrapolation[J].Chinese Journalof Geophysics,2006,49(6):1779~1793.
[8]刘光鼎,李幼铭,吴永刚,等著.陆相油储地球物理学导论[M].北京:科学出版社.1998,109~110.Liu G D,Li Y M,Wu G,et al.Lacustrine oil storage physicalgeography guide theory[M].Beijing:Science Presh,1998,109~110.
[9]葛瑞麟.印尼BINJAI地区资料处理中的一致性问题[J].勘探地震物理进展,2006,29(3):206~219.Ge R L.Consistency processing of data from BINJIA,Indone-sia[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2006,29(3):206~219.
[10]秦亚玲,侯丽春,等.东濮凹陷高精度地震资料处理[J].勘探地震物理进展,2002(4):14~18.Qin Y L,Hou L C.High precision seismic data processing indongpu hollow[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2002(4):14~18.
[11]Levy S,Oldenburg D W.Automatic phase correction of com-mon-midpoint stacked data[J].Geophysics,52(1)1987:51~59.
[12]Levy S,Oldenburg D W.The deconvolution of phase-shiftedwavelets[J].Geophysics,47(9)1982:1285~1294.
[13]周兴元.常相位校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,1989,24(2):119~129.Zhou X Y.Constant phase correction[J].Oil GeophysicalProspecting,1989,24(2):119~129.
[14]白信志.子波剩余相位的校正[J].中国煤炭地质,1996,8(2):48~50.Bai X Z.Wavelet residual phase correction[J].China CoalGeology.1996,8(2):48~50.
[15]陈必远,等.时空变分频常相位校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(1):103~108.Chen B Y,et al.Time and space and subsection frequencyphase correction[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting.1997,32(1):103~108.
[16]郭向宇,等.混合相位子波的相位估算及校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,1998,33(2):214~221.Guo X Y,Zhou X Y,Dong M Y.Estimation and correctionof mixed-phase wavelet phase[J].Oil Geophysical Prospec-ting.1998,33(2):214~221.
[17]李合群,周兴元.时差、常相位校正及加权叠加[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,415~418.Li H Q,Zhou X Y.Moveout and constant phase corrections,along with weighted stacking[J].Oil Geophysical Prospec-ting,2000,415~418.
[18]宋宗平,等.叠前常相位校正[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2004,23(2):69~70.Song Z P,et al.Pre-stack constant phase correction[J].Pe-troleum Geology&Oilfield Development in Daqing,2004,23(2):69~70.
[19]国九英,周兴元.二维及三维地表一致性相位校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,1995,30(3):345~350.Guo J Y,Zhou X Y.Surface-consistent phase correction in 2-D and 3-D domains[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,1995,30(3):345~350.
[20]Guo J Y,Zhou X Y.Surface-consistent phase correction[J].SEG Int'l Exposition and Annual Meeting,September 9~14,2001.
[21]高少武,等.反射波地表一致性相位校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(4):480~487.Gao S W,et al.Surface-consistent phase correction for re-flection wave[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2001,36(4):480~487.
[22]Wang Y H.A stable and efficient approach of inverseQfilte-ring[J].Geophysics,2002,67(2):657~663.
[23]Wang Y H.InverseQfilter for seismic resolution enhance-ment[J].Geophysics,2006,71(3):51~60.
[24]李建军.叠前相位校正[J].石油大学硕士学位论文,1998.Li J J.Prestack phase correct[J].Master thesis,Universityof petroleum.1998.
[25]刘伊克,常旭,王辉.三维复杂地形近地表速度估算及地震层析静校正[J].地球物理学报,2001,44(2):272~277.Liu Y K,Chang X,Wang H.Estimation of near-surface ve-locity and seismic tomographic static corrections[J].ChineseJournal of Geophysics,2001,44(2):272~277.
[26]张红梅,吕小林,刘洪.改进的约束单纯形模拟退火剩余静校正[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):341~346.Zhang H M,LüX L,Liu H.The improved method of sim-plex-simulated annealing residual statics[J].Progress In Ge-ophysics.2004,19(2):341~346.
[27]王云专,杨立伟,李素华.剩余时差校正及泊松比反演[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(1):214~218.Wang Y Z,Yang L W,Li S H.Residual moveout correctionand Poisson's ratio inversion[J].Progress In Geophysics.2006,21(1):214~218.
[28]姚逢昌.振幅谱补偿和相位校正[J].石油物探,1990,29(1):46~57.Yan F C.Amplitude spectra compensation and phase correc-tion[J].Geophysical Prospecting For Petrole.1990,29(1):46~57.
[29]景建恩.测井与岩心、地震数据的匹配方法研究[J].长春科技大学,长春:硕士学位论文,2000.Jing J E.Matching study of well datar、ock core and seismicdata[J].Master Thesis.Chang-chun University of Scienceand Technology,2000.
[30]赫永峰.分频相位校正[J].石油物探,1998,37,增刊,66~71.He Y F.Subsection frequency phase correction[J].Geophys-ical Prospecting For Petrole.1998,37,supplement,66~71.
[31]秦义龙.基于信噪比估计的反褶积方法研究[J].大庆石油学院,硕士学位论文,2000.Qin Y L.Study of deconvolution method based on estimationof signal-to-noise ratio[J].Daqing Petroleum Institute,Mas-ter Thesis,2000
[32]Hileman J A,et al.Automated static corrections[J].Geo-physical Prospecting,1968,16(3):326~358.
[33]Taner M T,et al.Estimation and correction of near surfacetime anomalies[J].Geophysics,1974,39(3):441~463.
[34]Wiggins R A.Minimum entropy deconvolution[J].Geoex-ploration,1978,16(1):21~35
[35]Ronen J,Clearbout J F.Surface-cosistent residual statics es-timation by stack-power maximization[J].Geophysics,1985,50(2):2759~2767.
[36]Musser J W,King D,Wason C B.Total differential statics[J].56th Ann.,Int.Meeting of SEG.,1986.
[37]Guo J Y,Zhou X Y.Surface consistent static correction u-sing second order difference and maximum stack energy[J].Oil Geophys Prospecting,1992,27(3):361~370.
[38]Guo J Y,et al.Pure phase correction[J].SEG/CPS(93 Bei-jing)International Geophysical Meeting,1993.
[39]Guo J Y,et al.Phase correction in 2D and 3D domains[J].Oil Geophys.Prospecting.1995,30(3):345~350.
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