唐《西洱河图》与全新世中期以来洱海水系变迁
|
摘要
《西洱河图》为唐时南诏国人所绘制的一幅洱海地图,其中保存了洱海湖水南流的珍贵信息。文章采用第四纪地质学、地貌学、历史学和考古学等方面的材料、成果与研究方法,证明该图所显示的古洱海湖水南流的情况是真实可信的,古洱海湖水可以循波罗江道、定西岭裂隙南流,并由此复原了全新世中期以来洱海湖水南流通道的变迁过程:第1阶段(约8465~6950 cal.aB.P.),洱海湖水南流时间较短;第2阶段(约6950~2560 cal.aB.P.),洱海湖水绝大部分时间南流,流量较大;第3阶段(约2560 cal.aB.P.~1111A.D.),洱海湖水南流,流量变小;第4阶段(约1111A.D.至今),洱海湖水南流水道完全阻塞。最后指出,全新世中期以来,洱海出现的高水面主要与洱海的另一出水口———西洱河断裂带裂隙的堵塞有关,而洱海水面出现的快速下降现象,亦主要与西洱河断裂带裂隙的通畅有关。研究结论不但为长期不得其解的全新世中期以来洱海湖面的大幅度升降之谜提供了较好的解释,而且也可以纠正学术界在汉代“叶榆河”、“仆水”、“劳水”问题上出现的错误认识。
The Xi′erhe Lake Map is an ancient map of the Erhai Lake in Northwest Yunnan Province of China protracted by officers of the Nanzhao Kingdom(649～902A.D.)during the Tang Dynasty(618～907A.D.),which shows the southward flowing of lake water.Based on a synthetic research of stratigraphic analysis of the south bank of the lake,physiognomic materials from the Mt.Dingxiling cranny of the Honghe River(a river flowing into the South China Sea) fault belt,historic documents from the Western Han Dynasty(206BC～24A.D.) to the Republic of China(1912～1949A.D.),and archaeological results of some ancient city walls built at the lake bank during the Nanzhao Kingdom,this paper confirms the southward flowing of lake water shown on the map.Furthermore,the change history of water system of the Erhai Lake since the mid-Holocene is drawn from the stratigraphic analysis of the south bank section which chiefly displays alternatedly arranged snail layers and spore and pollen layers chiefly.It can be divided into the following 4 stages:(1)From about 8465cal.aB.P.to 6950cal.aB.P.,the lake water flowed southward through the channel of the Boluojiang River,the Mt.Dingxiling cranny for a short time,and westward through the(Xi′erhe) River cranny for a longer time;(2)From about 6950cal.aB.P.to 2560cal.aB.P.,the lake water flowed southward with a high water flow for most of the time;(3)From about 2560cal.aB.P.to 1111A.D.,the lake water flowed southward with a lower water flow,and to the west with an increasing flow;(4)From about 1111A.D.to present,the watercourse to the south was entirely blocked,with all water flowed westward through the Xi′erhe River.Evidence shows that since the mid-Holocene a high water surface level of the Erhai Lake appeared once might be caused by the jam of the Xi′erhe River cranny,and a dropped level appeared shortly at another time might be related to the open of the cranny,a notion different from the previous one which believed that the level change was mainly due to the dry and wet alternation of climatic.
