2008汶川M_s8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应
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摘要
汶川Ms8.0强烈地震发生在一条现今并不活动的龙门山构造带上,造成了以汶川、映秀为中心及其周边地域的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡.然而强烈震发生前却未见有可能的确切征兆或浅表层异常活动,即浅层过程与地震发生的深层过程并不匹配.为此对这次强烈地震"孕育"、发生和发展的深层过程进行了分析和探讨,初步研究表明:①在印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆—陆碰撞、挤压作用下,喜马拉雅造山带东构造结向NNE方向顶挤、楔入青藏高原东北缘,迫使高原深部物质向东流展,在受到以龙门山为西北边界的四川盆地阻隔下,一部分物质则转而向东南侧向运移;②龙门山地带在地形上差达3500±500m左右,而地壳厚度在龙门山西北部为60±5km左右,四川盆地为40±2km左右,而龙门山地带与其东、西两侧相比则为地壳厚度变化幅度达15～20km的突变地域,即为应力作用的耦合地带;③中、下地壳和地幔盖层物质以地壳低速层、低阻层(深20～25km)为第一滑移面,以上地幔软流层顶面为第二滑移面,且在四川盆地深部"刚性"物质阻隔下,深部壳、幔物质以高角度在龙门山构造带和四川盆地的耦合地带向上运移(或称逆冲),且在龙门山地表三条断裂构成的断裂系向下延伸到20km左右深处汇聚,二者强烈碰撞、挤压、震源介质破裂;在物质与能量的强烈交换下,应力得到释放,故形成了这次Ms8.0强烈地震.为此从深部初步揭示了这次强烈地震"孕育"、发生和发展的深层动力过程.
The Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake of 2008 occurred on the Longmenshan tectonic zone which seems not very active from available data.And it is reported that no noticeable precursors have been observed before the event.It might imply that the crustal deformation at depth associated with this gigantic shock had no expression on the surface or shallow subsurface which was detectable.In this article,we attempt to analyze the processes of brewing and generation of this event at depth that can account for the reason of this devastating earthquake.Tectonically,it is obvious that the India-Eurasia plate collision serves as the most important dynamic setting of major earthquakes in southwestern China.The eastern end of the Himalayan chain is moving rapidly in NNE direction into the Tibetan plateau,forcing deep material to flow toward east.Due to the obstruction of the NE trending Longmenshan tectonic zone in the northwestern margin of the Sichuan basin,the partial flow turns to southeast.Longmenshan is a conspicuous boundary of topography and crust structure,across which the elevation difference is as large as 3500±500 m,with crustal thickness 60±5km in its west and 40±2 km in its east,respectively.Thus it must experiences intense deformation and stress accumulation,though very slow without appreciable manifestation.Based on available data,it is inferred that material of lower crust and covering strata of upper mantle is flowing eastward along two deep slide surfaces,of which one is the layer of low-velocity and low-resistivity(20~25 km depth),and the other is the top of mantle asthenosphere.Hindered by rigid mattter beneath the Sichuan basin,the flow of lower crust and covering strata of upper mantle material turns overthrusting at high angles at the Longmenshan.On the other hand,three thrust faults visible west of the Longmenshan extend downward to depth 20 km,where they converge into one active zone.Thus the Longmenshan tectonic zone is a place where occurs the coupling between slippage on faults of shallow subsurface and material flow of lower crust and covering strata of upper mantle.Under the intense exchange of matter and energy,the source medium ruptures suddenly at a large scale to release a huge amount of elastic strain,resulting in the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.
The Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake of 2008 occurred on the Longmenshan tectonic zone which seems not very active from available data.And it is reported that no noticeable precursors have been observed before the event.It might imply that the crustal deformation at depth associated with this gigantic shock had no expression on the surface or shallow subsurface which was detectable.In this article,we attempt to analyze the processes of brewing and generation of this event at depth that can account for the reason of this devastating earthquake.Tectonically,it is obvious that the India-Eurasia plate collision serves as the most important dynamic setting of major earthquakes in southwestern China.The eastern end of the Himalayan chain is moving rapidly in NNE direction into the Tibetan plateau,forcing deep material to flow toward east.Due to the obstruction of the NE trending Longmenshan tectonic zone in the northwestern margin of the Sichuan basin,the partial flow turns to southeast.Longmenshan is a conspicuous boundary of topography and crust structure,across which the elevation difference is as large as 3500±500 m,with crustal thickness 60±5km in its west and 40±2 km in its east,respectively.Thus it must experiences intense deformation and stress accumulation,though very slow without appreciable manifestation.Based on available data,it is inferred that material of lower crust and covering strata of upper mantle is flowing eastward along two deep slide surfaces,of which one is the layer of low-velocity and low-resistivity(20~25 km depth),and the other is the top of mantle asthenosphere.Hindered by rigid mattter beneath the Sichuan basin,the flow of lower crust and covering strata of upper mantle material turns overthrusting at high angles at the Longmenshan.On the other hand,three thrust faults visible west of the Longmenshan extend downward to depth 20 km,where they converge into one active zone.Thus the Longmenshan tectonic zone is a place where occurs the coupling between slippage on faults of shallow subsurface and material flow of lower crust and covering strata of upper mantle.Under the intense exchange of matter and energy,the source medium ruptures suddenly at a large scale to release a huge amount of elastic strain,resulting in the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.
