欧亚大陆的黄土带与旧石器早期人类活动
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摘要
文章对欧洲和亚洲黄土分布资料进行了整理,结合欧亚的旧石器考古资料,发现在旧石器早期,欧亚大陆的考古遗址主要分布在黄土带上,这反映了在旧石器早期,东西文化的交流与传播可能存在着一条"黄土之路"。这条"黄土之路"东至中国华北,在天山、阿尔泰山地区分为两条线,在高加索地区汇合,通过欧洲,一直向西至法国和不列颠群岛。通过对欧洲、中亚和东亚黄土旧石器遗址剖面的对比,发现无论是冰期还是间冰期,在黄土分布区,有的地方一直是人类活动的场所,比如欧洲和东亚,周围的自然环境能使人类生存和生活;而有的地方只有在间冰期才适合人类生活,比如中亚。这需要进一步的工作证明。在S5(MIS 13~15)阶段,无论在欧洲还是亚洲,考古遗址发现的几率都比较大,这也许说明在这个时期人类的活动更为活跃。而且在这条横贯欧亚大陆的古土壤带上,相似的自然环境也许存在着更多的交流。这需要进一步对旧石器文化特征上进行比较方能得出更确切的结论。
Loessic Paleolithics and Loess lithic industry were research disciplines proposed at the beginning of 1990′s,which focus on the relationship between Paleolithic cultures and environment,esp.loess deposits.Was there a Loess Road of human and cultural evolution traversing the Eurasian continent? To answer this question,the distribution of loess and Paleolithic sites in Europe and Asia was outlined,which seemingly shows that a Loess Road might have been built during the early Paleolithic age.The road might be started from North China in the east,crossed the Loess Plateau,the Central Asia,and the Northern Near East,traversed the European plain,and finally reached France and British Isles in the west.Preliminary comparison of European loess sites bearing early Paleolithic artifacts with those in Central Asia and East Asia shows that the frequency of findings of artifacts is rather high in S 5(MIS 13～15)in most sites,which may indicate that more human activities and cultural exchange occurred at that time,although such a conclusion needs further confirmation.Our proposal of the existence of a Loess Road aims to encourage researchers to pay more attention to the interac-tion between loess deposits and ancient human activities.In the last four decades,Chinese loess study has made great progress.Applying new loess advancement to Paleolithic archaeology would certainly benefit archaeological researches and the cooperation between Paleolithic archaeology and Quaternary is the key to the researches.
Loessic Paleolithics and Loess lithic industry were research disciplines proposed at the beginning of 1990′s,which focus on the relationship between Paleolithic cultures and environment,esp.loess deposits.Was there a Loess Road of human and cultural evolution traversing the Eurasian continent? To answer this question,the distribution of loess and Paleolithic sites in Europe and Asia was outlined,which seemingly shows that a Loess Road might have been built during the early Paleolithic age.The road might be started from North China in the east,crossed the Loess Plateau,the Central Asia,and the Northern Near East,traversed the European plain,and finally reached France and British Isles in the west.Preliminary comparison of European loess sites bearing early Paleolithic artifacts with those in Central Asia and East Asia shows that the frequency of findings of artifacts is rather high in S 5(MIS 13～15)in most sites,which may indicate that more human activities and cultural exchange occurred at that time,although such a conclusion needs further confirmation.Our proposal of the existence of a Loess Road aims to encourage researchers to pay more attention to the interac-tion between loess deposits and ancient human activities.In the last four decades,Chinese loess study has made great progress.Applying new loess advancement to Paleolithic archaeology would certainly benefit archaeological researches and the cooperation between Paleolithic archaeology and Quaternary is the key to the researches.
