山东北部全新世的人地关系演变:以海岸变迁和海盐生产为例
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摘要
根据先秦考古遗址地理分布的分析和郭井子贝壳堤的发掘和调查,复原了6.5~5.0kaB.P.,4.5~4.0kaB.P.和3.4~2.1kaB.P.的3条海岸线,它们大致与现代海岸线平行分布,年代自南向北逐渐年轻,揭示了山东北部地区全新世海侵和海退过程的主要环节,恢复了全新世海岸变迁的具体历程。对寿光大荒北央遗址出土盔形器内壁凝结物的XRF和XRD分析证明,本区沿海商周时期遗址出土的盔形器应是制盐器具,而沿海盔形器密集分布区与6.5~5.0kaB.P.的海岸线基本重合,表明商周时期海盐生产地域应在6.5~5.0kaB.P.和3.4~2.1kaB.P.的两条海岸线之间。本区的海盐生产与海岸变迁密切相关,人类适应环境和开发资源的主要手段就是从事海盐生产。在6.5~4.0kaB.P.,人类在滨海地带有了初步的海盐生产,开始了适应环境和利用自然资源的最早尝试,在3.4~2.1kaB.P.,人类又开始开采地下卤水生产海盐,使现今海拔9~10m以下的广阔地区成为产盐区。本区内陆的山前平原地带则是海盐的主要消费区,也是产盐区所需粮食和各种生产生活用品的供应区。这一分析对研究本区先秦时期的聚落功能演变具有重要意义,也是研究本区全新世人地关系演变的关键视角。
Based on geographic distributions of pre-Qin sites in Northern Shandong and the excavation and survey of Guojingzi shell-ridge,three ancient coastlines of 6.5～5.0kaB.P.,4.5～4.0kaB.P.,and 3.4～2.1kaB.P.can be defined.These coastlines roughly paralleled to modern coastline,and their ages became gradually younger from south to north.They represent the history of the Holocene transgression and regressions.The XRF and XRD analysis data of the inside deposits of the halmet-shaped potteries unearthed from the Dahuangbeiyang Site indicate that those halmet-shaped potteries should be vessels used during sea-salt production.The concentrated distribution area of those halmet-shaped potteries unearthed have implied that local residents began to produce sea-salt at coast area during 6.5～4.0kaB.P.and began to exploit bittern to produce sea-salt during 3.4～2.1kaB.P.,effectively adapt themselves to environment changes.The present analysis offers a new angle of view to study the man-nature relationship evolution during the Holocene in Northern Shandong.
Based on geographic distributions of pre-Qin sites in Northern Shandong and the excavation and survey of Guojingzi shell-ridge,three ancient coastlines of 6.5～5.0kaB.P.,4.5～4.0kaB.P.,and 3.4～2.1kaB.P.can be defined.These coastlines roughly paralleled to modern coastline,and their ages became gradually younger from south to north.They represent the history of the Holocene transgression and regressions.The XRF and XRD analysis data of the inside deposits of the halmet-shaped potteries unearthed from the Dahuangbeiyang Site indicate that those halmet-shaped potteries should be vessels used during sea-salt production.The concentrated distribution area of those halmet-shaped potteries unearthed have implied that local residents began to produce sea-salt at coast area during 6.5～4.0kaB.P.and began to exploit bittern to produce sea-salt during 3.4～2.1kaB.P.,effectively adapt themselves to environment changes.The present analysis offers a new angle of view to study the man-nature relationship evolution during the Holocene in Northern Shandong.
引文
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8庄振业,李建华.莱州湾东南岸的全新世海侵.见:国际地质对比计划第200号项目中国工作组.中国海平面变化.北京:海洋出版社,1986.91~97Zhuang Zhenye,L i Jianhua.The Holocene transgression in thesoutheast part of the Lai-Zhou bay.In:International GeologicalCorrelation Programm er Project No.200 Ch ina W ork ing G roup.Ch ina Sea Level Change.Beijing:Ch ina Ocean Press,1986.91~97
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12山东省文物考古研究所,广饶县博物馆.广饶县五村遗址发掘报告.海岱考古,1989,(1):61~123The Relic and Archaeological Institute of Shandong Province,Guangrao County Museum.An excavation report of W ucun S ite inGuangrao County.Haidai Archaeolog,y 1989,(1):61~123
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15山东大学东方考古研究中心,寿光市博物馆.山东寿光市北部沿海环境考古报告.华夏考古,2005,(4):3~17O riental Archaeology Research Center of Shandong Un iversity,ShouguangMun icipalMuseum.Report on environm ental archaeologyof the coastland of Shouguang C ity,Shandong.Huaxia Archaeology,2005,(4):3~17
16徐其忠.黄河三角洲古文化遗存研究.济南:山东人民出版社,2002.176~241Xu Q izhong.The Study on Ancient Cu ltural Remains in HuangheD elta.Jinan:Shandong People s Pub lish ing House,2002.176~241
17吴忱,许清海,马永红等.黄河下游河道变迁的古河道证据及河道整治研究.历史地理,2001,17:1~28W u Chen,Xu Q inghai,Ma Yonghonget al.A study on ancientchannel change and control in lower basin of Huanghe.HistoricGeography,2001,17:1~28
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