The Xi′erhe Lake Map is an ancient map of the Erhai Lake in Northwest Yunnan Province of China protracted by officers of the Nanzhao Kingdom(649～902A.D.)during the Tang Dynasty(618～907A.D.),which shows the southward flowing of lake water.Based on a synthetic research of stratigraphic analysis of the south bank of the lake,physiognomic materials from the Mt.Dingxiling cranny of the Honghe River(a river flowing into the South China Sea) fault belt,historic documents from the Western Han Dynasty(206BC～24A.D.) to the Republic of China(1912～1949A.D.),and archaeological results of some ancient city walls built at the lake bank during the Nanzhao Kingdom,this paper confirms the southward flowing of lake water shown on the map.Furthermore,the change history of water system of the Erhai Lake since the mid-Holocene is drawn from the stratigraphic analysis of the south bank section which chiefly displays alternatedly arranged snail layers and spore and pollen layers chiefly.It can be divided into the following 4 stages:(1)From about 8465cal.aB.P.to 6950cal.aB.P.,the lake water flowed southward through the channel of the Boluojiang River,the Mt.Dingxiling cranny for a short time,and westward through the(Xi′erhe) River cranny for a longer time;(2)From about 6950cal.aB.P.to 2560cal.aB.P.,the lake water flowed southward with a high water flow for most of the time;(3)From about 2560cal.aB.P.to 1111A.D.,the lake water flowed southward with a lower water flow,and to the west with an increasing flow;(4)From about 1111A.D.to present,the watercourse to the south was entirely blocked,with all water flowed westward through the Xi′erhe River.Evidence shows that since the mid-Holocene a high water surface level of the Erhai Lake appeared once might be caused by the jam of the Xi′erhe River cranny,and a dropped level appeared shortly at another time might be related to the open of the cranny,a notion different from the previous one which believed that the level change was mainly due to the dry and wet alternation of climatic.
引文
1)唐西洱河为今洱海,为与今作为河流的西洱河相区别,下文除引用原文和作书名外,唐西洱河名皆加引号
1)(汉)司马迁《史记》卷116《西南夷传》
2)(汉)班固《汉书》卷6《武帝纪》
1)(唐)樊绰《蛮书》(《云南志》)卷2《山川江源》
1)(明)徐霞客《徐霞客游记》卷8上《滇游日记》.按:明时“四尺”合今1.28m
1李祥根.大理盆地全新世沉积、活断层运动速度与洱海古海岸变迁问题.中国第四纪研究,1989,8(1):65~73L i X ianggen.The Holocene sed im ents and movem ent rate of activefau lts in Dali basin and m igration of ancient bank of Erhai Lake.Quaternaria Sinica,1989,8(1):65~73
2中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所等著.云南断陷湖泊环境与沉积.北京:科学出版社,1989.109~110Nan jing Institute of Geography and L imnology,Ch inese Academy ofScienceset a.l eds.Environm ents and Sed im entation of Fau ltLakes,Yunnan Province.Beijing:Science Press,1989.109~110
3国家地震局地质研究所,云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1990.70~82,131,316Institute of Geology of State Seismological Burea,Yunnan ProvinceSeismological Burea.Active Fau lts in Northwest Yunnan Region.Beijing:Seismological Press,1990.70~82,131,316
4张振克,吴瑞金,朱育新等.云南洱海流域人类活动的湖泊沉积记录分析.地理学报,2000,55(1):66~74Zhang Zhenke,W u Ru ijin,Zhu Yuxinet al.Lacustrine records ofhuman activities in the catchm ent of Erhai Lake,Yunnan Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(1):66~74
5周静,王苏民,吕静.洱海地区一万多年以来气候环境演化的湖泊沉积记录.湖泊科学,2003,15(2):104~111Zhou Jing,W ang Sum in,LüJing.C limatic and environm entalchanges from the sed im ent record of Erhai Lake over the past 10000years.Journal ofLake Sciences,2003,15(2):104~111