引文
1)余振龙.太原古交旧石器与更新世早期人类活动.北京:北京大学博士论文.2005
1)余振龙.太原古交旧石器与更新世早期人类活动.北京:北京大学博士论文.2005
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1)余振龙.太原古交旧石器与更新世早期人类活动.北京:北京大学博士论文.2005
1 刘东生.黄土旧石器工业.见:徐钦琦,谢 飞,王 建主编.史前考古学新进展---庆祝贾兰坡院士九十华诞国际学术讨论会文集.北京:科学出版社,1999·52~62Liu Tungsheng.Loess Paleolithic industry.In:Xu Qinqi,Xie Fei,Wang Jian eds.New Advance of Paleolithic Archaeology-International Symposium for Celebration of Chinese Academician Jia Lanpo s90thBirthday.Beijing:Science Press,1999·52~62
2 Ranov V.The'loessic palaeolithic'in South Tadjikistan,Central Asia:Its industries,chronology and correlation.Quaternary Science Reviews,1995,14(7~8):731~745
3 Teilhard de Chardin P,Licent E.On the discovery of a Paleolithic industry in Northern China.Bulletin ofGeological Societyin China,1924,(3):45~50
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5 Ding Z L,Derbyshire E,Yang S Let al.Stacked2·6-Ma grain sizerecord from the Chinese loess based on five sections and correlation with the deep-seaδ18O record.Paleoceanography,2002,17(3):511~521
6 Parks D A,Rendell H M.Thermoluminescence dating and geochemistry of loessic deposits in South East England.Journal of Quaternary Science,1992,7(2):99~107
7 van den Haute P,Frechen M,Buylaert J Pet al.The last interglacial palaeosol in the Belgian loess belt:TL age record.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(10~13):985~990
8 Antonie P,Rousseau D,Lautridou Jet al.Last interglacial-glacial climatic cycle in loess-paleaosol successions of North-western France.Boreas1999,28:551~563
9 Boenigk W,Frechen M.The loess record in sections at Koblenz-Metternich and T nchesberg in the middle Rhine area.Quaternary International,2001,76/77:201~209
10 Antoine P,Rousseau D D,Z ller Let al.High-resolution record of the last interglacial-glacial cycle in the Nussloch loess-palaeosol sequence,upper Rhine area,Germany.Quaternary International,2001,76/77:211~229
11 Frechen M,Zander A,Cilek Vet al.Loess chronology of the last interglacial/glacial cycle in Bohemia and Moravia,Czech Republic.Quaternary Science Reviews,1999,18(13):1467~1493
12 Kukla J.Lithologische leithorizonte der tschechoslowakischen Lβprofile.VstrednihoU′stavu Geologickho,1961,XXXVI(5):369~372
13 Kukla J.Loess stratigraphy of Central Europe.In:Butzer K W,Isaac G L eds.After the Australopithecines.The Hague:Mouton,1975·99~188
14 Balescu S,Lamothe M,Mercier Net al.Luminescence chronology of Pleistoncene loess deposits from Romania:Testing methods of ago correction for anomalous fading in alkali feldspars.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(10~13):967~973
15 Frechen M,Horvath E,Gabris G.Geochronology of Middle and Upper Pleistocene loess section in Hungary.Quaternary Research,1997,48(3):291~312
16 Pcsi M.Stratigraphical subdivision of Hungarian Young and Old Loess.In:Marusczcak H ed.Problems of the Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of Loesses.Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska Lublin,Poland,1986,XLI(4):67~86
17 Veiklich MF.Pleistocene loesses and fossil soils of the Ukraine.Acta Geologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1979,22(1~4):35~62
18 Rousseau D D,Gerasimenko N,Matviischina Zet al.Late Pleistocene environments of the Central Ukraine.Quaternary Research,2001,56(3):349~356
19 Gerasimenko N.Late Pleistocene vegetational and soil evolution at the Keiv loess plain as recorded in the Stari Bezradychy section,Ukrain.Studia Quaternaria,2001,17:19~28
20 Veiklich MF.Loess-palaeosol formation on the Russian plain.Quaternary International,1990,7/8:103~114
21 Little E C,Lian O B,Velichko A Aet al.Quaternary stratigraphy and opical dating of loess from the East European Plain(Russian).Quaternary Science Reviews,2002,21(14~15):1745~1762
22 Dodonov A E,Tchepalyga A L,Mihailescu C Det al.Last-interglacial records from Central Asia to the Northern Black Sea shoreline:Stratigraphy and correlation.Netherlands Journal of Geosciences,2000,79(2~3):303~311
23 Chlachula J.The Siberian loess record and its significance forreconstruction of Pleistocene climate change in North-central Asia.Quaternary Science Reviews,2003,22(18~19):1879~1906
24 Arkhipov S A,Krukover AA,Shelkoplyas VN.Sections with lower Pleistocene Vyiatkin fauna and flora in Southern West Siberia.In:Skabichevskaya N A ed.Pleistocene of Siberia,Stratigraphy and Interregional Correlation.Moscow:Nauka,1989·91~97
25 Chlachula J,Rutter N W,Evans M E.A Late Quaternary loess-paleosol record at Kurtak,Southern Siberia.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1997,34:679~686
26 Zykina V S.Pleistocene pedogenesis and climate history of Western Siberia.Anthropozoikum,1999,23:49~54
27 Dodonov A E,Baiguzina L L.Loess stratigraphy of Central Asian:Palaeocliamatic and palaeoenvironmental aspects.Quaternary Science Reviews,1995,14(7~8):707~720
28 Dodonov A E,Shackleton N,Zhou L Pet al.Quaternary loess-paleosol stratigraphy of Central Asia:Geochronology,correlation,and envolation of paleoenvironments.Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation,1999,7:581~593
29 刘东生等.黄土与环境.北京:科学出版社,1985·415Liu Tungshenget al.Loess and the Environment.Beijing:Science Press,1985·415
30 Heller F,Liu TS.Magnetostratigraphical dating of loess deposits in China.Nature,1982,300:431~433
31 孙继敏,刘东生.洛川黄土地层的再划分及其L9、L15古环境意义的新解释.第四纪研究,2002,22(5):406~412Sun Jimin,Liu Tungsheng.Pedostratigraphic subdivision of the loess-paleosol sequences at Luochuan and a newinterpretation on the paleoenvironmental significance of L9and L15.QuaternarySciences,2002,22(5):406~412
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