汶川地震对大熊猫栖息地的影响与恢复对策
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摘要
大熊猫是生物多样性保护的旗舰种,保护大熊猫及其栖息地是保护生物多样性和生态系统功能完整性与稳定性的重要保障体现。汶川地震灾区位于大熊猫重点分布区岷山-邛崃山,地震及其次生灾害导致该区27个大熊猫自然保护区不同程度受损,8.3%的大熊猫栖息地因地震而被破坏。地震及其次生灾害对大熊猫栖息地的影响主要表现在:1)地震埋没和砸毁大熊猫赖以生存的主食竹,地震可能诱发主食竹开花,威胁到大熊猫的健康和食物安全;2)地震及其诱发的土壤和山石运动显著影响森林的动态特征,森林大面积丧失或质量下降;3)地震改变大熊猫栖息地生境特征,大熊猫个体交流的廊道阻断,形成"生殖孤岛",遗传多样性降低,栖息地破碎化进程加快。应对震后大熊猫栖息地恢复的主要对策有:1)重新评估震后大熊猫栖息地质量,并重新规划现有大熊猫保护区群的布局;2)应用地理信息系统、遥感及数学模型等手段与野外实地实证研究相结合的方法,全面查清震后大熊猫栖息地主食竹资源状况及分布规律并及时监测其动态,复壮更新大熊猫主食竹;3)利用天然植被自然恢复和人工重建等措施恢复因地震而退化或丧失的大熊猫栖息地。
Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a flag species for biodiversity conservation. Pro- tecting giant panda and its habitats helps guarantee biodiversity conservation and integrity of ecosystem function. The Wenchuan earthquake occurred in Minshan and Qionglai Mountains, where the most important habitats for giant pandas occur. The earthquake damaged 27 nature reserves for giant pandas and 8.3% of the giant panda habitat. The earthquake and earthquake-induced events such as landslides have important ecological consequences. First, the earthquake damaged bamboo, the main food for giant pandas. At the same time, the earthquake may induce bamboo flowering, which will threaten the food supply of giant pandas. Second, the earthquake and earthquake-induced soil movements and rockslides caused small-scale damage such as treefalls, which will influence forest dynamics through long-term effects on tree mortality, growth and competition. Third, the earthquake will fragment habitats, causing isolation among giant panda populations. Therefore, we propose reassessment of the quality of giant panda habitats at landscape or regional scales and adjustment of the system of nature reserves. In addi- tion, it is necessary to survey and monitor bamboo resources, including their distribution and dynamics, and to regenerate or rejuvenate bamboo. We also propose restoring degraded habitats with natural vegetation and plantings.
Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a flag species for biodiversity conservation. Pro- tecting giant panda and its habitats helps guarantee biodiversity conservation and integrity of ecosystem function. The Wenchuan earthquake occurred in Minshan and Qionglai Mountains, where the most important habitats for giant pandas occur. The earthquake damaged 27 nature reserves for giant pandas and 8.3% of the giant panda habitat. The earthquake and earthquake-induced events such as landslides have important ecological consequences. First, the earthquake damaged bamboo, the main food for giant pandas. At the same time, the earthquake may induce bamboo flowering, which will threaten the food supply of giant pandas. Second, the earthquake and earthquake-induced soil movements and rockslides caused small-scale damage such as treefalls, which will influence forest dynamics through long-term effects on tree mortality, growth and competition. Third, the earthquake will fragment habitats, causing isolation among giant panda populations. Therefore, we propose reassessment of the quality of giant panda habitats at landscape or regional scales and adjustment of the system of nature reserves. In addi- tion, it is necessary to survey and monitor bamboo resources, including their distribution and dynamics, and to regenerate or rejuvenate bamboo. We also propose restoring degraded habitats with natural vegetation and plantings.
引文
Allen RB,Bellingham P,Wiser S(1999).Immediate damage by an earthquake to a temperate montane forest.Ecology,80,708-714.
Berger J(1997).Population constraints associated with the use of black rhinos as an umbrella species for desert herbivores.Conservation Biology,11,69-78.
Campbell JJ(1987).The history of Sino-Himalayan bamboo flowering,droughts and sun-spots.Journal of Bamboo Research(竹子研究汇刊),6,1-15.
Chen LD(陈利顶),Liu XH(刘雪华)(1999).Evaluation on giant panda habitat fragmentation in Wolong nature reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),19,291-297.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Garwood NC,Janos D,Brokaw N(1979).Earth-quake-caused landslides:a major disturbance to tropi-cal forests.Science,205,997-999.
