燕山南北长城地带中全新世气候环境的演化及影响
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摘要
<正> 燕山南北长城地带包括西起太行山,东到渤海,北起内蒙古东南和辽西,南抵海河流域的广大地区,属华北地区的东北部。这里地貌的基本特征呈山区—平原—海湾的阶梯分布,西、北部为连绵不断的群山和山间盆地,向东为平原和海湾。山间盆地的全新世泥炭沉积中包含了丰
In this study, to reconstruct the paleoclimatic history, pollen and oxygen isotope analyses are made on 160 samples of a peat core from Taishizhuang, Huailai County, Hebei Province. Combined with other information of climatic history and archaeology in this area, our research results suggest that there was a close linkage between cultural development and the mid—Holocene(6000—4300 BP)environmental changes. The main results and conclusions are as follows:The climate during 5678—5400 BP was unstable and in general colder and drier than present. From 5400—4800 BP, the climate was much warmer and more humid than before. The climate during 4800—4300 BP was persistently cold, with an exceptional colding event occurring in 4600—4300 BP. This event was recorded at several other localities. in Northern China and even the Northern Hemisphere, and played an important role in cultural development. In North China, the fall of Hongshan Culture and undevelopment of Xiaoheyan Culture may have been related to this colding event. After that, there was a return to warmer conditions between 4300 and 3300 BP.
In this study, to reconstruct the paleoclimatic history, pollen and oxygen isotope analyses are made on 160 samples of a peat core from Taishizhuang, Huailai County, Hebei Province. Combined with other information of climatic history and archaeology in this area, our research results suggest that there was a close linkage between cultural development and the mid—Holocene(6000—4300 BP)environmental changes. The main results and conclusions are as follows:The climate during 5678—5400 BP was unstable and in general colder and drier than present. From 5400—4800 BP, the climate was much warmer and more humid than before. The climate during 4800—4300 BP was persistently cold, with an exceptional colding event occurring in 4600—4300 BP. This event was recorded at several other localities. in Northern China and even the Northern Hemisphere, and played an important role in cultural development. In North China, the fall of Hongshan Culture and undevelopment of Xiaoheyan Culture may have been related to this colding event. After that, there was a return to warmer conditions between 4300 and 3300 BP.
引文
[1] 刘清泗、李华章:《中国北方农牧交错带(岱海-黄旗海地区)全新世环境演变》,见周廷儒、张兰生等:《中国北方农牧交错带全新世环境演变及预测》,地质出版社,1992年;耿侃:《内蒙古达来诺尔地区全新世湖泊群地貌特征及其演化》,《北京师范大学学报(自然科学版)》1988年4期;李森、孙武、李孝泽等:《浑善达克沙地全新世沉积特征与环境演变》,《中国沙漠》1995年4期;孔昭宸:《北京地区10000年以来的植物群发展和气候变化》,《植物学报》1982年24卷2期;李文漪、梁玉莲:《河北东部全新世温暖期植被与环境》,《植物学报》1985年27卷6期;童国榜:《华北平原东部地区晚更新世以来的孢粉序列与气候分期》,《地震地质》1991年13卷3期。
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[3] Epstein S. , Thompson P. and Yapp, C. J. , Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios in plant cellulose,Science, 1977, Vol. 218,1209-1215．
[4] 苏秉琦:《燕山南北地区考古》,《文物》1983年12期。
[5] 同[4] 。
[6] 郭大顺:《辽西古文化的新认识》,见庆祝苏秉琦考古五十五年论文集编辑组编,《庆祝苏秉琦考古五十五年论文集》,文物出版社,1989年。
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[8] 张家诚、林之光:《中国气候》,上海科学技术出版社,1985年。
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[12] 吴征镒:《论中国植物区系分区问题》,《云南植物研究》1979年1卷1期;吴征镒、王荷生:《中国自然地理-植物地理(上册)》,科学出版社,1983年。
[13] 同[1] 刘清泗、李华章文;周昆叔、李文漪、孔昭宸:《我国第四纪孢粉分析的主要收获》,见中国科学院地质研究所等编:《第四纪孢粉分析与古环境》,科学出版社,1984年;严富华、叶永英、麦学舜:《据花粉分析试论北京地区全新统的划分》,见中国科学院地质研究所等编:《第四纪孢粉分析与古环境》,科学出版社,1984年。