6沈吉,杨丽原,羊向东等.全新世以来云南洱海流域气候变化与人类活动的湖泊沉积记录.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(2):130~138Shen Ji,Yang L iyuan,Yang X iangdonget a.l Lake sed im entrecords on climate change and human activities since the Holocenein Erhai catchm ent,Yunnan Province,Ch ina.Science in China(Series D),2005,48(3):353~363
7方国瑜.中国西南历史地理考释.北京:中华书局,1987.179~180Fang Guoyu.Study on H istorical Geography in Southwest Ch ina.Beijing:Chung Hwa Book Co Inc.,1987.179~180
8曹婉如,郑锡煌,黄盛璋等编.中国古代地图集(战国-元).北京:文物出版社,1990.1~119Cao W anru,Zheng X ihuang,Huang Shengzhanget al.eds.AnAtlas ofAncientMaps in Ch ina:From the W arring States Period tothe Yuan Dynasty(476BC~1368A.D.).Beijing:Cu ltural RelicsPub lish ing House,1990.1~119
9汪宁生.《南诏中兴二年画卷》考释.中国历史博物馆馆刊,1980,(2):136~148W ang N ingsheng.Study onA Nanzhao Kingdom s picture scrollpainted in A.D.899.Journal of the Museum of Chinese History,1980,(2):136~148
10薛琳主编.新编大理风物志.昆明:云南人民出版社,1999.106~108Xue L in ed.A New Records of Custom s and Scenery in Dali.Kunm ing:Yunnan People s Pub lish ing House,1999.106~108
1)(汉)司马迁《史记》卷116《西南夷传》
2)(汉)班固《汉书》卷6《武帝纪》
1)(唐)樊绰《蛮书》(《云南志》)卷2《山川江源》
1)(明)徐霞客《徐霞客游记》卷8上《滇游日记》.按:明时“四尺”合今1.28m
1李祥根.大理盆地全新世沉积、活断层运动速度与洱海古海岸变迁问题.中国第四纪研究,1989,8(1):65~73L i X ianggen.The Holocene sed im ents and movem ent rate of activefau lts in Dali basin and m igration of ancient bank of Erhai Lake.Quaternaria Sinica,1989,8(1):65~73
2中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所等著.云南断陷湖泊环境与沉积.北京:科学出版社,1989.109~110Nan jing Institute of Geography and L imnology,Ch inese Academy ofScienceset a.l eds.Environm ents and Sed im entation of Fau ltLakes,Yunnan Province.Beijing:Science Press,1989.109~110
3国家地震局地质研究所,云南省地震局.滇西北地区活动断裂.北京:地震出版社,1990.70~82,131,316Institute of Geology of State Seismological Burea,Yunnan ProvinceSeismological Burea.Active Fau lts in Northwest Yunnan Region.Beijing:Seismological Press,1990.70~82,131,316
4张振克,吴瑞金,朱育新等.云南洱海流域人类活动的湖泊沉积记录分析.地理学报,2000,55(1):66~74Zhang Zhenke,W u Ru ijin,Zhu Yuxinet al.Lacustrine records ofhuman activities in the catchm ent of Erhai Lake,Yunnan Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(1):66~74
5周静,王苏民,吕静.洱海地区一万多年以来气候环境演化的湖泊沉积记录.湖泊科学,2003,15(2):104~111Zhou Jing,W ang Sum in,LüJing.C limatic and environm entalchanges from the sed im ent record of Erhai Lake over the past 10000years.Journal ofLake Sciences,2003,15(2):104~111
6沈吉,杨丽原,羊向东等.全新世以来云南洱海流域气候变化与人类活动的湖泊沉积记录.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(2):130~138Shen Ji,Yang L iyuan,Yang X iangdonget a.l Lake sed im entrecords on climate change and human activities since the Holocenein Erhai catchm ent,Yunnan Province,Ch ina.Science in China(Series D),2005,48(3):353~363
7方国瑜.中国西南历史地理考释.北京:中华书局,1987.179~180Fang Guoyu.Study on H istorical Geography in Southwest Ch ina.Beijing:Chung Hwa Book Co Inc.,1987.179~180
8曹婉如,郑锡煌,黄盛璋等编.中国古代地图集(战国-元).北京:文物出版社,1990.1~119Cao W anru,Zheng X ihuang,Huang Shengzhanget al.eds.AnAtlas ofAncientMaps in Ch ina:From the W arring States Period tothe Yuan Dynasty(476BC~1368A.D.).Beijing:Cu ltural RelicsPub lish ing House,1990.1~119
9汪宁生.《南诏中兴二年画卷》考释.中国历史博物馆馆刊,1980,(2):136~148W ang N ingsheng.Study onA Nanzhao Kingdom s picture scrollpainted in A.D.899.Journal of the Museum of Chinese History,1980,(2):136~148
10薛琳主编.新编大理风物志.昆明:云南人民出版社,1999.106~108Xue L in ed.A New Records of Custom s and Scenery in Dali.Kunm ing:Yunnan People s Pub lish ing House,1999.106~108
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心