Gu XD(古晓东),Wang HJ(王鸿加),Liu FW(刘富文)(2005).Biodiversity monitoring in giant panda nature reserves in Minshan mountain region.Sichuan Journal of Zoology(四川动物),24,168-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hu JC(胡锦矗)(1990).Research and Progress in Biology of the Giant Panda(大熊猫生物学研究与进展).Si-chuan Science and Technology Press,Chendu.(in Chinese)
Hu JC(胡锦矗)(2001).Research for Giant Panda(大熊猫研究).Shanghai Science and Technology Press,Shanghai.(in Chinese)
Jordon S(2002).Functional redundancy in ecology and conservation.Oikos,98,156-162.
Li CB(李承彪)(1997).A Study of Staple Food Bamboos for the Giant Panda(大熊猫主食竹研究).Guizhou Science and Technology Press,Guiyang.(in Chinese)
Lin CY,Lo HM,Chou WC,Lin WT(2004).Vegetation recovery assessment at the Jou-Jou Mountain landslide area caused by the 921 Earthquake in Central Taiwan.Ecological Modelling,176,75-81.
Linderman MA,An L,Bearer S,He GM,Ouyang ZY,Liu JG(2006).Interactive effects of natural and human disturbances on vegetation dynamics across land-scapes.Ecological Applications,16,452-463.
Liu JG,Linderman M,Ouyang ZY,An L,Yang J,Zhang HM(2001).Ecological degradation in protected areas:the case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas.Science,292,98-101.
Liu JG,Ouyang ZY,Pimm SL,Raven PH,Wang X,Miao H,Han NY(2003).Protecting China’s biodiversity.Science,300,1240-1241.
Liu JG,Ouyang ZY,Taylor W,Group R,Tan YC,Zhang HM(1999).A framework for evaluating the effects of human factors on wildlife habitat:the case of giant pandas.Conservation Biology,13,1360-1370.
Liu Q(刘庆),Wu N(吴宁),Chen QH(陈庆恒)(2002).Advances in ecological process of the giant panda staple food bamboo forests.World Sci-tech R&D(世界科技研究与发展),22,58-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Loucks C,LüZ,Dinerstein E,Wang DJ,Fu DL,Wang H(2003).The giant pandas of the Qinling Mountains,China:a case study in designing conservation land-scapes for elevational migrants.Conservation Biology,17,558-565.
Loucks C,LüZ,Dinerstein E,Wang H,Olson DM,Zhu CQ,Wang DJ(2001).Giant pandas in a changing landscape.Science,294,1465.
LüZ,Johnson W,Raymond M,Yuhki N,Martenson J,Mainka S,Huang S,Zheng Z,Li G,Pan WS,Mao Z,O’Brien S(2001).Patterns of genetic diversity in re-maining giant panda populations.Conservation Biol-ogy,15,1596-1607.
Ma GY(马国瑶)(1985).Primary condition of giant panda and bamboo growth in Baima valley.Chinese Journal of Zoology(动物学杂志),20,31-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Margules C,Pressey R(2000).Systematic conservation planning.Nature,405,243-253.
Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Li ZX(李振新),Liu JG(刘建国)(2002).The recovery processes of giant panda habitat in Wolong nature reserve,Sichuan China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),22,1840-1849.(in Chi-nese with English abstract)
Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Liu JG(刘建国),Zhang HM(张和民)(2000).Community structure analysis of giant panda habitat in Wolong.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),20,458-462.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Pan WS(潘文石),LüZ(吕植)(2001).A Chance for Last-ing Survival(继续生存的机会).Peking University Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)
Qin ZS(秦自生)(1985).Giant panda’s bamboo food resources in Sichuan,China and the regeneration of thebamboo groves.Journal of Bamboo Research(竹子研究汇刊),4,1-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Qin ZS(秦自生),Taylor A(1993).Forest Dynamics Succession and Bamboo in Wolong(卧龙大熊猫生态环境的竹子与森林动态演替).China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)
Restrepo C,Alvarez N(2006).Landslides and their contribution to land-cover change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,38,446-457.