[14] Craig H. , Isotopic variations in meteoric waters, Science(B), 1961, Vol. 133, 1702-1703．
[15] Dansgarrd W. , Stable isotope in precipitation, Tellus, 1964, Vol. 16, 438-468．
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[17] 章新平等:《我国部分地区降水中氧同位素成分与温度和降水量之间的关系》,《冰川冻土》1994年16卷1期;章新平、姚檀栋:《我国降水中δ~(18) O的分布特点》,《冰川冻土》1998年53卷4期。
[18] 同[1] 李森等文。
[19] 武吉华、郑新生:《中国北方农牧交错带(赤峰地区)8000年来土壤和植被演变初探》,见周廷儒、张兰生等:《中国北方农牧交错带全新世环境演变及预测》,地质出版社,1992年。
[20] 洪业汤、姜洪波、陶发祥等:《近5ka温度的金川泥炭δ~(18) O记录》,《中国科学(D辑)》1997年27卷6期。
[21] Thompson L.,E.M.Thompson,M.E.Davis et al.,Glacial stage ice core records from subtropical Dunde Ice Cap,China,Annals of Glaciology,1990,Vol.14,288-297;姚檀栋:《祁连山敦德冰芯记录的全新世气候变化》,见:施雅风主编,《中国全新世大暖期气候与环境》,海洋出版社,1996年。
[22] 张兰生等:《我国北方农牧交错带全新世环境演变》,《全球变化与我国未来的生存环境-国家攀登计划》,气象出版社,1996年;张兰生等:《我国北方农牧交错带的环境演变》,《地学前缘》1997年1期。
[23] 郭正堂、N.Petit-Maire、刘东生:《全新世期间亚洲和非洲干旱区环境的短尺度变化》,《古地理学报》1999年1卷1期;Zhengtang Guo,Nidole Perle-Maire,Stefaa Kropelin,Holocene non-orbital climatic events in present arid areas of northern Africa and China,Global and Planetary Change,2000,Vol.26,97-103．
[24] 吕厚远:《新石器以来的北温带草原文化与气候变迁》,《文物保护与考古科学》1991年3卷2期。
[25] Gernard Bond, William Showers, Maziet Cheseby et al. ,A Pervasive Millennila-Scale Cycle in North tlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates, Science, 1997, Vol. 278, 1257-1266．
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[28] 严文明,《中国史前文化的统一性与多样性》,《文物》1987年3期。
[29] Binford L. R. , Post-Pleistocene adaptations, in New Perspective in Archaeology(L. R. . Binford & S.R.. Binford eds. ), 313-341． Aldine Press, Chicago, 1968．
[30] 同[6] 。
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[49] 同[7] 田广金、史培军文。
[50] 同[7] 田广金、史培军文。
[51] 龚高法、葛全胜、徐葵:《气候变化对农业的影响》,见施雅风主编:《中国历史气候变化》,山东科学技术出版社,1996年。
[2] Covich A. , Striver M. , Changes in oxygen 18 as a measure of long-term fluctuations in tropical lake levels and molluscan populations, Limnology and Oceanography, 1974,Vol. 19,682-691;Metcalfe S. E. , Street-Perrot F. A. ,O Hara S. L. et al. , The palaeolimnological record of environmental change: Examples from the arid frontier of Mesoamerica, In Environmental Change in Drylands:Biogeographical and Geomorphological perspectives ( A. C. Millington and K. Pye, Eds. ),pp. 131-145． Wiley, Chichester, 1994;Hodell D. A. , Curtis J. H. , Brenner M. , Possible role of climate in collapse of Classic Maya civilization, Nature, 1995, Vol. 375 ,391-394;Jason H. Curtis, David A. Hodell, Climate Variability on the Yucatan Penisula (Mexico) during the Past 3500 years, and Implications for Maya cultural Evolution, Quaternary Research, 1996, Vol. 46, 37-47。
[3] Epstein S. , Thompson P. and Yapp, C. J. , Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios in plant cellulose,Science, 1977, Vol. 218,1209-1215．
[4] 苏秉琦:《燕山南北地区考古》,《文物》1983年12期。
[5] 同[4] 。
[6] 郭大顺:《辽西古文化的新认识》,见庆祝苏秉琦考古五十五年论文集编辑组编,《庆祝苏秉琦考古五十五年论文集》,文物出版社,1989年。
[7] 田广金、史培军:《中国北方长城地带环境考古学的初步研究》,《内蒙古文物考古》1997年2期;邓辉:《全新世大暖期燕北地区人地关系的演变》,《地理学报》1997年52卷1期;邓辉:《燕北地区两种对立青铜文化的自然环境透视》,《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》1997年2期。
[8] 张家诚、林之光:《中国气候》,上海科学技术出版社,1985年。
[9] Stuiver M. and Reimer P. J. , Extended ~(14) C data base and revised Calib 3． 0 ~(14) C calibration program,Radiocarbon, 1993, Vol. 35, 215-230．