引文
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[2]滕艳(记者).地震预测研究和抗震须并轨进行—访国家汶川地震专家委员会成员、中国科学院院士滕吉文,地质勘探导报,2008年5月29日,第4版Teng Y(Reporter).Must combine track for study the anticpated earthquake and earthquake protective measure—Visit the member of National commiffce of Wenchuan seismic specialists,Academician of the Chinese Academy of Science,Teng Ji wen,The Geological exploration Herald,May,29,2008,the fourth block
[3]《四川地震资料汇编》编辑组.四川地震资料汇编.成都:四川人民出版社,1980Editor Group of Compiling of Sichuan Earthquake Data.Compiling of Sichuan Earthquake Data.Chengdu:People′s Publishing House of Sichuan,1980
[4]徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27(3):446～461Xu X W,Zhang P Z,Wen X Z,et al.Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes in the western Sichuan province and its adjaceal regions.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),2005,27(3):446～461
[5]丁国瑜主编.中国岩石圈动力学概论.北京:地震出版社,1991Ding G Yed.Introduction of China Lithosphere Dynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1991
[6]李传友,宋方敏,冉勇康.龙门山断裂系北段第四纪活动性讨论.地震地质,2004,26(2):248～258Li C Y,Song F M,Ran Y K.Late Quaternary activity and age constraint of the northern longmenshan Fault zone.Seismology and Geology,2004,26(2):248～258
[7]吕江宁,沈正康,王敏.川滇地区现代地壳运动速度场和活动块体模型研究.地震地质,2003,25(4):543～554LüJ N,Shen Z K,Wang M.Contemporary crust deformation and active tectonic block model of the Sichuan—Yunnan region region,China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2003,25(4):543～554
[8]Alexander L,Densmore,Michael A,et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26,TC4005:1～17
[9]曹秋鹏,贾东,朱艾斓等.青藏高原东缘龙门山冲断带与四川盆地的现今构造表现;数字地形和地震活动证据.地质科学,2007,42(1):31～44Cao Q P,Jia D,Zhu A L,et al.Active tectonics in the Longmenthrast belt to the Eastern Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau and Sichuan Basin:Evidence fromtopography and seismicity.Chinese J.Geology(in Chinese),2007,42(1):31～44
[10]张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,冉勇康.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率,复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066～1073Zhang P Z,Xu X W,Wen X Z,Ran Y K.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May12Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(4):1066～1073
[11]Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Freymueller J T,et al.Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements.Science,2001,294:574～577
[12]李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006Li Y,Zhou RJ,Densmore A L,et al.Continental Dynamics and Geological.Responses of the Eastern Margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(in Chinese),Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2006
[13]陈运泰.汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度.科技导报,2008,26(10):26～27Chen Y T.Onthe magnitude andthe fault length of the great Wenchuan earthquake.Science&Technology Reriew(in Chinese),2008,26(10):26～27
[14]Bai D H,Meju M A,Unsworth MJ,et al.Electromagnetic evidence for crust flows beneath Tibetan Plateau and its significance to theM8earthquake in Wenchuan,China.Science,2008
[15]王绪本,朱迎堂,余年等.龙门山逆冲构造深部电性结构特征.地球物理学报,2008,待发表Wang X B,Zhu Y T,Yu N,et al.Magnetatelluric sounding new evidence to thrustbelt structure in LongmenShan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,In Press
[16]Wang C Y,Han W B,Wu J P,et al.Crustal stuacture beneath the easton margin of the Tibetan plateau and its tectonic implication.Journal Geophysical Research,2007,112,B07307:1～21
[17]王有学,Mooney W D,韩果花等.台湾—阿尔泰地学断面阿尔金—龙门山剖面的地壳纵波速度结构.地球物理学报,2005,48(1):98～106Wang Y X,Mooney WD,Han G H,et al.Crustal P wave velocity structure from Altyn Tagh to Longmen mountains along the Tai wan-Altay geoscience transect.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(1):98～106
[18]Huang J L.Lithospheric structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in southwest China.Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,107,BIO.2255,1～14
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