Schaller G(1993).The Last Panda.University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
Shen GZ(申国珍),Li JQ(李俊清)(2002).Indicators for giant panda’s habitat degradation and restoration.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),24,1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shen GZ(申国珍),Li JQ(李俊清),Jiang SW(蒋仕伟)(2004).Structure and dynamics of subalpine forests in giant panda habitat.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),24,1294-1299.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shen GZ(申国珍),Li JQ(李俊清),Ren YL(任艳林),Ma YF(马宇飞)(2002).Disturbances and subalpine forest structure in giant panda’s habitat.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),24,115-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shen GZ,Feng CY,Xie ZQ,Ouyang ZY,Li JQ,Marty P(2008).Proposed conservation landscape for giant pandas in Min Mountains,China.Conservation Biol-ogy,DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01038.X.
State Forestry Administration(国家林业局)(2006).3rd National Survey Report on Giant Panda in China(全国第三次大熊猫调查报告).Science Press,Beijing.
Taylor AH,Hu JC,Zhou S(2004).Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in old-growth Abies–Betula forests in southwestern China:a12-year study.Forest Ecology and Management,200,347–360.
Taylor AH,Qin ZS(1988).Regeneration pattern in old-growth Abies-Betula forests in the Wolong natural reserve,Sichuan,China.Journal of Ecology,76,1204-1218.
Tilman D,Downing J(1994).Biodiversity and stability in grasslands.Nature,367,363-365.
Veblen TT,Ashton DH(1978).Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes,Chile.Vegetatio,36,149–167.
Wan QH,Fang SG,Wu H,Fujihara T(2003).Genetic differentiation and subspecies development of the giant panda as revealed by DNA fingerprinting.Electropho-resis,24,1353-1359.
Wang JX(王金锡),Ma ZG(马志贵)(1993).Research for Giant Panda Staple Food Bamboo(大熊猫主食竹生态学研究).Sichuan Science and Technology Press,Chendu.(in Chinese)
Wang W,Franklin S,Ren Y,Ouellette J(2006).Growth of bamboo Fargesia qinlingensis and regeneration of trees in a mixed hardwood-conifer forest in the Qinling Mountains,China.Forest Ecology and Management,234,107-115.
Wu FZ(吴福忠),Wang KY(王开运),Yang WQ(杨万勤),Lu YJ(鲁叶江)(2005).Advances in ecological process of the giant panda staple food bamboo forests.World Scitech R&D(世界科技研究与发展),27,79-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu H,Stoker R,Gao LC(1996).A modified Lotka-Volterra simulation model to study the interaction be-tween arrow bamboo(Sinarundinaria fangiana)and giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).Ecological Modelling,84,11-17.
Xiao Y(肖燚),Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Zhu CQ(朱春全),Zhao JZ(赵景柱),He GJ(何国金),Wang XK(王效科)(2004).An assessment of giant panda habitat in Minshan,Sichuan,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),24,1373-1379.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu WH(徐卫华),Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Jiang ZY(蒋泽银),Zheng H(郑华),Liu JG(刘建国)(2006).As-sessment of giant panda habitat in the DaxianglingMountain Range,Sichuan,China.Biodiversity Science(生物多样性),14,223-231.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Xu WH,Ouyang ZY,Vioa A,Zheng HM,Liu JG,Xiao Y(2006).Designing a conservation plan for protecting the habitat for giant pandas in the Qionglai mountain range,China.Diversity and Distributions,12,610–619.
Yan X(严旬)(2005).Status,challenge and prospect of wild giant pandas.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),25,402-406.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yi TP(易同培)(1985).Classification and distribution of giant panda staple food bamboo.Journal of Bamboo Research(竹子研究专刊),1,2-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhan XJ,Li M,Zhang ZJ,Goossens B,Chen Y,Wang H,Bruford M,Wei FW(2006).Molecular censusing dou-bles giant panda population estimate in a key nature reserve.Current Biology,16,451-452.
Zhong WW(钟伟伟),Liu YJ(刘益军),Shi DM(史东梅)(2006).The research advance of staple food bamboo for giant panda.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),22,141-145.(in Chinese with Eng-lish abstract)
Zhou SQ(周世强),Huang JY(黄金燕)(2005).Research into bamboo species as giant panda’s main diet and its progress.World Bamboo and Rattan(世界竹藤通讯),3,1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Berger J(1997).Population constraints associated with the use of black rhinos as an umbrella species for desert herbivores.Conservation Biology,11,69-78.
Campbell JJ(1987).The history of Sino-Himalayan bamboo flowering,droughts and sun-spots.Journal of Bamboo Research(竹子研究汇刊),6,1-15.