[10] Deniro M. J. , Epstein S. , Isotopic composition of cellulose from aquatic organisms, Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta, 1981, Vol. 45, 1885-1894;Epstein S. et al. ,The determination of the D/H ratio of non-exchangeable hydrogen in cellulose extracted from aquatic and land plants, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1976, Vol. 30, 241-245．
[11] Edwards T.W.D.et al.,An improved analysis tube pyrolysis method for oxygen xsotope analysis of organic matter and water,Chemical Geology,1994,114,178-183;陶发祥、姜洪波、洪业汤等:《改进的有机氧同位素分析方法》,《科学通报》1996年41卷11期。
[12] 吴征镒:《论中国植物区系分区问题》,《云南植物研究》1979年1卷1期;吴征镒、王荷生:《中国自然地理-植物地理(上册)》,科学出版社,1983年。
[13] 同[1] 刘清泗、李华章文;周昆叔、李文漪、孔昭宸:《我国第四纪孢粉分析的主要收获》,见中国科学院地质研究所等编:《第四纪孢粉分析与古环境》,科学出版社,1984年;严富华、叶永英、麦学舜:《据花粉分析试论北京地区全新统的划分》,见中国科学院地质研究所等编:《第四纪孢粉分析与古环境》,科学出版社,1984年。
[14] Craig H. , Isotopic variations in meteoric waters, Science(B), 1961, Vol. 133, 1702-1703．
[15] Dansgarrd W. , Stable isotope in precipitation, Tellus, 1964, Vol. 16, 438-468．
[16] Siegenthaler V. , Oeschger H. , Correlation of δ~(18) O in precipitation with temperature and altitude,Nature, 1980, Vol. 285, 312-317; Rozanski K. et al. , Relation between long-term trends of oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation and climate, Science, 1992, Vol. 1258,981-985．
[17] 章新平等:《我国部分地区降水中氧同位素成分与温度和降水量之间的关系》,《冰川冻土》1994年16卷1期;章新平、姚檀栋:《我国降水中δ~(18) O的分布特点》,《冰川冻土》1998年53卷4期。
[18] 同[1] 李森等文。
[19] 武吉华、郑新生:《中国北方农牧交错带(赤峰地区)8000年来土壤和植被演变初探》,见周廷儒、张兰生等:《中国北方农牧交错带全新世环境演变及预测》,地质出版社,1992年。
[20] 洪业汤、姜洪波、陶发祥等:《近5ka温度的金川泥炭δ~(18) O记录》,《中国科学(D辑)》1997年27卷6期。
[21] Thompson L.,E.M.Thompson,M.E.Davis et al.,Glacial stage ice core records from subtropical Dunde Ice Cap,China,Annals of Glaciology,1990,Vol.14,288-297;姚檀栋:《祁连山敦德冰芯记录的全新世气候变化》,见:施雅风主编,《中国全新世大暖期气候与环境》,海洋出版社,1996年。
[22] 张兰生等:《我国北方农牧交错带全新世环境演变》,《全球变化与我国未来的生存环境-国家攀登计划》,气象出版社,1996年;张兰生等:《我国北方农牧交错带的环境演变》,《地学前缘》1997年1期。
[23] 郭正堂、N.Petit-Maire、刘东生:《全新世期间亚洲和非洲干旱区环境的短尺度变化》,《古地理学报》1999年1卷1期;Zhengtang Guo,Nidole Perle-Maire,Stefaa Kropelin,Holocene non-orbital climatic events in present arid areas of northern Africa and China,Global and Planetary Change,2000,Vol.26,97-103．
[24] 吕厚远:《新石器以来的北温带草原文化与气候变迁》,《文物保护与考古科学》1991年3卷2期。
[25] Gernard Bond, William Showers, Maziet Cheseby et al. ,A Pervasive Millennila-Scale Cycle in North tlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates, Science, 1997, Vol. 278, 1257-1266．
[26] D. A. Meese, A. J. Gow, P. Grootes et al. , The accumulation record from the GISP2 core as an indicator of climate change throughout the Holocene, Science, 1994, Vol. 266, 1680-1682．
[27] Anderson J, L. , History and Climate: Some Economic Models, In Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and their Impact on Man, edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer,pp. 337-355, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981;De vories J. , Measuring the Impact of Climate on History:The search for Appropriate Methodologies, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 1980, Vol:10 :599-630．
[28] 严文明,《中国史前文化的统一性与多样性》,《文物》1987年3期。
[29] Binford L. R. , Post-Pleistocene adaptations, in New Perspective in Archaeology(L. R. . Binford & S.R.. Binford eds. ), 313-341． Aldine Press, Chicago, 1968．
[30] 同[6] 。
[31] 曹广才、王崇义、卢庆善:《北方旱地主要粮食作物栽培》,气象出版社,1996年。
[32] 李世奎、侯光良、欧阳海等:《中国农业气候资源和农业气候区划》,科学出版社,1988
[33] 内蒙古农业地理编辑委员会《内蒙古农业地理》,内蒙古人民出版社,1982年。
[34] 张履鹏:《粟及其栽培技术》,农业出版社,1979年。
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