Chen LD(陈利顶),Liu XH(刘雪华)(1999).Evaluation on giant panda habitat fragmentation in Wolong nature reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),19,291-297.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Garwood NC,Janos D,Brokaw N(1979).Earth-quake-caused landslides:a major disturbance to tropi-cal forests.Science,205,997-999.
Gu XD(古晓东),Wang HJ(王鸿加),Liu FW(刘富文)(2005).Biodiversity monitoring in giant panda nature reserves in Minshan mountain region.Sichuan Journal of Zoology(四川动物),24,168-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hu JC(胡锦矗)(1990).Research and Progress in Biology of the Giant Panda(大熊猫生物学研究与进展).Si-chuan Science and Technology Press,Chendu.(in Chinese)
Hu JC(胡锦矗)(2001).Research for Giant Panda(大熊猫研究).Shanghai Science and Technology Press,Shanghai.(in Chinese)
Jordon S(2002).Functional redundancy in ecology and conservation.Oikos,98,156-162.
Li CB(李承彪)(1997).A Study of Staple Food Bamboos for the Giant Panda(大熊猫主食竹研究).Guizhou Science and Technology Press,Guiyang.(in Chinese)
Lin CY,Lo HM,Chou WC,Lin WT(2004).Vegetation recovery assessment at the Jou-Jou Mountain landslide area caused by the 921 Earthquake in Central Taiwan.Ecological Modelling,176,75-81.
Linderman MA,An L,Bearer S,He GM,Ouyang ZY,Liu JG(2006).Interactive effects of natural and human disturbances on vegetation dynamics across land-scapes.Ecological Applications,16,452-463.
Liu JG,Linderman M,Ouyang ZY,An L,Yang J,Zhang HM(2001).Ecological degradation in protected areas:the case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas.Science,292,98-101.
Liu JG,Ouyang ZY,Pimm SL,Raven PH,Wang X,Miao H,Han NY(2003).Protecting China’s biodiversity.Science,300,1240-1241.
Liu JG,Ouyang ZY,Taylor W,Group R,Tan YC,Zhang HM(1999).A framework for evaluating the effects of human factors on wildlife habitat:the case of giant pandas.Conservation Biology,13,1360-1370.
Liu Q(刘庆),Wu N(吴宁),Chen QH(陈庆恒)(2002).Advances in ecological process of the giant panda staple food bamboo forests.World Sci-tech R&D(世界科技研究与发展),22,58-63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Loucks C,LüZ,Dinerstein E,Wang DJ,Fu DL,Wang H(2003).The giant pandas of the Qinling Mountains,China:a case study in designing conservation land-scapes for elevational migrants.Conservation Biology,17,558-565.
Loucks C,LüZ,Dinerstein E,Wang H,Olson DM,Zhu CQ,Wang DJ(2001).Giant pandas in a changing landscape.Science,294,1465.
LüZ,Johnson W,Raymond M,Yuhki N,Martenson J,Mainka S,Huang S,Zheng Z,Li G,Pan WS,Mao Z,O’Brien S(2001).Patterns of genetic diversity in re-maining giant panda populations.Conservation Biol-ogy,15,1596-1607.
Ma GY(马国瑶)(1985).Primary condition of giant panda and bamboo growth in Baima valley.Chinese Journal of Zoology(动物学杂志),20,31-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Margules C,Pressey R(2000).Systematic conservation planning.Nature,405,243-253.
Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Li ZX(李振新),Liu JG(刘建国)(2002).The recovery processes of giant panda habitat in Wolong nature reserve,Sichuan China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),22,1840-1849.(in Chi-nese with English abstract)
Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Liu JG(刘建国),Zhang HM(张和民)(2000).Community structure analysis of giant panda habitat in Wolong.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),20,458-462.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Pan WS(潘文石),LüZ(吕植)(2001).A Chance for Last-ing Survival(继续生存的机会).Peking University Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)
Qin ZS(秦自生)(1985).Giant panda’s bamboo food resources in Sichuan,China and the regeneration of thebamboo groves.Journal of Bamboo Research(竹子研究汇刊),4,1-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Qin ZS(秦自生),Taylor A(1993).Forest Dynamics Succession and Bamboo in Wolong(卧龙大熊猫生态环境的竹子与森林动态演替).China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)
Restrepo C,Alvarez N(2006).Landslides and their contribution to land-cover change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,38,446-457.
Schaller G(1993).The Last Panda.University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
Shen GZ(申国珍),Li JQ(李俊清)(2002).Indicators for giant panda’s habitat degradation and restoration.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),24,1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shen GZ(申国珍),Li JQ(李俊清),Jiang SW(蒋仕伟)(2004).Structure and dynamics of subalpine forests in giant panda habitat.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),24,1294-1299.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shen GZ(申国珍),Li JQ(李俊清),Ren YL(任艳林),Ma YF(马宇飞)(2002).Disturbances and subalpine forest structure in giant panda’s habitat.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),24,115-119.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shen GZ,Feng CY,Xie ZQ,Ouyang ZY,Li JQ,Marty P(2008).Proposed conservation landscape for giant pandas in Min Mountains,China.Conservation Biol-ogy,DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01038.X.
State Forestry Administration(国家林业局)(2006).3rd National Survey Report on Giant Panda in China(全国第三次大熊猫调查报告).Science Press,Beijing.
Taylor AH,Hu JC,Zhou S(2004).Canopy tree development and undergrowth bamboo dynamics in old-growth Abies–Betula forests in southwestern China:a12-year study.Forest Ecology and Management,200,347–360.
Taylor AH,Qin ZS(1988).Regeneration pattern in old-growth Abies-Betula forests in the Wolong natural reserve,Sichuan,China.Journal of Ecology,76,1204-1218.
Tilman D,Downing J(1994).Biodiversity and stability in grasslands.Nature,367,363-365.
Veblen TT,Ashton DH(1978).Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes,Chile.Vegetatio,36,149–167.
Wan QH,Fang SG,Wu H,Fujihara T(2003).Genetic differentiation and subspecies development of the giant panda as revealed by DNA fingerprinting.Electropho-resis,24,1353-1359.
Wang JX(王金锡),Ma ZG(马志贵)(1993).Research for Giant Panda Staple Food Bamboo(大熊猫主食竹生态学研究).Sichuan Science and Technology Press,Chendu.(in Chinese)
Wang W,Franklin S,Ren Y,Ouellette J(2006).Growth of bamboo Fargesia qinlingensis and regeneration of trees in a mixed hardwood-conifer forest in the Qinling Mountains,China.Forest Ecology and Management,234,107-115.
Wu FZ(吴福忠),Wang KY(王开运),Yang WQ(杨万勤),Lu YJ(鲁叶江)(2005).Advances in ecological process of the giant panda staple food bamboo forests.World Scitech R&D(世界科技研究与发展),27,79-84.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu H,Stoker R,Gao LC(1996).A modified Lotka-Volterra simulation model to study the interaction be-tween arrow bamboo(Sinarundinaria fangiana)and giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca).Ecological Modelling,84,11-17.
Xiao Y(肖燚),Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Zhu CQ(朱春全),Zhao JZ(赵景柱),He GJ(何国金),Wang XK(王效科)(2004).An assessment of giant panda habitat in Minshan,Sichuan,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),24,1373-1379.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu WH(徐卫华),Ouyang ZY(欧阳志云),Jiang ZY(蒋泽银),Zheng H(郑华),Liu JG(刘建国)(2006).As-sessment of giant panda habitat in the DaxianglingMountain Range,Sichuan,China.Biodiversity Science(生物多样性),14,223-231.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Xu WH,Ouyang ZY,Vioa A,Zheng HM,Liu JG,Xiao Y(2006).Designing a conservation plan for protecting the habitat for giant pandas in the Qionglai mountain range,China.Diversity and Distributions,12,610–619.
Yan X(严旬)(2005).Status,challenge and prospect of wild giant pandas.Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),25,402-406.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yi TP(易同培)(1985).Classification and distribution of giant panda staple food bamboo.Journal of Bamboo Research(竹子研究专刊),1,2-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhan XJ,Li M,Zhang ZJ,Goossens B,Chen Y,Wang H,Bruford M,Wei FW(2006).Molecular censusing dou-bles giant panda population estimate in a key nature reserve.Current Biology,16,451-452.
Zhong WW(钟伟伟),Liu YJ(刘益军),Shi DM(史东梅)(2006).The research advance of staple food bamboo for giant panda.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),22,141-145.(in Chinese with Eng-lish abstract)
Zhou SQ(周世强),Huang JY(黄金燕)(2005).Research into bamboo species as giant panda’s main diet and its progress.World Bamboo and Rattan(世界竹藤通讯),3,1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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